Ease Of Recycling Research Articles

Deep-desulfurization of the petroleum diesel using the heterogeneous carboxyl functionalized poly-ionic liquid

Abstract Acidic carboxyl functionalized poly(ionic liquid) (CFPIL) has been synthesized and characterized by various techniques like FT-NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In this work, deep oxidative desulfurization of model oil (thiophene dissolved in iso-octane) by CFPIL catalyst was carried out in presence of 30 wt% H 2 O 2 solution as an oxidant. The effects of the hydrogen peroxide, amount of CFPIL, temperature-time and recyclability are scrutinized systematically. It was found that the effective molar proportion of H 2 O 2 to sulfur was 4:1 at 70 °C in 180 min with 0.6 g catalyst, removing 100% thiophene from model oil. This method has shown high efficiency for the removal of thiophene, which is difficult to remove from the oil than benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene. Additionally, an oxidative desulfurization mechanism has been proposed according to the experimental results. This catalytic system by CFPIL offers advantages such as higher efficiency, low amount of ionic liquid, simple work up for separating oil from the catalyst and ease of recycling. This protocol inclines to show that diesel fuels in industry can be purified to sulfur-free or ultra-low sulfur fuels by further deep oxidative desulfurization with CFPILs after hydrodesulfurization.

Shaping of Metal-Organic Frameworks: From Fluid to Shaped Bodies and Robust Foams.

The applications of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) toward industrial separation, catalysis, sensing, and some sophisticated devices are drastically affected by their intrinsic fragility and poor processability. Unlike organic polymers, MOF crystals are insoluble in any solvents and are usually not thermoplastic, which means traditional solvent- or melting-based processing techniques are not applicable for MOFs. Herein, a continuous phase transformation processing strategy is proposed for fabricating and shaping MOFs into processable fluids, shaped bodies, and even MOF foams that are capable of reversible transformation among these states. Based on this strategy, a cup-shaped Cu-MOF composite and hierarchically porous MOF foam were developed for highly efficient catalytic C-H oxidation (conv. 76% and sele. 93% for cup-shaped Cu-MOF composite and conv. 92% and sele. 97% for porous foam) with ease of recycling and dramatically improved kinetics. Furthermore, various MOF-based foams with low densities (<0.1 g cm(-3)) and high MOF loadings (up to 80 wt %) were obtained via this protocol. Imparted with hierarchically porous structures and fully accessible MOFs uniformly distributed, these foams presented low energy penalty (pressure drop <20 Pa, at 500 mL min(-1)) and showed potential applications as efficient membrane reactors.

Potential Tuning in the Benzenedicarboxylate System for Improved Organic Negative Electrodes

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represent one of the most successful battery chemistry with a range of applications starting from small portable electronic devices to advanced electric vehicles. The increasing demands concerning these large-scale applications have generated intense requirements of improved safety, low costs and of course high energy densities. Anode materials generally used in commercial LIBs, i.e. carbonaceous materials, have a very low operating potential (~ 0.1 V vs. Li+/Li) which cause some safety and cost issues. As an alternative, several anode materials have been proposed, such as spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) which can operate at potentials of 1.0-1.6 V vs. Li+/Li, this fact leading to a decrease of the cell voltage, or such as Si and SnO2, which are confronted to huge volume variation and structural reorganization during charge-discharge process. In order to achieve the required improvements, anode materials must operate at an intermediate operating potential (0.5-1.0 V vs. Li+/Li). In addition there is a growing interest in designing greener LIBs. In this context, organic carboxylate-based derivatives have been considered as promising materials for the next generation of such greener LIBs due to their structure based on relatively naturally abundant atoms like C, H, O or N, their possible flexible molecular design, ease of recyclability and especially their operating potential allowing to substitute copper-based current collector by aluminum, thus inducing a drastic cost and weight reduction. We will present an electron-donating substitution approach with the aim to decrease the operating redox potential in benzenedicarboxylate systems. More precisely, dilithium DiMethylTerepthalate compound (Li2-DMT) was synthesized, fully characterized and evaluated electrochemically as an anode material for Li-ion storage system. This new carboxylate-based material shows promising electrochemical performance, noticeably a stable cycling performance, high thermal stability and an operating potential of 0.65 V vs. Li+/Li, (i.e., -110 mV in comparison with Li terephthalate). Figure 1

An Efficient Protocol for Facile Synthesis of New 5-Substituted-1H-Tetrazole Derivatives Using Copper-Doped Silica Cuprous Sulfate (CDSCS) as Heterogeneous Nano-Catalyst

