East-West Perspective Research Articles

Framing metaphor use over time: ‘Free Economy’ metaphors in Hong Kong political discourse (1997–2017)

Diachronic studies on metaphor use in public discourse have primarily focused on Inner Circle English and European languages. However, the usage patterns of specific metaphorical frames over time is universal or cultural-specific remains underexplored. This article investigates the diachronic changes of economic metaphors focusing on the concept of free economy in a corpus of Hong Kong political discourse spanning two decades (1997–2017). We analyzed fundamental changes (transformations of source domains) and incremental changes (transformations of source-target mapping principles) in free economy metaphors. We found that free economy metaphors have slightly decreased over time. No fundamental changes were found in the use of the four frequently occurring source domains: journey, living organism, sport, and building. The meanings of free economy metaphors either remained mostly constant (living organism and sport metaphors) or underwent incremental changes (journey and building metaphors). We argue that the constancy and the incremental change were two rhetorical strategies political leaders used to frame their political agenda for achieving full economic liberalization in Hong Kong. Given the complex socio-historical background of Hong Kong, this study provides a distinct East–West perspective on diachronic economic metaphor use in an Outer Circle English context.

Powers, John & Vikram Khanna. The Future of the Economy. East-West Perspectives on Pathways through Disruption. London and New York: Routledge, 2019.

Powers, John & Vikram Khanna. The Future of the Economy. East-West Perspectives on Pathways through Disruption. London and New York: Routledge, 2019.

Radical right politics in East and West: Distinctive yet equivalent

AbstractParticularly in Central and Eastern Europe, but also in “the West,” radical right politics established itself in the mainstream and continues to challenge liberal democracy from within. While there is broad consensus that radical right politics in both regions constitute an exclusionary, anti‐pluralist counter‐reaction against societal modernization, the discussion continues whether the radical right in the East remains a contextually distinctive phenomenon sui generis, or rather becomes increasingly similar and “functionally equivalent” to the West.This review synthesizes extant findings on radical right politics from a comparative East–West perspective. Pursuing a “middle path” approach based on the framing perspective, it discusses conceptual synergies behind contextually distinctive and functionally equivalent aspects of radical right politics, expanding these comparative observations towards narrative strategies, mainstreaming mechanisms, and its impact on societies, party systems, policies, and liberal democracy as such.The discussion demonstrates the potential of the framing approach for comparative East–West study of radical right politics. It further shows that not only can concepts developed for WE cases be adapted to inform studies on CEE. Concurrently, contextualized insights from Central and Eastern Europe can provide broader lessons relevant to the study of radical right politics across Europe and in “the West.”

Polarities and Dualities: East West Perspectives in Art Therapy with a Refugee Woman from Central Africa

Creative Arts Educ Ther (2017) 3(1):44–56DOI: 10.15212/CAET/2017/17/5 Polarities and Dualities: East West Perspectives in Art Therapy with a Refugee Woman from Central Africa 极性和双极：以东西方观点看与中非一名女性难民的艺术治疗 Debra Kalmanowitz Academic College of Society and the Arts (ASA), Israel Abstract This article explores the dynamic interaction between Western and Eastern ideas in art therapy with Laura, a refugee woman from Central Africa. It focuses on some ideas of Qi, health and well-being; of mindfulness, energy and somatic psychology, psychobiology and trauma as it is understood in art therapy with Laura. 摘要 这篇文章将探索在与中非女性难民劳拉的艺术治疗中东西方观点的活跃互动。文章涉及的议题包括“气”、保健与健康、正念、能量和躯体心理学、心理生物学和创伤以及怎样在劳拉的艺术治疗中去理解这些议题。

Migration and Cultural Contact in the Emergence of Rus’-land, Sixth to Nineteenth Centuries

Migrations in the intercontinental macro-region have been studied as proto-Slavic early settlement; as transit zone for Varangian-Arab trade and Byzantine-Kiev interactions; as space of Mongolian intrusion and as a territorially integrated Muscovite state with rural populations immobilised as serfs. This article integrates migrations from and to the neighbouring Scandinavian, East Roman, and Steppe macro-regions up to the fifteenth century and, more briefly, from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. In these poly-ethnic worlds, resident and in-migrant cultural groups adapted in frames of intercultural contact, migration, hierarchies, processes of power imposition and of exchange. An important facet is the ‘small numbers-large impact’ character of many migrations before the advance of Mongol/Tatar armies. From the fifteenth century, elites of the new Muscovite state such as traders and colonisers moved east into Siberia’s societies and attracted technical and administrative personnel from German-language societies. The traditional historiographical narrative, centred on an east-west perspective, is expanded to include the north-south axes of migration and cultural contact.

