Haiti Earthquake Research Articles

Integrated Analysis of Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionospheric Coupling Associated with the 2021 Mw 7.2 Haiti Earthquake

The search for Earthquake (EQ) precursors in the ionosphere and atmosphere from satellite data has provided significant information about the upcoming main shock. This study presents the abnormal atmospheric and ionospheric perturbations associated with the Mw 7.2 Haiti EQ on 14 August 2021 at geographical coordinates (18° N, 73° W) and shallow hypocentral depth of 10 km from the data of permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations near the epicenter, followed by Swarm satellites data. The total vertical electron (VTEC) anomalies occur within a 5-day window before the main shock in the analysis of nearby operation stations, followed by Swarm (A and C satellites) ionospheric anomalies in the same 5-day window before the main shock. Moreover, the geomagnetic activities are completely quiet within 10 days before and 10 days after the main shock. Similarly, the atmospheric parameters endorse the EQ anomalies within 5 days before the main shock day. The evolution of gases from the lithosphere at the epicentral region possessed significant atmospheric and ionospheric perturbations within the EQ preparation period of 5-day before the main shock under the hypothesis of Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC).

BDD-Net+: A Building Damage Detection Framework Based on Modified Coat-Net

An accurate and fast assessment of damaged buildings following a disaster is critical for planning rescue and reconstruction efforts. The damage assessment by traditional methods is time-consuming and with limited performance. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep-learning network named Building Damage Detection Network-plus (BDD-Net+). The BDD-Net+ is based on a combination of convolution layers and transformer blocks. The proposed framework takes advantage of the multiscale residual convolution blocks and self-attention layers. The proposed framework consists of four main steps: (1) data preparation, (2) model training, (3) damage map generation and evaluation, and (4) the use of an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework for understanding and interpretation of the operation model. Experimental results include two representative real-world benchmark datasets (i.e., the Haiti earthquake and the Bata explosion). The obtained results illustrate that BDD-Net+ achieves excellent efficacy in comparison with other state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the visualization of the results by XAI shows that BDD-Net+ provides more interpretable and explainable results for damage detection than other studied methods.

The Effects of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Children's Nutrition and Education

The Effects of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Children's Nutrition and Education

The Effects of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Children's Nutrition and Education

The Effects of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Children's Nutrition and Education

Strain Partitioning within the Caribbean–North America Transform Plate Boundary in Southern Haiti, Tectonic and Hazard Implications

ABSTRACT Global Positioning System measurements and high-resolution offshore seismic data within the transform Caribbean–North American plate boundary in southern Haiti, Greater Antilles, show 6–7 mm/yr of plate boundary-normal shortening within a crustal sliver bounded to the south by the Enriquillo left-lateral strike-slip fault and to the north by a south-dipping reverse fault system offshore the northern coast of the Southern Peninsula of Haiti. This overlooked fault system, which we name “Jérémie–Malpasse” (JM), marks the overthrusting of the Cretaceous oceanic crust of the Caribbean basin of the Southern Peninsula over accreted terranes of island arc crust to the north. Geological and geodetic data are consistent with a tectonic model that reconciles recent observations of plate boundary-perpendicular shortening with ample geological evidence for purely strike-slip motion on the Enriquillo fault. This model also provides a framework to interpret the 2010 Mw 7.0 and 2021 Mw 7.2 earthquakes in southern Haiti, whose oblique slip mechanisms are indicative of a localized transpressional strain regime. These findings imply that regional seismic hazard maps must be updated to account for both the existence of the ∼350 km long JM fault system and for the possibility that future earthquakes in southern Haiti may occur on nonvertical faults with a significant component of reverse slip.

Notional Spread of Cholera in Haiti Following a Natural Disaster: Considerations for Military and Disaster Relief Personnel.

