East-West Center Research Articles

On the future of forest hydrology and biogeochemistry

Correspondence to: Jeff McDonnell, Oregon State University, USA. This comment arises from a USA-Japan Seminar on the Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Forested Catchments, funded by the US National Science Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). The meeting was hosted by Jeff McDonnell and Tadashi Tanaka in February 2000 at the East West Center in Hawaii. This meeting took place about ten years after the last such USA-Japan hydrology seminar (see details in McDonnell et al., this issue). The accompanying special issue is a distillation of papers from that meeting. These papers represent a cross section of work from both countries across the physical-biogeochemical interface. It is just over 30 years since Hewlett and Hibbert’s seminal work on the variable source area was published. As we enter the 21st century, the traditional domain of forest hydrologists is changing: from paired catchment studies examining changes in water balance associated with afforestation or deforestation, to issues of physical controls on stream biogeochemistry, process-based modelling, tracing water flowpath, residence time and mixing modeling. Nevertheless, while the orientation of forest hydrology has changed a great deal in the past 30 years, the basic concepts have changed only slightly. More detailed process representations are being provided for more catchments. Yet, rather than synthesis of common findings across catchments (that might reveal common controlling processes), much of the science is directed at studying the idiosyncrasies of “yet another catchment”. Particular processes such as macropore flow, capillary fringe-induced groundwater ridging, rapid effusion of old water from hillslopes, etc. have occupied many journal pages in recent decades, but conceptual advancement beyond variable source area theory has been limited. The discussions at the workshop began with an examination of the following questions:

The Asian Financial Crisis: Hindsight, Insight, Foresight

For a while, in the darkest moments of the Asian financial crisis in 1998, it was widely predicted that East Asia would continue to be deathly sick for the next two to four years. While it is fortunate that the news of the (near) death of the East Asian miracle was greatly exaggerated, this economic earthquake remains a tragic disaster in human terms. The tremendous destruction of wealth and the pushing of a significant proportion of the population in the poorer countries to below the poverty line caused political volcanoes to erupt in several countries. New governments have emerged in Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand; and the political leadership is split in Malaysia. The social after-shocks of this economic earthquake are still being felt in April 2000. Economist, Dr Manuel Montes (then Senior Fellow at ISEAS) led the academic world with the publication of The Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia in October 1997. This book has become a classic because its penetrating analysis about the causes of the crisis and the prescient predictions of its consequences have stood the test of time.(1) The abrupt ending of the crisis in the first quarter of 1999 prompted Dr Manuel Montes (who had returned to the East-West Center) to organize a workshop in Honolulu, Hawaii, from 30 September to 1 October 1999 to take a fresh look at the crisis. The workshop papers sparked much lively discussion, and pointed to novel directions for research on financial crises in general and reform of the international financial architecture in particular. A subset of these papers is published in this special issue of ASEAN Economic Bulletin. The Crisis in Hindsight For the economics profession, the Asian financial crisis has been divisive and, for some economists, humbling. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the financial firefighter of the world, under-predicted the severity of the output collapse in every one of its programme countries,(2) and then went on to under-predict the pace and strength of the economic recovery.(3) This systematic failure in prediction by the IMF of output behaviour in the crisis countries certainly suggests an institution that neither understood the cause of the region-wide crisis nor knew what the optimal rescue package for these countries should have been. It was in support of this impression of an incompetent IMF that Joseph Stiglitz, the Chief Economist at the World Bank during the crisis, wrote in April 2000: IMF experts believe that they are brighter, more educated, and less politically motivated than the economists in the countries they visit. In fact.... the IMF staff ... frequently consists of third-rank students from first-rate universities ... Quite frankly, a student who turned in the IMF's answer to the test questions What should be the fiscal stance of Thailand, facing an economic downturn? would have gotten an F.(4) The economics profession is certainly divided over the IMF's performance but not in a clear-cut fashion. For example, as will be clear from the papers in this volume that, although most of the authors agree with Stiglitz that the first IMF programmes for Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand were badly flawed, they differ with regard to his reasons for the IMF mistakes and his negative assessment about the analytical capability of the IMF. The economics profession has shown uncharacteristic humility over its initial judgement of the Asian financial crisis. The well-known economist, Paul Krugman, has conveniently posted on his website a well-documented record of his stream of consciousness about the crisis, so we may use his intellectual odyssey to capture an important evolution of the views of the economics profession towards the Asian financial crisis. In March 1998, Paul Krugman opined that: Broadly speaking, I would say that there are two approaches to the Asian crisis. …