East-West Perspectives on Elder Learning

This paper describes and conceptualizes the meaning of lifelong learning from two cultural perspectives—East and West. It examines the different principles underpinning lifelong learning that explain why and how elders in the two cultures engage differently in continued learning. Finally, it discusses the cultural impact on elder learning by examining the reasons, choices and processes used by elders in the two different cultural contexts as they conceptualize, experience, and negotiate ongoing lifelong learning.

The influence of cultural values on spectators' sport attitudes and team identification: An East-West perspective

The impacts of national cultural-value configurations on spectator sport attitudes and fan team identification were examined. The proposition was explored that associations among fans' sports attitudes and team identification are weaker in cultures with value systems centering on the pursuit of knowledge versus cultures centering on individual liberty and enjoyment of life. Surveys of comparable samples of college students were taken from 3 countries: Korea (n = 92), Taiwan (n = 99), and USA (n = 167). It was found that the relationships between spectator sport attitudes and team identification were higher for the American sample than for the Korean and Taiwanese samples. This pattern of findings supported the proposition.

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on East-West Perspectives on Functional Foods. Singapore, September 26-29, 1995.

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on East-West Perspectives on Functional Foods. Singapore, September 26-29, 1995.

The 2nd International Conference on East-West Perspectives on Functional Foods: Science, Innovations and Claims.

The 2nd International Conference on East-West Perspective on Functional Foods held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on November, 2007, discussed the current work on some traditional Asian foods and new technologies that offer both challenges and opportunities for functional foods. The highlight of the conference was on the current regulatory status of nutrition and health claims related to functional foods and the experiences in some countries on the substantiation of claims. Attention was also given to strategies for effective communication of functional foods to consumers. The conference concluded with recommendations to strengthen R and D efforts and harmonization of protocols and methodologies on functional foods within the region.

Labor Market Outcomes of Immigrants and Non-Citizens in the EU: An East-West Comparison

The starkly different histories and institutions in the eastern and western member states of the European Union (EU) suggest different roles of being non-native in these two regions. In this paper we study the roles of foreign origin and citizenship in the comparative East-West perspective. Our results indicate that while it is immigrant status that is of key importance in the western EU member states, both immigrant status and citizenship matter in the eastern EU member states, their roles depending on gender. We find some evidence that it is the Russian ethnic minority in Estonia and Latvia that drives the relationships between being non-citizen and labor market outcomes that we find in the eastern EU member states.

Cultural context and social technology transfer: the case of Canton, China

This research examines social technology transfer by taking into account the role of cultural context – the interplay between geography, maritime trade, role of the state and foreign intercourse. The southern port city of Canton, China is the focus, and provides a case study to examine why Western merchants and missionaries came to this particular location to transfer various social technologies, i.e. hospitals, insane asylums, schools, colleges and homes for the blind. The relevance of these institutions to the development of China's social welfare is considered in terms of Canton's shifting welfare mix. Implications of this case study are considered relevant to critical understanding of international social welfare from an East–West perspective.