A facile and highly efficient protocol for synthesis of new 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles derivatives using copper-doped silica cuprous sulfate (CDSCS) is described. In this method, the cycloaddition reaction of sodium azide with structurally diverse nitriles involving bioactive N-heterocyclic cores exploiting CDSCS in refluxing H2O/i-PrOH (1:1, v/v) furnishes the corresponding 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles in good to excellent yields (up to 93%). The influence of parameters effective in progress of reaction including solvent type, temperature and catalyst was studied and discussed. In this protocol, CDSCS was proved to be an efficient heterogeneous nano-catalyst to easily achieve the new tetrazole derivatives. The advantages of CDSCS in current protocol known are its cheapness, thermal and chemical stability, ease of recyclability and reusability for several consecutive runs without significant decline in its reactivity.

Separation‐Free Polyaniline/TiO2 3D Hydrogel with High Photocatalytic Activity

A polyaniline (PANI) hydrogel with 3D network nanostructure is synthesized by polymerizing aniline. TiO2 nanoparticles are located onto the 3D matrix of the PANI hydrogel. This PANI/TiO2 composite 3D hydrogel is efficient in removing organic contaminants owing to the synergistic effect of adsorption‐enrichment and the succedent in situ photocatalytic degradation. In this process, organic contaminant is first adsorbed and enriched onto the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles through 3D network nanostructure of PANI hydrogel. The organic contaminant is then in situ degraded. The 3D network structured PANI/TiO2 composite hydrogel has the advantage of high reactivity in nano‐sized materials and possesses the characteristics of separation‐free in bulk materials, indicating that the composite hydrogel is ease of recycling. Overall, this work provides new insights into the fabrication of hydrogel‐based nanocomposite materials and facilitates their potential application for the synergistic removal of various aquatic pollutants in the field of water purification.

Direct Air Capture of CO2 by Physisorbent Materials

AbstractSequestration of CO2, either from gas mixtures or directly from air (direct air capture, DAC), could mitigate carbon emissions. Here five materials are investigated for their ability to adsorb CO2 directly from air and other gas mixtures. The sorbents studied are benchmark materials that encompass four types of porous material, one chemisorbent, TEPA‐SBA‐15 (amine‐modified mesoporous silica) and four physisorbents: Zeolite 13X (inorganic); HKUST‐1 and Mg‐MOF‐74/Mg‐dobdc (metal–organic frameworks, MOFs); SIFSIX‐3‐Ni, (hybrid ultramicroporous material). Temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) experiments afforded information about the contents of each sorbent under equilibrium conditions and their ease of recycling. Accelerated stability tests addressed projected shelf‐life of the five sorbents. The four physisorbents were found to be capable of carbon capture from CO2‐rich gas mixtures, but competition and reaction with atmospheric moisture significantly reduced their DAC performance.

Direct Air Capture of CO2 by Physisorbent Materials.

Sequestration of CO2, either from gas mixtures or directly from air (direct air capture, DAC), could mitigate carbon emissions. Here five materials are investigated for their ability to adsorb CO2 directly from air and other gas mixtures. The sorbents studied are benchmark materials that encompass four types of porous material, one chemisorbent, TEPA-SBA-15 (amine-modified mesoporous silica) and four physisorbents: Zeolite 13X (inorganic); HKUST-1 and Mg-MOF-74/Mg-dobdc (metal-organic frameworks, MOFs); SIFSIX-3-Ni, (hybrid ultramicroporous material). Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments afforded information about the contents of each sorbent under equilibrium conditions and their ease of recycling. Accelerated stability tests addressed projected shelf-life of the five sorbents. The four physisorbents were found to be capable of carbon capture from CO2-rich gas mixtures, but competition and reaction with atmospheric moisture significantly reduced their DAC performance.

Simultaneous production of lactic acid and propylene glycol from glycerol using solid catalysts without external hydrogen

Development of value-added chemicals from glycerol, the co-product with biodiesel, is imperative in sustaining the biodiesel industry. Combined usage of a solid base and a copper-based catalyst provided a catalytic pathway to convert glycerol to racemic lactic acid. A new pathway was found that during the glycerol-to-lactic acid conversion, hydrogen was formed, which could be used in situ to generate propylene glycol catalyzed by the copper-based catalyst. This new pathway was attested by results of systematically experimental study investigating the synergistic functions of a base catalyst (CaO, MgO, or SrO) and a copper-based dehydrogenation catalyst (Cu, CuO, Cu2O, or Cu2Cr2O5). Different combinations of catalysts and reaction conditions provided a tunable range for the yield of lactic acid and propylene glycol. Emphasis was put on the combined use of CuO and CaO due to their inexpensive availability and ease of recyclability; at optimal reaction conditions, the yield of lactic acid reached 52mol% together with 31mol% yield of propylene glycol.