Family Planning Programs and National Prosperity

David E. Bloom and David Canning's Policy Forum “The health and wealth of nations” (18 Feb., p. [1207][1]) does a commendable job of characterizing the feedback loop connecting positive public health outcomes and economic growth. The authors, however, do not include a critical component of this loop that has, all too often, been underfunded or excluded from primary healthcare clinics: reproductive health services including family planning. More than half of Bloom and Canning's Policy Forum is devoted to aspects of productivity growth that researchers have determined to be related to declining fertility and managed birth spacing. Among these reproduction-related economic benefits are the accumulation of savings, improved maternal and child health, and the benefits of elevated ratios of working-age adults to dependent children (the “demographic dividend”). The authors appear to credit antibiotics and improved sanitation for paving the way for the East Asian economic “miracle,” although these were not unusual interventions in developing countries during the second half of the 20th century. Yet they do not mention a more distinctive and relevant intervention: the unparalleled mobilization of and the millions of dollars of investment in voluntary family planning services that occurred in these countries in the late 1960s and 1970s ([1][2], [2][3]). Much of this investment was assisted by foreign aid programs in the United States and other industrialized-country governments. Few policymakers would object to improving sanitation, water treatment, or vaccination. Reproductive health programs, despite their importance to reducing maternal mortality and slowing both population growth and the onslaught of HIV/AIDS, still face religious and political opposition in many countries, including the United States. During every budget cycle, some members of Congress attempt to eliminate U.S. assistance to international family planning programs. Congress has cut this program's budget by 35% from 1994 levels, in the face of increasing worldwide demand for such assistance. The population of women and men of reproductive age is growing rapidly, and higher proportions of this population seek reproductive health services. Scientific evidence of these programs' contribution to economic development is mounting, but the political will needed to maintain them is fragile and now waning. It is critical that demographers and economists give family planning and reproductive health programs the credit they deserve when discussing the connections between the health and wealth of nations. 1. [↵][4]1. A. O. Tsui , “Family planning programs in Asia: approaching a half-century of effort” (Asia-Pacific Population Research Reports, East-West Center, Honolulu, HI, 1996). 2. [↵][5] Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges (Asian Development Bank, Manila, 1997). # Response {#article-title-2} Coen and Cincotta are right to emphasize the important role of family planning programs in the demographic transition. We are well aware of its importance and noted so in our Policy Forum (indeed, one of us was a principal author of the “Emerging Asia” report Coen and Cincotta cite in support of their argument). But we believe that general health deserves more emphasis than reproductive health and family planning, because it was the trigger mechanism that set off cumulative economic development; family planning entered the picture at a later stage of development, when desired fertility began to decrease. For example, desired and actual fertility in Africa are generally close in magnitude, so the availability of contraceptives is not at present the decisive issue. Later in the development process, however, family planning does become crucial, as it was in the East Asia “miracle” and is now in South Asia. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.287.5456.1207 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text

Business as Usual

Business as Usual

He Served: A Biography of Macu Salato (review)

Macu Salato was born in 1915 into a family of commoner status in the Moala group of Lau, Fiji. He died in Auckland in 1990 after a distinguished career in Fiji's medical services, as mayor of Suva and a member of the Great Council of Chiefs, as acting high commissioner in London, and as secretary general of the South Pacific Commission (now the Secretariat of the Pacific Community). He was an active member of the Anglican Church, and was awarded the CBE in 1973. After his term at the South Pacific Commission he spent time as a Fulbright scholar in residence at the University of Hawai'i, Mânoa, as honorary research fellow at the East-West Center and interim director of that Center's Pacific Islands Development Program.

The Changing Family in Comparative Perspective: Asia and the United States. Edited by Karen Oppenheim Mason, Noriko O. Tsuya, and Minja Kim Choe. Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998. xix, 258 pp. $40.00.