A Canadian Dilemma

Whether to think of Canada primarily in its relationship with the United States or as open to the whole world is a dilemma for Canadians and for Canadian society as a whole. Canadian governments' actions at any time are likely to be determined by conflicting interests and pressures of the moment on specific issues.1 The perspective attributable to Canadian society is broader and deeper and may be expected to develop and change slowly over time. So I shall attempt to address the question in a long-term historical perspective.TWO ORIENTATIONSHistorical scholarship shows two conflicting orientations of Canada to the world. They can be represented in geographic terms as an east-west perspective and a north-south perspective. Donald Creightoris work gave a firm basis to the east-west conception of Canada's place in the world. The commercial empire of the St. Lawrence that he wrote about was its first manifestation-the linkage between the production of the great plains of the west, the financial and commercial interests of Montreal, and the transatlantic markets of Britain and Europe, tied in also with the commerce of the Caribbean.2 This perspective, though expressed in economic terms, was not a product of economic determinism. It was as much political and cultural. It reflected the option that created Canada with a strong central government designed to bind the broad extent of the country together and to defend it against incursion from the rising world power to the south. The war of 1812 was as vivid in the minds of Canadians in the years of Confederation as the beginnings of the Cold War are in ours, and at the very time of Confederation the Fenian raids into Canada reinforced that image. The British connection sustained defence of the new country. Transatlantic political and cultural ties as well as economic relations were vital to postConfederation Canada. This was Sir John A. Macdonald's vision of Canada.The north-south perspective was at first primarily a matter of economics but it has also had a significant political and cultural component. It emerged violently and abortively in 1849 in a short-lived annexationist movement led by the English-speaking merchants of Montreal who were the fulcrum in the grain trade between Canada and Britain. They were reacting in anger to Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws in Britain, which had given Canada a protected market for wheat. Adding insult to injury, these merchants and their supporters were enraged by the British crown's endorsement of responsible government, which threatened their local political dominance by giving due representation to the Francophone population. An Anglo mob in Montreal tossed refuse at the representative of the British monarchy and burned down the parliament buildings. Four of the principal English-language newspapers of Montreal supported annexation to the United States. Nothing much survived of this petulance.It was, however, in the 1890s that union with the United States gained a more sophisticated intellectual status thanks in part to the efforts of an Englishman, Goldwin Smith, who had settled in Toronto. Smith had been Regius Professor of modern history at Oxford where he expounded the liberal economic views of Cobden and Bright and contested ecclesiastical dominance in the university. A family tragedy, the suicide of his ailing father, interrupted his life in England and he resurrected his career across the Atlantic as one of the leading lights at the newly founded and secular Cornell University in upstate New York. From there he moved to Toronto where he married a wealthy widow, settled in the Grange, which after his death became the Art Gallery of Ontario, and animated an influential political and literary circle. He may have been the first to play the role of the public intellectual in English Canada.In the British liberal tradition he was anti-imperialist, mainly because of his profound belief in the Manchester school of economic liberalism. …

Northrop Frye: Eastern and Western Perspectives (review)

Reviewed by: Northrop Frye: Eastern and Western Perspectives Zhang Longxi (bio) Jean O’Grady and Wang Ning, editors. Northrop Frye: Eastern and Western Perspectives University of Toronto Press. xxi, 183. $50.00 I still remember the excitement on first reading Northrop Frye's Anatomy of Criticism as a graduate student at Peking University in China in 1979, after the disastrous Cultural Revolution. A friend sent me the book from Rochester, New York, when even Peking University Library didn't have a copy, which only added to my plaisir du texte. In the winter 1980 issue of Waiguo wenxue yanjiu [Studies in Foreign Literature], I published 'Frye's Critical Theory,' which was the very first essay on Frye published in mainland China. Given my longtime interest since then, I feel especially [End Page 572] happy to find a collection of essays published by the University of Toronto Press on Frye from Chinese and Western perspectives. The collection offers a rare opportunity to have a glimpse into some interesting but little-discussed aspects of Frye's writings related to the East. Though Frye is unquestionably a 'product of Western culture,' Robert Denham shows that he did 'wade more deeply into Eastern waters than his public writings suggest.' It is surprising to find Frye struggling with esoteric but important Buddhist concepts, trying to align them with Western ones in 'an experiment of the translation of ideas'; and it is revealing of the magnanimity of his mind that he believed in cross-cultural translatability and rejected 'false antitheses about Eastern & Western thought.' G.N. Forst discusses the connection of Frye and Kant, and from the East-West perspective, one can see even more in that connection and understand why Frye's ideas should prove so relevant and attractive to intellectuals in post-Mao China. Against the orthodoxy of socialist realism and the utilitarian idea that arts and literature must serve the socialist state, it is not difficult to see the enormous appeal of Frye's notion of the liberating power of 'free play' and his Kantian emphasis on the 'disinterestedness' of the aesthetic. The same can be said about Jean O'Grady's discussion of Frye's humanistic vision of the university and liberal education. The concept of a 'socially disengaged university' is as relevant today in China as it is in the West. Frye's international reputation rests on his encyclopedic conceptualization of myth and archetypal criticism, which leads from literature to philosophy and religion and from an aesthetic to a social and spiritual vision transcending the reality we know. Several essays in this collection, particularly G.R. Gill on Frye's last major work, Words with Power, and Jan Gorak on his first important essay, 'The Argument of Comedy,' elucidate this point with clarity and persuasiveness. The section on Frye and Canada firmly establishes Frye as a major figure in the formulation of the Canadian literary tradition, and shows how his critical theory relates to major works of Canadian literature. Most readers, however, may feel especially interested in the section on Frye and China, as it provides a rare opportunity to learn about the reception and influence of Frye's works in a very different country. Unfortunately, I find that section rather weak. Ye Shuxian's survey of the reception of myth and archetypal criticism in China does provide useful information. He mentions my 1983 essay, but ignores my earlier (1980) and much fuller account of Frye's critical theory, and thereby cuts short the history of Chinese reception by several years. Wu Chizhe considers Frye's 'applicability' to 'Chinese realities,' but he fails to understand Frye or Chinese literature adequately. Statements like the following are simply wrong: 'In China, tragedy as a dramatic form ... emerged with the rise of the bourgeoisie in about the thirteenth and fourteenth [End Page 573] centuries'; Shakespeare wrote 'tragedies of character,' in which 'a mere flaw ... eventually leads to his own destruction,' a point Frye has specifically refuted in Anatomy of Criticism. Finally, Gu Mingdong's effort to find correspondence between Frye's modes of mimesis with the stages of a child's evolving ego only reduces Frye's rich and highly imaginative theoretical argument to...