The Influences of Thermoplastic Polymers on the Electrical Efficiency if Used as Material Insulation in Cables

The chemical synthesis industry jumps high steps with the technological development in this filed, polymeric, Insulation Material (IM), particularly extruded material, progressively switch traditional PILC cable (paper-Isolation lead covered) to become a new popular kind of cable. Many potential candidates, but a popular material is XLPE, due to of its excellent electrical characteristics also dielectric characteristics. Anyway, the material doesn't suitable to ease of recycling. In recent, there is attention shown in utilize material that is easily recycled. Thermoplastic material looks an automatic contender, so the needing for understanding the electrical effectiveness and performance of these materials so important. This paper will show the benefits of thermosetting material XLPE used as cable isolation and the types of thermoplastics with variety of stresses. Voltage stress, environmental stress, and thermal stress are most common stresses considered for material efficiency. As well as, relationships between various stresses and select the benefits of thermosetting materials (XLPE) as cable insulation.

導電性接着剤における硬化収縮と導電性発機構の影響に関する研究

The electrically conductive adhesive (Isotropic Conductive Adhesive: ICA) is a paste-like and high-viscosity liquid composed of organic binder and inorganic filler. In recent years, ICA has gradually replaced lead solder as a jointing material for electronics packaging due to its-advantageous properties such as low-temperature junction, stress relaxation, safety, and ease of recycling. On the other hand, further improvements are still required in terms of electrical conductivity, heat conductivity and adhesion strength. In this research, in order to discuss the effect of polymer resin on electrical conductivity, the relationship between cure temperature, volume change, curing reaction in during the curing process and the emergence of conductivity was investigated by using ICA composed of atomized spherical silver particles and five different resins. As a result, it was confirmed that there was no obvious relationship between volume shrinkage of resin and electric resistivity of the ICA during the curing process and that the conductivity of the ICA was based neither on volume shrinkage of resin nor on the shortening of the distance between the fillers during the curing process. It was also confirmed that curing reactions in the polymer matrix were not necessarily required for the emergence of conductivity. These results suggest that there may be other influential factors such as the interaction between metal fillers and polymer resins.

Acidic ionic liquid-catalyzed esterification of oleic acid for biodiesel synthesis

Acidic ionic liquids (ILs) are used as environmentally-friendly and promising acid catalysts for biodiesel synthesis owing to their beneficial characteristics such as high catalytic activity, high selectivity, and ease of recycling. In this paper, seven different acidic ILs were examined as catalysts in the synthesis of biodiesel from the esterification of oleic acid with methanol. It was found that the stronger the acidity of the IL, the higher its esterification activity. The introduction of a SO3H group into the IL greatly increases its Brönsted acidity and results in a bifunctional nature of the ILs for use as either a catalyst or environmentally-friendly solution in the esterification reaction. All of these effects contribute to product formation. Of all the tested acidic ILs, 1-sulfobutyl-3-methylimidazoliumhydrosulfate ([BHSO3MIM]HSO4) exhibited the best catalytic performance. The [BHSO3MIM]HSO4-catalyzed esterification of oleic acid with methanol was systematically explored, and the reaction conditions were optimized using a response surface methodology. The optimum molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid, catalyst amount, reaction temperature, and reaction time were 4:1, 10% (based on the mass of oleic acid), 130 °C, and 4 h, respectively, under these conditions, and a yield of methyl oleate (biodiesel) of 97.7% was achieved. Furthermore, [BHSO3MIM]HSO4 retained around 95.6% of its original catalytic activity after 10 successive reuses (4 h per period of use), showing excellent operational stability. In addition, the use of [BHSO3MIM]HSO4 for biodiesel synthesis from waste oils containing 72% of free fatty acids was examined, and yields as high as 94.9% after 6 h were obtained. Clearly, [BHSO3MIM]HSO4 shows considerable potential for the synthesis of biodiesel.