The Changing Family in Comparative Perspective: Asia and the United States. Edited by Karen Oppenheim Mason, Noriko O. Tsuya, and Minja Kim Choe. Honolulu: East-West Center, 1998. xix, 258 pp. $40.00. - Volume 58 Issue 4

Karen Oppenheim Mason, Noriko O. Tsuya and Minja Kim Choe (eds.), The Changing Family in Comparative Perspective : Asia and the United States, East-West Center, Honolulu, 1998, xix+258p., 23.5cm.

Karen Oppenheim Mason, Noriko O. Tsuya and Minja Kim Choe (eds.), The Changing Family in Comparative Perspective : Asia and the United States, East-West Center, Honolulu, 1998, xix+258p., 23.5cm.

Confucianism and Human Rights (review)

Reviews 85 erous time frame ofone or two centuries. In an era ofincreasing globalization, they are left with perhaps only two choices: to become or not to become a member ofthe capitalist world system while under heavy pressure from without—and from within, in the form ofrising expectations among their own impatient citizens. This is a big challenge and presents LDC planners and policy makers with cruel choices—as Denis Goulet succinctly illustrated in a succession of studies back in the 1970s. Thus Fengshui JIUJC may not necessarilybe the perfect example ofEastern tradition, just as the computer may not be the ideal symbol of the totality ofWestern civilization. In other words, in the struggle to reach the top, what room is left for latecomer developing countries in an ever-expanding capitalist hegemonic world system? Can they afford the luxury ofholding to tradition at the cost ofmodernization, however defined? Altogether, Anywise is a book about architecture, but it is also a book about urbanization, modernization, and development, viewed particularly from the standpoint ofthe contrast between East and West. Globalization, growth, the information age, modernity, postmodernity, technology, and tradition are all touched upon. Scholars in architecture, planning, sociology, and development— and policy makers as well—should all be able to draw both theoretical and practical inspiration from this book. Hsiao-hung Nancy Chen Hsiao-hung Nancy Chen is a professor in the Department ofSociology and the Dean ofthe College ofSocial Sciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei; she specializes in studies ofdevelopment and urban sociology and planning. Wm. Theodore de Bary and Tu Weiming, editors. Confucianism and Human Rights. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. xxiii, 327 pp. Hardcover $40.00, isbn 0-231-10936-9. In their highly publicized media events in both the United States (October 1997) and China (June 1998), Presidents Jiang Zemin and Bill Clinton expressed disagreement on their respective views on human rights. Reporting on these summit y mversity meetings, the American news media further exacerbated the difference by using the Tiananmen Square mass demonstrations of Spring 1989 and the subsequent Beijing massacre on June 4 as convenient points of reference. Granted that the television image of government tanks and guns against helpless Chinese students 86 China Review International: Vol. 6, No. ?, Spring 1999 and civilians had been indelibly seared into the minds of the American viewing public in particular and the people of the world generally, China has nonetheless indeed made great strides in improving the lives of a large portion of its populace since that tragedy of almost a decade ago. Still, manifesting a kind of sleeping beauty syndrome, Dan Rather of CBS, for example, implied during the Clinton visit that until the arrival ofthe American president, China had not even considered the issue ofhuman rights. In fact, prior to the Clinton visit, Vice Premier Qian Qichen announced that China will sign the main United Nations human rights convention, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), just as it did the companion convention, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) shortly before the arrival of President Jiang in Washington, D.C, in October 1997.1 Confucianism and Human Rights consists largely of the proceedings ofthe first across-the-Pacific conference (at the East-West Center, University of Hawai'i, August 1995) to address the Universal Declaration on Human Rights of 1948, subsequent developments, and the expansion, especially in recent decades, from its original focus on civil and political rights (1948) to economic, social, and cultural rights (mid-1970s) to the group rights of a people for survival and self-determination in a shrinking planet (1990s). At the Hawai'i conference these different generations of interdependent and mutually potentiating human rights were all carefully examined from the perspective of one of China's own cultural traditions, namely Confucianism. In addition to such organizations as the American Council of Learned Societies, the East-West Center, the Heyman Center for the Humanities, and the Human Rights Center of Columbia University, a major sponsor was the China Confucius Foundation (established in Beijing in 1984). The conference brought together a high-powered coterie of East Asian studies specialists, philosophers, historians, political scientists, and law professors—most ofwhom...

