Ease Of Ingestion Research Articles

Unveiling the Microplastics Menace: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2011 to 2023

The escalating production of Microplastics in marine environments has become a critical environmental issue. This in-depth study examines the worrying issue of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments, revealing notable gaps in the literature and presenting significant research opportunities. Microplastics, derived from the degradation of plastic waste, represent a major challenge for aquatic ecosystems due to their ease of ingestion by wildlife, with common polymers as the main sources. Major pathways of introduction include urban wastewater discharges and the mass disposal of plastic waste. Bioaccumulation, effects on marine ecosystems and identification techniques are areas requiring further exploration. At the same time, the increasing production of microplastics in marine environments is a critical environmental issue. Bibliometric analysis reveals key themes, including sources, production pathways, ecological impacts, and mitigation strategies. This research not only highlights current concerns, but also identifies emerging topics such as advanced monitoring technologies and sustainable production alternatives. Together, these findings offer crucial insights to guide future investigations aimed at mitigating the growing challenges associated with microplastic production in marine ecosystems.

Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment: A Review

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging as environmental pollutants and are widely distributed in aquatic environments. They are characterized by long life cycles, ease of migration, ability to adsorb other environmental pollutants, small size, and ease of ingestion by aquatic organisms, thereby threatening the growth, life, and health of aquatic organisms. MPs are biologically transferable and can accumulate in organisms at high trophic levels via food chains, thereby negatively impacting the ecological environment and human health. Moreover, the bioaccumulation of MPs is an important parameter for scientific risk assessments. This paper reviews the current status of MP pollution and its bioaccumulation in marine, freshwater, and other water environments. Furthermore, it proposes relevant recommendations for future research on the bioaccumulation of MPs in conjunction with previous studies to provide basic support for risk assessment and environmental management.

Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of captopril

Oral administration is the most popular route for systemic effects due to its ease of ingestion, pain, avoidance, versatility and most importantly, patient compliance. The development of enhanced oral protein delivery technology by mouth dissolving Tablets which may release these drugs in the mouth are very promising for the delivery of high molecular weight protein and peptide. Good mouth feel property of MDDS helps to change the basic view of medication as “bitter pill”, particularly for pediatric patients. To prepare mouth dissolving tablet using SSG & CCM by using Antihypertensive as model drug. Captopril is a potent, competitive inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and it is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The ƛmax of Captopril was determined by scanning the 10µg / ml solution of drug using UV-Spectrophotometer and was found to be 271nm. The linear correlation was found to be 0.9995.The Fast dissolving tablets of captopril were prepared by direct compression method. Captopril can be successfully formulated as mouth dissolving tablets using various super disintegrate in different concentrations by direct compression method. The formulation containing 10% of crospovidone as super disintegrated was found to be outstanding than other formulations in terms of disintegration time and rate of dissolution.

Orodispersible Tablets: A Compendious Review

In recent times, there has been an enhanced demand for more patient compliant dosage forms. Oral route has been the gold standard in the administration of medications due to its safety, good patient compliance, ease of ingestion, pain avoidance and versatility. Dysphagia poses a problem especially in geriatric and paediatric patients. Mentally retarded patients, institutionalized patients and those travelling without access to water face a challenge as well. Orodispersible tablets are solid unit dosage form which when placed in the oral cavity swiftly disintergrates or dissolves without the need of water. ODT technology helps overcome the above mentioned challenges. Literature on ODT, their formulation and evaluation, challenges, manufacturing techniques along with patented technologies are reviewed in this article.

Study of Dissolution Enhancement of Furosemide by Solid Dispersion Technique Using Different Polymer

The oral route of drug administration is the most common and preferred method of delivery due to convenience and ease of ingestion. The objective of this study is to determine the dissolution enhancement quality of various polymers to Furosemide. Furosemide was selected as the model drug because it is therapeutically extremely important, having very low aqueous solubility and dissolution rate, but they are well permeable through membranes of the gastro-intestinal tract. Solid dispersions of Furosemide were also prepared by fusion method and solvent evaporation method. In this study, the effectiveness of the two methods for furosemide was investigated and compared while the effect of polymer on the dissolution kinetics of the drug was also observed. Poloxamer (two grades of Poloxamer; poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 407 were used in this study ), PEG and HPMC were expected to raise the dissolution rate of the poorly water-soluble furosemide and given its good permeation through GI membrane, to increase their oral bioavailability. To enhance the dissolution and efficacy of furosemide, Poloxamer188, PEG6000, and HPMC 6cps were used in different quantities. This work examined the influence of polymers such as Poloxamer 188 & 407, PEG6000 and HPMC 6cps in different amounts on release profile of furosemide. Through the dissolution studies, the in vitro release profile of the drug formulations was evaluated. An improved in vitro dissolution was obtained in all the systems.