Optimized Product Design Methodology: A Combinatorial Reverse Logistic Cost-Benefit Analysis Model of WEEPs

The growing amount of waste electrical and electronic products has been a tough issue in many countries. Widely expressed public concern for the environment and increasingly stringent regulations have been putting pressure on related manufacturers, forcing them to produce and dispose products in an environmentally responsible manner. Thus, during the conception and development of products, emphasis is now being put on designing products for ease of recycling and disposal. This paper presents a mathematical programming model as a tool for identifying the best design plan for optimization of WEEPs reverse logistic cost among alternative schemes. The monetary factors in the model includes the costs of main activities during the whole product recycling process, which consists of transportation, inspection, clean, repair, disassembly, materials recovery and wastes disposal as well as the benefits derived from returned products to be reused and recovered and energy acquired from the solid wastes incineration. Based on the presented model, designers could figure out the best combination options in materials, structural layout and inter-part connections. Finally, different design plans for optical mouse are discussed as a case example to offer a better insight into the proposed model and product design methodology.

Effect of Alkaline Treatment on Mechanical and Thermal Properties Oftypha Angustifolia Fiber Reinforced Composites

Sustainable development is increasingly becoming a priority of governments and businered which is driven by growing environmental awareness. Much academic research explores new ways to create greener and environmentally friendlier materials for variety of aplications ranging from aeronautic, automotive and construction industry. The natural fibre reinforced composite has the advantage of being light weight, availability, strong, cheap, safe, ease of recycling, sustainability, renewability hermal and acoustic insulation, saving of fabrication energy and carbon dioxide neutrality. The composites are molded with unsaturated polyester resin matrix and reinforced with natural fibre. Five identical specimens are prepared for each fibre content. In this study, mechanical properties of composite such as tensile strength, tensile modulus were measured using universal testing machine. Guarded hot plate apparatus was used to measure the thermal conductivity of natural fibre typha angustifolia reinforced composite.. The results shows that mechanical properties, increased as fiber content increased. Thermal conductivity of composite is in the range of 0.168 w/m k to 0.187 w/m k and thermal conductivity decreased about 11.3% as fiber content increased. The newly developed composite material has lower thermal conductivity and is used as an insulating material to save energy.

마찰교반용접에 의한 5456-H116 합금의 용접 형상과 기계적 특성

The use of Al alloys instead of fiber-reinforced plastic(FRP) in ship construction has increased because of the advantages of Al-alloy ships, including high speed, increased load capacity, and ease of recycling. This paper describes the effects of probe diameter on the optimum friction stir welding conditions of 5456-H116 alloy for leisure ship, measured by a tensile test. In friction stir welding using a probe diameter of 5 ㎜ under various travel and rotation speed conditions, the best performance was achieved with a travel speed of 61 ㎜/min. Using a probe diameter of 6 ㎜, rotation speeds of 170-210 rpm, and a travel speed of 15 ㎜/min produced a rough surface and voids because of insufficient heat input produced by the low rotation speed. At 500-800 rpm, chips were observed, although there were no voids, and the weld surface was excellent. However, at 1100-2500rpm, many chips were produced due to excessive heat input. Heat effects were very evident on the bottom. For a travel speed of 15 ㎜/min, heat input caused by friction increased as the rotation speed increased. The mechanical characteristics were degraded by accelerated softening due to increasing heat input.

Analysis of phenolic compounds catalyzed by immobilized horseradish peroxidase in silica glass

Horseradish peroxidases are entrapped into tetramethyl orthosilicate derived silicates by a mild sol–gel process. Compared with free enzymes in solution, silica immobilized Horseradish peroxidases are more robust, stable in a long-term and ease of recycle. Therefore, a phenolic compounds analysis method is established on the immobilized enzyme catalyzed oxidation reaction to produce intensely colored products for spectrophotometric analysis. The absorbance of colored product and analyte concentrations is linearly related. The similar methods also employ on analyzing 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Furthermore, this method permits to reuse immobilized HRP to examine phenolic compounds. The thin silica film is used as an immobilization carrier. It has shorter pathlength for diffusion of analytes, which will lead to faster response times. Decomposition of quinone-imine colored product also has an effect on accuracy and precision of measurement. Decomposition rate constant is 5.549 × 10−4 min−1. The interference substances have no obvious effect on the analytic results, except for formaldehyde and Pb2+. The proposed method can examine a real sample in waste water.