Women's Studies in Taiwan: My Personal Experience as a Woman Scholar

When I wrote my dissertation on female rural-urban I was unaware of the term `feminism in the literature of geography. But geography always borrows from other disciplines and `feminist geography therefore comes about naturally among the social sciences. My Ph. D. dissertation entitled Female Rural-urban Migration Adaptation and Linkages focused on rural women who came to work in Taipei in the late 1970s. I had some arguments with my advisory committee at the time (at the University of Hawaii) about the significance of this issue in the context of Taiwans development but received little support. In fact I found three or four dissertations written by male scholars (Parish Speare and Huang) who studied only young male migrants in Taiwan but called their works migration rather than male studies. As I started my Ph. D. in 1974 leaving my husband and children in Taiwan I had not expected myself to invite so much curiosity and criticism from my neighbors and the Taiwanese students of the East-West Center. It was very clear that educated women in the 1970s in Taiwan did not pursue their careers without inviting some degree of animosity and going abroad for a Ph. D. was unheard of at the time. At times I thought I would give up my studies but then I felt determined to reach my goal. In 1980 having returned to Taiwan to do fieldwork teach and do research I left my husband son and daughter in the care of my parents for one year to complete my dissertation. (authors)

Geochemistry of sediments in Johor Strait between Malaysia and Singapore

We report the results of a study of the geochemistry of sediments of the Strait of Johor between the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia and the island nation of Singapore. This shallow channel in the continental shelf connects the South China Sea to the east with the Strait of Melaka to the west. We analyzed sediment layers collected at 25 locations along the east-west axis of the Strait, from the estuary of the Johor river at its eastern end to the estuary of the Pulai river at its western end, using a box corer to minimize disturbance of surficial layers.Both trace metal concentrations and bulk sediment properties change drastically between the relatively pristine open ends of the Strait and the dam-like causeway near the east-west center of the Strait, where the greatest anthropogenic discharges occur and water flows become too sluggish to disperse them. Reasonably “normal” muddy sediments with oxygenated surface layers and apparently healthy benthic communities are found at both open ends of the Strait. Anoxic, watery, black muds, smelling of H2S and with no macrobenthic organisms, are found in a zone extending several kilometers on either side of the causeway built in 1924 to facilitate commerce between the island of Singapore and peninsular Malaysia. This zone of anoxic sediment has developed since the causeway was built, due primarily to discharges of sewage wastes with their high oxygen demand, and to greatly reduced water dispersion.Total concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Co and possibly Cd and Sc in Johor Strait sediments are lower than concentrations estimated for average shales and mean crustal materials. This is attributed to increased solubility of all these elements during intense chemical weathering in the hot, humid tropical climate of the drainage basin. Total concentrations of U and Th are greater in Johor sediments than in both types of average materials, due to greater abundance of granites and monazites in the Johor drainage basin. Greater than global average concentrations of Pb and Zn are found in surface sediments near the causeway, due principally to additional inputs associated with large volumes of vehicular traffic across the causeway. Concentrations of As are higher in Johor sediment than in global average materials, for unknown reasons. Johor Strait sediments have rare earth concentrations less than or equal to those in average shales, and no evidence of enrichments of light rare earth elements from wastes from the large oil refineries south of Singapore Island.Excess 210Pb activities and inventories in sediments of the shallow, low latitude Johor Strait are similar to those in nearby Gulf of Thailand sediments. They are several times lower than those in sediments underlying deeper waters from mid-latitude continental shelves, due to less in situ production of 210Pb from decay of parent 226Ra in the shallower Johor Strait water column, lower input of 210Pb from atmospheric fallout at lower latitudes, and less riverine input of particulare 210Pb to Johor Strait. Johor Strait sediment activities and inventories of this natural radionuclide are limited by its supply rather than by particulate scavenging reactions. Sediments on the tropical Amazon shelf have similar 210Pb activities, but inventories over ten times those in Johor Strait sediments. The differences are because of much faster sediment accumulation rates on the Amazon shelf, and because lateral water transport brings more offshore waters with dissolved excess 210Pb produced in situ on to the Amazon shelf than into Johor Strait.The low excess 210Pb activities in Johor Strait sediments often show erratic changes with depth that cannot be reliably modeled by assuming steady state; constant deposition rate of particles of uniform bulk chemistry, mineralogy and initial unsupported 210Pb activity; and that mixing is limited to a recognizable surface layer. The 210Pb profiles are still essential in explaining differences in As/Sc and Zn, Pb, and Cr concentration profiles in the cores. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