Women and "the alternative public sphere": Toward a new definition of women's activism and the separate spheres in East-Central Europe

In the years following the end of the cold war in 1989, Western feminist scholars and activists expressed disappointment in the failure of the newly democratic Eastern and Central European countries to sustain mainstream women's rights movements and achieve a marked increase in women's participation within the new political parties and political life in general. The authors, historians of Hungarian women's movements with a broad East-West perspective, offer a novel explanation for this phenomenon. Following an outline of the main stages of Hungarian women's movements and women's political participation, they focus on two instances in twentieth-century Hungarian history that resulted in a rapid transition from anti-democratic regimes to liberal, parliamentary systems: the 1918 bourgeois democratic revolution and the 1990 re-introduction of free parliamentary elections. Examining these two turning points in recent Hungarian history, separated by 70 years, as case studies of women's activism, the authors propose a new, critical re-evaluation of the notion of separate spheres, offering a timely if co-incidental comment on the recent debate in the Journal of Women's History.2 Research for this article had been completed by the time of the publication of the Spring 2003 issue of the Journal of Women's History, 15 (1), devoted to "Rethinking Public and Private".

Multiple Modernities: Cinemas and Popular Media in Transcultural East Asia. Edited by Jenny Kwok Wah Lau. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003. x, 250 pp. $79.50 (cloth); $24.95 (paper).

Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction - Jenny Kwok Wah Lau Part I: States of Modernities 1. Globalization and Youthful Subculture: The Chinese Sixth-Generation Films at the Dawn of the New Century - Jenny Kwok Wah Lau 2. Marx or Market: Chinese Rock and the Sound of Fury - Jeroen de Kloet 3. Reexamining the East and the West: Tanizaki Jun'ichiro, Orientalism, and Popular Culture - Mitsuhiro Yoshimoto 4. Stranger Than Tokyo: Space and Race in Postnational Japanese Cinema - Yomota Inuhiko, translated by Aaron Gerow 5. Discourse on Modernization in 1990s Korean Cinema - Han Ju Kwak 6. Youth in Crisis: National and Cultural Identity in New South Korean Cinema - Frances Gateward 7. The Fragmented Commonplace: Alternative Arts and Cosmopolitanism in Hong Kong - Hector Rodriguez Part II: Postmodernism and Its Discontents 8. Immediacy, Parody, and Image in the Mirror: Is There a Postmodern Scene in Beijing? - Dai Jinhua, translated by Jing M. Wang 9. Terms of Transition: The Action Film, Postmodernism, and Issues of an East-West Perspective - Chuck Kleinhans 10. Consuming Asia: Chinese and Japanese Popular Culture and the American Imaginary - David Desser Part III: Women in Modern Asia 11. Of Executioners and Courtesans: The Performance of Gender in Hong Kong Cinema of the 1990s - Augusta Lee Palmer and Jenny Kwok Wah Lau 12. The Woman with Broken Palm Lines: Subject, Agency, Fortune-Telling, and Women in Taiwanese Television Drama - Lin Szu-Ping About the Contributors Index