Sensory evaluation of edoxaban orally disintegrating tablets: an open-label interventional study (secondary publication)

BackgroundThis study involved a sensory evaluation of edoxaban orally disintegrating (OD) tablets in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who had been receiving the existing edoxaban film-coated tablets before the study.MethodsEdoxaban OD tablets 30 or 60 mg were prescribed for patients who had been receiving the existing 30- or 60-mg edoxaban film-coated tablets before the study. Each dose group was randomized into groups taking the tablets with or without water. After ingestion of the edoxaban OD tablet, each patient was asked to complete a sensory evaluation questionnaire (12 items).ResultsIn the evaluation of satisfaction with edoxaban OD tablets, 52.8% of the patients perceived “no difference” from the existing edoxaban film-coated tablets and 34.9% indicated that they were more satisfied with the OD tablets, thus demonstrating a relatively high degree of satisfaction. When asked about convenience and reliability in using edoxaban OD tablets, about half of the patients perceived “no difference” from the existing edoxaban film-coated tablets and the remaining half indicated preference for the OD tablets. Responses about taste, flavor, ease of ingestion, and motivation to continue taking edoxaban indicated the overall acceptance of the OD tablets. Recognition of edoxaban OD tablets was rated as “easy” by about half of the patients and “difficult” by the remaining half. Among all patients, 49.5% preferred a change to edoxaban OD tablets. The degree of satisfaction with taste, flavor, and ease of ingestion, as well as overall satisfaction, tended to be greater when the OD tablets were taken with rather than without water, and the percentage of patients who preferred a change was higher in the group taking the OD tablets with water.ConclusionsThis study indicated that the degree of satisfaction with taste, flavor, ease of ingestion, and convenience, as well as overall satisfaction, in addition to motivation to continue drug intake and sense of confidence were greater for OD tablets than for the existing edoxaban film-coated tablets. Edoxaban OD tablet is a promising formulation for inducing greater patient adherence to medication and therefore ensures better treatment response.Trial registrationUMIN-CTR UMIN000028788, registered 23-Aug-2017.

Dosage Form Developments of Nanosuspension Drug Delivery System for Oral Administration Route

A large amount of new drug candidates are practically insoluble in aqueous solvents and are even simultaneously poorly soluble in organic solvents. Nanosuspension drug delivery system (DDS) was firstly developed in 1994 and has attracted more and more attention as a formation solution for the poorly soluble drugs. By nansizing the poorly soluble drugs, nanosuspensions have several outstanding advantages for drug delivery. Among many administration routes of drug delivery, oral administration is the most preferred route due to its advantages such as ease of ingestion, versatility to accommodate various types of drug candidates, low production cost, high safety, good patient compliance, and pain avoidance. Current marketed pharmaceutical nanosuspension DDS products are mostly for oral administration. This review is to systematically summarize the nanosuspension DDS dosage form developments of poorly soluble drugs for oral administration use.

Polytherapeutic approach using bilayer matrix technology

Oral administration of the drug is the most popular route for systemic effects owing to its ease of ingestion, pain, versatility, and most importantly, patient compliance. Combinational therapy have been found to have various advantages over monotherapy such as problem of dose-dependent side effects is minimized, a low‑dose combination of two different agents reduces the dose-related risk, the addition of one agent may counteract some deleterious effects of the other, using low dosage of two different agents minimize the clinical and metabolic effects that occur with maximal dosage of individual component of the combined tablet. Multilayer tableting is getting increasing attention from a variety of industries for a variety of reasons viz. patent extension, therapeutic, and marketing attendance. To reduce capital investment, quite often existing, but modified tablet presses are used to develop and produce such tablets. Although the general tablet manufacturing principles remain the same, there is much more to consider, since making multilayer tablets involves multiple often incompatible products, additional equipment, and many formulation and operation challenges. Key words: Bilayer matrix, combination therapy, multilayer tabletting, polytherapy