1. Asia as the center of gravity of the world energy system

The center of gravity of the world's energy market is shifting to the Asia-Pacific region and will continue to do so until 2010 and beyond. This shift is due to the region's rapid economic growth and increasing population (which is currently about 60% of total world population). The region's oil demand has already surpassed Western Europe's and will soon overtake North America's. Also, the region is involved in more than three-fourths of the world's trade in liquefied natural gas (LNG). Given these trends, a thorough understanding of the energy outlook of the Asia-Pacific region is of utmost importance to industry and governments-nationally, regionally, and internationally. To meet this need, the East-West Center's Program on Resources: Energy and Minerals has undertaken an analysis of the energy sector from 1993 to the year 2010, using high, low, and base case scenarios for the following economic groups within the region: (i) OECD Pacific (Australia, Japan, New Zealand), (ii) newly industrialized economies (NIEs) (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan), (iii) Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam), (iv) South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan), (v) China, and (vi) other Asia-Pacific economies. The aggregate data for the Asia-Pacific region, presented in this article and in article 3, are based on these six categories. The category of other economies comprises the Pacific island nations and all the countries of Asia not listed above, with the exceptions of the former Soviet Union and the Middle East (including Iran). Summary data on the former Soviet Union are provided in a separate section of this article and are discussed in greater detail in article 4.

Voices of the Song Lyric in China (review)

Reviews 589 growth ofthe market, it has often been an advocate, promoter, and protector of private enterprise. Based on interviews conducted primarily in Sichuan province in the late 1980s and early 1990s, official documents, the Chinese popular press, and Chinese and Western academic literature, this well-written bookwill be useful for anyone interested in the development ofprivate business in China. Its value for specialists is enhanced by the careful documentation ofsources contained in the chapter endnotes. Richard F. Garbacelo East-West Center, Honolulu RichardF. Garbacelo is an East-West Center Fellow specializing in Chinese economic development. Pauline Yu, editor. Voices ofthe SongLyric in China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. xxi, 410 pp. Hardcover $45.00, isbn 0-520-08056-4. The study of song lyrics, or ci, is one of the most fascinating fields of Chinese literature . Ci is a literary form full of contradictions. It is often identified as the major literary form ofthe Song dynasty, and yet an examination ofliterary standards during the Song suggests that it held at best a peripheral importance. Its obscure origins in Tang dynasty popular music and its morally "questionable" themes earned it more condemnation than praise, and while some of the preeminent poets ofthe age wrote ci, even they were often reluctant to acknowledge ci as a legitimate literary form. Many of these authors or their editors even left ci out of their collected writings. The problematic nature ofthe ci within the Chinese literary tradition has perplexed anthologists and literary historians nearly from its beginnings. However, modern scholarship has been somewhat kinder to the study of ci, and a number ofexcellent studies written in English have created a great deal of interest in the Western world. After James Liu's Major Lyricists ofthe Northern Sung, many people began to turn their attention to the study of ci, drawn by Liu's ability to combine high critical standards and accessibility in a way that made ci appealing to both specialists and casual readers. Kang-i Sun Chang's The Evolu-© 1996 by University tion ofChinese Tzu Poetry and Shuen-fu Lin's The Transformation ofthe Chinese ofHawai'i PressLyrical Tradition maintained the same high standards found in Liu's work, while carrying the study of ci one step farther. A number ofother studies followed, all ofwhich can be found in the bibliography included in this book. 590 China Review International: Vol. 3, No. 2, Fall 1996 Consequently, Voices ofthe Song Lyric in China comes from the highest pedigree of sinology. Not only does it rest upon the solid foundation laid by Liu and many others over the last twenty years, but it even includes essays by the other two aforementioned ci specialists, together with essays by other top scholars in Chinese poetry. Anyone with some background in Chinese poetry will probably feel a mounting excitement as s/he glances through the table of contents, recognizing one by one many of the most prominent names in the field. As one's eyes stray from the impressive list of names to the tides of the essays, the excitement grows even more. While previous studies of ci have often been very thorough, there has tended to be a bias toward the ci of the Song dynasty, so that many important poets of later periods, especially women poets ofthe Qing, have been overlooked. In addition to Kang-i Sun Chang's essay on Xu Can and Liu Shi, major women poets of the Ming-Qing transition, die reader's eye might pause for a moment on the title of Grace Fong's "Engendering the Lyric: Her Image and Voice in Song." Tantalized by this title, one might scan the pages of Fong's essay, pleased to see poems by Zhu Shuzhen, He Shuangqing, Gu Taiqing, and even Wu Zao. This is not to say, though, that the book is devoted exclusively to these relatively neglected poets. There is also a great deal of new scholarship on many poets who are better known. Li Qingzhao fairs particularly well, with an essay by John Timothy Wixted and a lengthy treatment by Stephen Owen. In fact, Li is mentioned in most ofthe essays , receiving many much deserved kowtows. Fans...