Effects of alkali and silane treatment on the mechanical properties of jute‐fiber‐reinforced recycled polypropylene composites

AbstractJute‐fibers‐reinforced thermoplastic composites are widely used in the automobile, packaging, and electronic industries because of their various advantages such as low cost, ease of recycling, and biodegradability. However, the applications of these kinds of composites are limited because of their unsatisfactory mechanical properties, which are caused by the poor interfacial compatibility between jute fibers and the thermoplastic matrix. In this work, four methods, including (i) alkali treatment, (ii) alkali and silane treatment, (iii) alkali and (maleic anhydride)‐polypropylene (MAPP) treatment, and (iv) alkali, silane, and MAPP treatment (ASMT) were used to treat jute fibers and improve the interfacial adhesion of jute‐fiber‐reinforced recycled polypropylene composites (JRPCS). The mechanical properties and impact fracture surfaces of the composites were observed, and their fracture mechanism was analyzed. The results showed that ASMT composites possessed the optimum comprehensive mechanical properties. When the weight fraction of jute fibers was 15%, the tensile strength and impact toughness were increased by 46 and 36%, respectively, compared to those of untreated composites. The strongest interfacial adhesion between jute fibers and recycled polypropylene was obtained for ASMT composites. The fracture styles of this kind of composite included fiber breakage, fiber pull‐out, and interfacial debonding. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.

Probing the Local Structure of Pure Ionic Liquid Salts with Solid‐ and Liquid‐State NMR

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are gaining increasing interest and are considered part of the green chemistry paradigm due to their negligible vapour pressure and ease of recycling. Evidence of liquid-state order, observed by IR and Raman spectroscopy, diffraction studies, and simulated by ab initio methods, has been reported in the literature. Here, quadrupolar nuclei are used as NMR probes to extract information about the solid and possible residual order in the liquid state of RTILs. To this end, the anisotropic nature and field dependence of quadrupolar and chemical shift interactions are exploited. Relaxation time measurements and a search for residual second-order quadrupolar coupling were employed to investigate the molecular motions present in the liquid state and infer what kind of order is present. The results obtained indicate that on a timescale of approximately 10(-8) sec or longer, RTILs behave as isotropic liquids without residual order.

Deposition and Microstructural Characterisation of GLC Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

AbstractMagnesium alloy is one of the most attractive light alloys for transportation systems because of their lightness and ease of recycling. However, surface degradation (such as corrosion and wear) is the major technical barrier to their wider applications. To this end, graphite‐like carbon (GLC) coatings were deposited on AZ31 magnesium alloy substrate by closed filed unbalanced magnetron sputtering ion plating and detailed characterisation was carried out using SEM, TEM, XPS and pin‐on‐disc testing. Special attention has been paid to the effect of such critical processing factors as ion cleaning of the substrate, interface layer materials and the bias on the microstructure, interface, coatings/substrate bonding strength and the properties.

Water re-use: is there a place for membranes?

Increasing population growth and rapid urbanisation, together with a decreasing supply of ground water, will create water shortages unless there is investment into water re-use. Produced wastewater can be rationally re-used for agriculture, industry or even for potable applications, depending upon the level of treatment. In Singapore, 15% of their supply is now from recycled water and membranes have a vital role in the process. The cost of such water should be compared with the cost of the most expensive water in the traditional categories, not with the average cost in this category. Although Israel treats and re-uses 60% of its wastewater, its application for irrigation is restricted to certain crops by the level of treatment. So China, and other countries planning to recycle, will need to check the susceptibility of their crops to water quality. The higher the necessary quality, the greater the role of membrane processes. For domestic usages, it has been suggested that there should be a dual supply, both a supply of drinking water and a supply of lower quality water. However the lower quality water is probably best used for agriculture. On the other hand, there might well be a role for dual wastewater systems; separation of grey water from black water will ensure ease of recycling. Also the contribution of distribution costs to the total cost of water should not be neglected, which suggests that there should be a degree of decentralisation. Membranes are very suitable for unmanned decentralised schemes.

Formulation and testing of a microfiltration compatible synthetic metalworking fluid

A synthetic metalworking fluid (MWF) was formulated with the specific purpose of achieving both necessary functional properties such as lubricity and corrosion inhibition as well as compatibility with microfiltration. The synthetic formulation was assessed to have comparable lubricity and corrosion inhibition relative to a commercial formulation. The microfiltration performance with the newly formulated synthetic was superior to a previously reported study utilizing a commercial formulation. This suggests that successful formulation is possible that preserves both functionality and ease of recycling. However, microfiltration performance was found to be extremely sensitive to trace contaminants in the phosphate ester used in the formulation. Therefore, care needs to be taken to develop appropriate specifications for chemicals used for formulating membrane compatible metalworking fluids.