Solubility and Dissolution of Drug Product: A Review

The oral route of drug administration is the most common and preferred method of delivery due to convenience and ease of ingestion. From a patient’s perspective, swallowing a dosage form is a comfortable and a familiar means of taking medication. As a result, patient compliance and hence drug treatment is typically more effective with orally administered medications as compared with other routes of administration, for example, parenteral. Although the oral route of administration is preferred, for many drugs it can be a problematic and inefficient mode of delivery for a number of reasons. Limited drug absorption resulting in poor bioavailability is paramount amongst the potential problems that can be encountered when delivering an active agent via the oral route. Drug absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can be limited by a variety of factors with the most significant contributors being poor aqueous solubility and/or poor membrane permeability of the drug molecule. When delivering an active agent orally, it must first dissolve in gastric and/or intestinal fluids before it can then permeate the membranes of the GI tract to reach systemic circulation. Therefore, a drug with poor aqueous solubility will typically exhibit dissolution rate limited absorption, and a drug with poor membrane permeability will typically exhibit permeation rate limited absorption. Hence, two areas of pharmaceutical research that focus on improving the oral bioavailability of active agents include: (i) enhancing solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs and (ii) enhancing permeability of poorly permeable drugs. In this article, solubility and dissolution will be discussed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v2i1.15133 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.2(1) 2013: 33-41

Effect of flavour of liquid Ensure diet supplement on energy intake in male SD rats

Outbred male Sprague–Dawley rats were provided with one of the four flavours of the liquid diet, Ensure, in addition to chow pellets, to examine whether differences in flavour lead to differences in energy intake i.e. degree of over-consumption. For half the rats, the Ensure supplement was provided for 14 days and then withdrawn for the final 8 days of the study, whereas the remaining animals were allowed to consume Ensure for 22 days. All four flavours of Ensure, chocolate, vanilla, coffee and asparagus, induced a sustained increase in daily energy intake of approximately 15%. There was an effect of flavour on initial consumption of the Ensure diet, with coffee and asparagus flavours being consumed less avidly than vanilla or chocolate. However, this effect was short-lived. Overall, there was no effect of flavour on body weight gain, energy intake from Ensure, total energy intake, body composition, or measured blood hormones and metabolites. Withdrawal of Ensure resulted in reductions in body weight gain, total energy intake, fat but not lean tissue mass, and concentrations of blood leptin, non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides, but there was no effect of the flavour of Ensure previously supplied on any of these parameters. The ability of the liquid diet, Ensure, to stimulate long-term caloric over-consumption is not due to its flavouring. Rather, other attributes of Ensure must be more important, such as its intrinsic flavour, liquid formulation, macronutrient composition, and ease of ingestion, digestion and absorption.

Investigation of a “fibre appetite” in sheep fed a “long fibre-free” diet

Sheep fed a “long fibre-free” diet undergo short spells of pseudorumination (cud regurgitation without cud chewing) and no true rumination. True rumination can be restored by the addition of inert fibre particles directly into the rumen. To assess whether sheep fed a “long fibre-free” diet would actively choose to ingest inert fibre particles, in a series of experiments, 10 sheep were offered a plastic box containing specific amounts of polyethylene fibre, chopped into 10 mm lengths. After 24 h, the remaining fibre was retrieved and weighed. At the same time, jaw movements were recorded for 24 h periods to monitor rumination. Feeding a “long fibre-free” diet for 7 days reduced true rumination to zero. In experiment 1, on offering a plastic box containing 50 g polyethylene fibre, three sheep ingested 34.8 ± 6.8 g of fibre and rumination was significantly ( p < 0.05) increased. In experiment 2, when a plastic box containing 50 g chopped polyethylene fibre was offered daily to 4 fistulated sheep immediately upon switching from hay to the pelleted diet, the sheep commenced eating the fibre within 24 h. In experiment 3, when offered a choice between short-chop (3 mm) and long chop (15 mm) polyethylene fibre, the sheep showed a preference ( p < 0.05) for the 3 mm length fibre, although this was of a length insufficient to evoke adequate rumination. Therefore, the actual choice of fibre consumed may be driven by ease of ingestion rather than which substrate is more ideally suited to induce rumination. In experiment 4, a polyethylene fibre pompom, fixed on a rod, introduced via the rumen cannula and placed so as to brush the reflexogenic areas of the reticulorumen, reduced voluntary polyethylene fibre intake. This suggests that the intake of inert fibre may be a result of the reduction of ruminal sensory input to the brain, normally provided by fibrous reticuloruminal contents.