Recent trends in domestic energy prices of Asia: impacts of deregulation and changing policy directions

OPEC ReviewVolume 20, Issue 2 p. 117-147 Recent trends in domestic energy prices of Asia: impacts of deregulation and changing policy directions Fereidun Fesharaki, Fereidun Fesharaki “Programme on Resources: Energy and Minerals”. East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, United StatesSearch for more papers by this authorHeather S. Keevill, Heather S. Keevill “Programme on Resources: Energy and Minerals”. East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, United StatesSearch for more papers by this authorJames P. Dorian, James P. Dorian “Programme on Resources: Energy and Minerals”. East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author Fereidun Fesharaki, Fereidun Fesharaki “Programme on Resources: Energy and Minerals”. East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, United StatesSearch for more papers by this authorHeather S. Keevill, Heather S. Keevill “Programme on Resources: Energy and Minerals”. East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, United StatesSearch for more papers by this authorJames P. Dorian, James P. Dorian “Programme on Resources: Energy and Minerals”. East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0076.1996.tb00020.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume20, Issue2June 1996Pages 117-147 RelatedInformation

Dilemmas of Development: Vietnam Update 1994. Edited by Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet. Canberra: Department of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1995. vii, 133 pp. $A12.00 (paper). - Urban Harvest: Recycling as a Peasant Industry in Northern Vietnam. By Michael R. Digregorio. Honolulu: East-West Center Occasional Papers, Environment Series, No. 17, 1994.

Dilemmas of Development: Vietnam Update 1994. Edited by Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet. Canberra: Department of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1995. vii, 133 pp. $A12.00 (paper). - Urban Harvest: Recycling as a Peasant Industry in Northern Vietnam. By Michael R. Digregorio. Honolulu: East-West Center Occasional Papers, Environment Series, No. 17, 1994.

Survey of Recent Developments

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsWilliam E. JamesSenior Fellow, East-West Center, presently on leave as Chief of Party of the USAID-funded TIP Project for Nathan Associates, Inc., in Jakarta. This Survey was prepared while the author was a visiting fellow in the Indonesia Project, Economics Division, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, ANU. The author is grateful for comments from participants in a seminar held by the Indonesia Project during the fellowship period, and for those of Professor Moh. Arsyad Anwar. Remaining errors are the author's responsibility. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the institutions with which the author is affiliated.

APPROACHING THE TURNING POINT?: LABOR MARKET CHANGE UNDER INDONESIA'S NEW ORDER

APPROACHING THE TURNING POINT?: LABOR MARKET CHANGE UNDER INDONESIA'S NEW ORDER

The Heteroscedastic Method: Fifty+ Years of Progress 1945–2000, and Professor Minoru Siotani's Award-Winning Contributions

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTIn this paper, we cover the genesis and development of the Heteroscedastic Method HM, with emphasis on the history (which can be regarded as starting in 1945, with some pre-history dating as far back as 1940), and only giving proofs insofar as needed to clarify ideas. As this paper is based on a Keynote Address to the Multivariate Statistical Inference 2000 (MSI2000) Conference in Honor of Professor Minoru Siotani held at the East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, the fundamental contributions of Professor Siotani are given a focus in the discussion. Current and future research as we approach the year 2000 and beyond, and a time-line of development (past, present, and conjectured future) are also given.This research was supported by NATO Research Grant No. CRG 931030.