Frontiers of Transculturality in Contemporary Aesthetics (review)

Reviewed by: Frontiers of Transculturality in Contemporary Aesthetics Ashok Kumar Malhotra Grazia Marchianò and Raffaele Milani, editors. Frontiers of Transculturality in Contemporary Aesthetics. Turin, Italy: Trauben, 2001. Pp. 524. Lit 58,100. Frontiers of Transculturality in Contemporary Aestheticsis a pioneering volume of the proceedings of an Intercontinental Conference held at the University of Bologna, Italy, during October 25-28, 2000. This is a rare publication that contains thirty-seven papers by renowned scholars from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America whose goal is to prepare the ground and build the foundation for the construction of a global aesthetics. By starting a dialogue between and among African, Eastern, and Western philosophers the book displays a novel yet bold approach to transcultural aesthetics, a field of the humanities that until now was regarded exclusively as the brainchild of the West. The book is divided into three parts, each dealing with a unique approach to globalizing aesthetics: first through the construction of an aesthetic theory, second through the discovery of standards of criticism, and third through the presentation of a multicultural vision that attempts to harmonize clashing East-West perspectives. Each part is intriguing and unique in the way it deals with multicultural and transcultural approaches within the context of the last part of the twentieth century and the beginning of the new century. Part 1, "Transculturality in Aesthetic Theory," offers distinct approaches to building a global aesthetics. The ten papers included here put forward wide-ranging themes according to three basic cultural perspectives: (1) Western views on the [End Page 612]"Potency of the Aesthetic: A Value to Be Transculturally Rediscovered," "Kant, Pessoa, Plato: Three Approaches to Transculturality," "Transcultural Aesthetics and the Study of Beauty," and "Creative Chora and Aesthetics of Place"; (2) Indian, Buddhist, and Chinese views on "The Aesthetics of Oriental Emptiness," "Aesthetic Virtues in the Context of Nirvanic Values," "An Aesthetic Approach to Kashmir Saivism," and "An Intercultural Perspective on Chinese Aesthetics"; and (3) African views on "African Aesthetic Values: An Ethnophilosophic Perspective." Also included here is a paper on "The Aesthetic Pleasure of Tragedy in Western and Indian Thought," which offers a comparative analysis of the concept of tragedy in the two traditions. Each paper tries to go beneath the surface to discover the aesthetic universal hidden within a unique cultural tradition. The distinctiveness of these papers lies in they way they propose significantly novel ways of discovering these aesthetic universals, which include masks of the self, beauty, emptiness, nonduality, the natural and artificial, the tragic, catharsis in ritual ceremony, and so on. Grazia Marchianò sums up the spirit of part 1 thus: "the aesthetic universals are not philological fossils belonging to an archaeology of thought, but milestones on the cultural path of humanity. To explore them, and to relocate them in the framework of the spirit of the present time is an essential path for the research of a world aesthetics at its outset today." Another outstanding feature of part 1 is the inclusion of the paper on "African Aesthetic Values," which ties together a number of insightful issues valuable toward the building of a global aesthetics. This kind of inclusion is rarely seen in other anthologies. Part 2, which deals with "Transculturality in Hermeneutics and Art Criticism," contains a smorgasbord of seventeen papers by scholars from Africa, India, Europe, and the United States. Their topics cover "Interpreting Artworks," "Can there Be a Common Measure of Art?" "Bhakti as the Essence and Measure of Art," "Interpreting Aesthetic Values across Cultural Frontier[s]," the "Aesthetics of Modernism," "Who Are the New People?" the "Problem of Art Criticism across Cultural Boundaries," "The Death of Art in Recent Visual Research," the "Aesthetics of the Placeless," the "Up-rooting in Architecture," "Musical Synthesia," the "Aesthetics of Ch'iyun sheng tung: A Comparative Study with Western Theories of Art," "Modes of Quoting," the "Aesthetics of the Art of Flowers," "A Problem of Aesthetic Interpretation," and "Appreciation to Art and Sentimentality in a Trans-Cultural Context." The papers of Ben-Ami Scharfstein and Eliot Deutsch, two comparative philosophers, provide the connecting thread in part 2. In his paper "Can there Be a Common Measure for All Art?" Scharfstein presents thirty-seven theses...