Classicism, Politics, and Kinship: The Ch'ang-chou School of New Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China (review)

Reviews 91 A good and timely work, ReachingAcross the Taiwan Straitis truly a fitting sequel to Island China. Lauren Moriarty The reviewer, a career Foreign Service Officer, served most recently as Diplomat-inResidence at the East-West Center in Honolulu. The views and opinions expressed in this review are solely her own and do not necessarily represent those ofthe U.S. Government. NOTES1. This and the following quote are from a 6 March 1994 speech by Dr. Koo Chen-fu, Chairman of Taiwan's Straits Exchange Foundation, to me Pacific Forum/CSIS in Honolulu, Hawai'i. 2. Ralph N. Clough, Island China (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press, 1978). This book, long a standard reference on Taiwan, deals comprehensively with the island's post-World War II development. F F Benjamin A. Elman. Classicism, Politics, and Kinship: The Ch'ang-chou School ofNew Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. xxxiii, 409 pp. Hardcover $45. In Classicism, Politics, and Kinship, Benjamin Elman examines the historical development of New Text Confucianism during die latter part of the Ch'ing dynasty. He focuses on the social and political dimensions of the intellectual changes Aiat led to New Text Confucianism, and he illustrates how the classical tradition was intimately related to social and political power. While his topic in a narrow sense is the Ch'ang-chou origins of the nineteenth-century New Text movement, his discussion actually covers a broad range of questions. Elman brings to this study several concerns that are critical in shaping his approach . He is interested in counteracting two common tendencies: looking at events primarily from the perspective of later developments, and examining ideas in isolation from their social and political contexts. He thus employs a perspective that emphasizes the multiple contexts contributing to the development of events. His task is not without difficulty, however, for in providing a developmental ac-© 1994 by University count, he must also avoid the often faulty assumptions oflinear accounts. ofHawai'i PressElman begins by considering the definition of a school of thought and by pointing out certain political, economic, and social changes that had become im- 92 China Review International: Vol. 1, No. 2, Fall 1994 portant by the late Ming. Observing that Aie Chinese Aiemselves traditionally understood philosophical ideas in terms of schools, Elman maintains that it is possible to be fairly specific when speaking of an intellectual tradition at a particular time in a particular place, despite the variety of meanings of the concept of school. He further describes how lineages were related to schools of fhought and to the state from the late Ming period into the Ch'ing. In other words, it is insufficient for the historian to see ideas only in terms of individual thinkers. Ideas belonged to intellectual traditions, which tended to be based in specific geographical areas and grounded in specific lineages. Lineages, but not individuals, possessed the cultural resources, from lineage schools to family members in high governmental positions, necessary to support scholarship. Delving into the social dimension, Elman provides a detailed ouAine of the historical rise of Aie two lineages responsible for founding the New Text school in Ch'ang-chou. These two lineages, the Chuang and Liu, both successfully survived the transition from Ming to Ch'ing. The Chuangs moved south during the eleventh century and began their rise to power during the late fifteenfh century. Remaining prominent until the nineteenth century, the Chuangs produced numerous degree holders and high-ranking officials. Intermarrying with the Chuangs, the Liu lineage traced its ancestry in Ch'ang-chou to the mid-fourteenth century. Also achieving remarkable success in obtaining degrees and governmental positions , the Lius maintained high status from the late sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. Elman's discussion here leaves no doubt as to the interrelationships among the political, social, economic, and intellectual spheres. After establishing the importance of the Chuang and Liu lineages as a social base, Elman examines various aspects of the intellectual and political contexts Aiat contributed to forming the Ch'ang-chou New Text school. Although the philological movement of Han Learning occupied leading Chinese scholars during the eighteenAi century, the examinations...

Law and Morality in Ancient China: The Silk Manuscripts of Huang-Lao (review)

214 China Review International: Vol. 1, No. 2, Fall 1994 would have been much more valuable if it had focused on the patterning of relational networks in Pacific Asia through a more structured analysis of relational linkages, as done in the chapters by Gereffi and McMichael. Won Bae Kim East-West Center, Honolulu $ # ® Randall P. Peerenboom. Law and Morality in Ancient China: The Silk Manuscripts ofHuang-Lao. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. Hardcover $59.50, Paperback $19.95. Combining a close reading of the Huang-Lao Boshu (Huang-Lao Silk Manuscripts ) with recent developments in Anglo-European legal philosophy, R. P. Peerenboom identifies the unique characteristics of Huang-Lao thought by comparing its philosophical position on law and morality with the views of several classical philosophers. This study consists of two parts: the first (chapters 1-3) defines the Huang-Lao thought of the Boshu, the four silk scrolls attached to the Lao Zi Text A unearthed at Mawangdui in 1973; the second (chapters 4-7) distinguishes the thought from the ideas of several classical philosophers and considers its evolution from the late Warring States period through the Han. Peerenboom contends that Huang-Lao represents a "counter-current in classical Chinese thought" because it promotes "foundational naturalism coupled with a natural law theory." The thesis challenges several regnant claims concerning the general characteristics and specific features of early Chinese thought. Part 1 begins with a brief survey of Huang-Lao studies summarizing current debates concerning the tide, authorship, and dating of the Boshu. Peerenboom suggests that the text was probably written by an author(s) from Qi or Chu and dates from the late Warring States or Qin to Han periods. According to the author , Huang-Lao thought is best understood as a "foundational naturalism." First, as naturalism, humans are conceived of as part of the cosmic natural order understood as an organic or holistic system or ecosystem. Second, Huang-Lao privileges the cosmic natural order: the natural order has normative priority. It is taken to be the highest value or realm of highest value. Third, and correlate to© 1994 by University the second, the human-social order must be consistent and compatible with the ofHawai'i Presscosmic natural order rather than nature and the natural order being subservient to the whims and needs of humans. Huang-Lao advances a foundational naturalism in that the cosmic natural order serves as the basis, foundation, for con- Reviews 215 struction ofthe human order. This means, in the case ofthe Boshu, not simply that human behavior and social institutions are to be modeled on the way of nature. The natural order constitutes the foundation for the human social order in the more radical sense that the correct social order is held to be implicate in the cosmic order. The task of humans is to discover and implement it. In this way, the Boshu naturalizes the human order by grounding it in a predetermined natural order. The foundational character of Huang-Lao naturalism is signaled primarily in three ways: by the transcendence of the cosmic natural order, the realist underpinnings of Huang-Lao philosophy and the author's correspondence theory oflanguage and epistemology. (pp. 27-28) A strength of the book is that his theoretically systematic account of"foundational naturalism" captures aspects of Huang-Lao cosmology. The corresponding problem, however, is a tendency to oversystematize a text that is less uniform than Peerenboom assumes. For example, numerous passages in the Boshu that refer to the triad Heaven, Earth, and Humanity (tiandiren) often grant human and natural models ontological parity and depict an ideal ruler who derives standards from both. They indicate that nature was not the only model for the ruler and that it was not always the most privileged of models; nor was it simply discovered and replicated by the ruler. (See for example Mawangdui Hanmu boshu 49, lines 1314 ; 62, lines 14-15; 63, lines 1-2; 66, line 2; 71, line 1; 76, line 5; and 81, line 15.) To analyze the legal philosophy of the Boshu and to distinguish it from other classical legal theories, Peerenboom presents a thoughtful and insightful analysis of several interpretative theories of...

The Muslim Face of China

Essay| September 01 1993 The Muslim Face of China Dru C. Gladney Dru C. Gladney Dru C. Gladney is an associate professor of Asian studies at the University of Hawaii and a research fellow at the university’s East-West Center. The author’s travel to Xinjiang this May and June was funded by the American Research Institute in Turkey. His publications include Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991). Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1993) 92 (575): 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1993.92.575.275 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Dru C. Gladney; The Muslim Face of China. Current History 1 September 1993; 92 (575): 275–280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1993.92.575.275 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1993 by The Regents of the University of California1993 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.