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:Kockel, Ullrich, Borderline Cases, the Ethnic Frontiers of European IntegrationSvensson, Roger, Success Strategies and their Knowledge Transfer in Cross–Border Consulting Operations. Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation, Vol. 19Sayer, Andrew, Realism and Social Sciencevan Diepen, Albertine, Households and their Spatial–Energetic Practices – Searching for Sustainable Urban Forms. Netherlands Geographical Studies 266Marcuse, Peter and van Kempen, Ronald (eds.), Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?Brotchie, J.; Newton, P.; Hall, P. and Dickey, J. (eds.), East West Perspectives on 21st Century Urban Development: Sustainable Eastern and Western Cities in the New MillenniumJönsson, Christer; Tägil, Sven and Törnquist, Gunnar, Organising European SpaceHuggins, Robert, The Business of Networks, Inter–firm interaction, institutional policy and the TEC experimentMiller, Donald and De Roo, Gert (eds.), Integrating City Planning and Environmental Management: Practicable Strategies for Sustainable Urban DevelopmentBoekema, F.; Morgan, K.; Bakkers, S. and Rutten, R. (eds.), Knowledge, Innovation and Economic Growth: The Theory and Practice of Learning Regions

The Re-Emergence of the Cadre Party?

Since unification of the two German states and of the sister organizations of the major German political parties, the SPD and the CDU, party organizers in eastern Germany have been engaged in (re)building their extra-parliamentary organization into efficient and organizationally strong political agencies. The formally equal political environment since unification and also a massive transfer of material and non-material resources from western sister organizations have created conditions conducive to adjustment of the internal structures between East and West German parties. Based on empirical data from more than 140 local branches and 25 Land associations I compare major organizational characteristics of the parties in an East-West perspective. After an analysis of the development of the party organizations since unification, I describe the type of party organization that has emerged in eastern Germany in the course of the political and societal transformation. I argue that in spite of formally equal political conditions in unified Germany, the East German parties differ so much in organizational structure from their western sisters that they resemble much more the so-called `cadre party', whereas the western parties still represent people's parties.

SHORT REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Tom Athanasiou, Divided Planet: The Ecology of Rich and Poor Ester Boserup, My Professional Life and Publications 1929–1998 Joachim von Braun, Tesfaye Tekxu, and Patrick Webb, Famine in Africa: Causes, Responses, and Prevention John Brotchie, Peter Newton, Peter Hall, and John Dickey (eds.), East West Perspectives on 21st Century Urban Development: Sustainable Eastern and Western Cities in the New Millennium Alex de Sherbinin and Victoria Dompka (eds.), Water and Population Dynamics: Case Studies and Policy Implications Pamela Feldman‐Savelsberg, Plundered Kitchens, Empty Wombs: Threatened Reproduction and Identity in the Cameroon Grassfields Peter H. Gleick, The World's Water 1998–1999: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A. Stern (eds.), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century Patricia W. Lunneborg, The Chosen Lives of Childfree Men Thomas Gale Moore, Climate of Fear: Why We Shouldn't Worry About Global Warming United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision. Volume I: Comprehensive Tables; Volume II: The Sex and Age Distribution of the World Population US Agency for International Development and US Department of Commerce, World Population Profile: 1998, with a Special Chapter Focusing on HIV I AIDS in the Developing World

Population Migration in the European Union

This collection of studies by various authors aims to provide a comprehensive picture of migration flows and their influence on population redistribution within each of the countries of the European Union prior to 1995. The book is divided into three sections. The first section examines international migration patterns from east-west and north-south perspectives migration within the European Union and asylum seeking. The second section concerns national perspectives; there are chapters on Belgium Denmark Germany Greece Spain France Ireland Italy the Netherlands Portugal and the United Kingdom. The third section examines the impact of migration on population developments in the European Union and includes papers on migration policy and population projections.