Cholera remains a significant public health threat for many countries, and the severity largely varies by the population and local conditions that drive disease spread, especially in endemic areas prone to natural disasters and flooding. Epidemiological models can provide useful information to military planners for understanding disease spread within populations and the effectiveness of response options for preventing the transmission among deployed and stationed personnel. This study demonstrates the use of epidemiological modeling to understand the dynamics of cholera transmission to inform emergency planning and military preparedness in areas with highly communicable diseases. Areas with higher probability for a potential cholera outbreak in Haiti followed by a natural disaster were identified. The hotspots were then used to seed an extended compartmental model, EpiGrid, to simulate notional spread scenarios of cholera originating in three distinct areas in Haiti. Disease parameters were derived from the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti, and disease spread was simulated over a 12-week period under uncontrolled and controlled spread. For each model location, scenarios of mitigated (intervention with 30% transmission reduction via international aid) and unmitigated (without intervention) are simulated. The results depict the geographical spread and estimate the cumulative cholera infection for each notional scenario over the course of 3 months. Disease transmission differs considerably across origin site with an outbreak originating in the department of Nippes spanning the largest geographic area and resulting in the largest number of cumulative cases after 12 weeks under unmitigated (79,518 cases) and mitigated (35,667 cases) spread scenarios. We modeled the notional re-emergence and spread of cholera following the August 2021 earthquake in Haiti while in the midst of the global COVID-19 pandemic. This information can help guide military and emergency response decision-making during an infectious disease outbreak and considerations for protecting military personnel in the midst of a humanitarian response. Military planners should consider the use of epidemiological models to assess the health risk posed to deployed and stationed personnel in high-risk areas.

Съвременна макроикономическа роля на екзогенните шокове

The study focuses on the idiosyncrasies of contemporary exogenous shocks and their macroeconomic role as determinants of the business cycle dynamics. On the one hand, it analyzes the place of exogenous shocks in contemporary research approaches. On the other hand, it derives the key parameters of those types of shocks that determine their significant role as contemporary fluctuation factors, decisively influencing macroeconomic activity. The COVID-19 pandemic and the 2010 Haiti earthquake are used in the scientific investigation.

Universal health coverage of five essential health services in mothers before and after the Haiti 2010 earthquake: a retrospective cohort study using difference-in-difference

In January 2010, Haiti was hit by a 7.0-magnitude earthquake. The impact of the earthquake on Universal Health Coverage in mothers remains unclear. This study explores the association between the 2010 Haiti earthquake and access to the five quality essential health services among women who gave birth in the two years before and after the earthquake. From the Sixth Demographic and Health Survey in Haiti, we extracted data for women aged 15-49 who had reported a live birth in the two years before and after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. We used difference-in-difference analyses for antenatal care, delivery care, and vaccination, and multivariate logistic regression analyses for family planning and malaria prevention, to assess the impact of the acute damage (household-level damage, such as housing damage and/or loss of a family member, or region-level damage, such as living in a region where 50% or more of the houses were damaged) of the earthquake on these mothers' access to quality essential health services. Mothers who had not suffered acute earthquake damage were more likely to live in rural areas and had less education and household wealth. The difference-in-difference and multivariate logistic regression analyses did not show strong evidence of any significant association between acute earthquake damage and access to quality health services. However, after the earthquake, access to quality health services deteriorated for both mothers with and without acute earthquake damage (-5.6% and -6.2% for antenatal care, -6.5% and 0% for delivery care, and -9.5% and -13.1% for vaccination, respectively). The earthquake adversely affected mothers' access to quality essential health services regardless of their exposure to acute earthquake damage. Mothers in rural areas who avoided such damage might also have experienced long-term negative effects from the earthquake, which was likely exacerbated by other structural factors such as lower education and economic status.

Rapid identification of damaged buildings using incremental learning with transferred data from historical natural disaster cases

The accurate extraction of building damage after destructive natural disasters is critical for disaster rescue and assessment. To achieve a rapid disaster response, training a model from scratch using enough ground-truth data collected in situ is not feasible. Often, in disaster situations, it is ineffective to directly apply an existing model due to the vast diversity among buildings worldwide, the limited number of label samples for training, and the different sources of remote sensing images between the pre- and post-disaster. To solve this problem, we present an incremental learning framework for the rapid identification of collapsed buildings triggered by sudden natural disasters. Specifically, end-to-end gradient boosting networks are improved into an incremental learning framework for an emergency response, where the historical natural disaster data are transferred into the same style of images that were captured shortly after a disaster event by using cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks. The proposed method is tested on two cases, i.e., the Haiti earthquake in January 2010 and the Nepal earthquake in April 2015, achieving Kappa accuracies of 0.70 and 0.68, respectively. The optimization of building damage extraction can be completed within 8 h after the disaster using the transferred data. The experimental results show that the proposed method is an effective way to evaluate the building damage triggered by natural disasters with different source remote sensing images. The code of this work and the data of the test cases are available at https://github.com/gjy-Ari/Incre-Trans.

Rupture Scenarios for the 3 June 1770 Haiti Earthquake

ABSTRACT The 2010 M 7.0 Haiti earthquake provided the impetus to reconsider historical earthquakes in Hispaniola (Bakun et al., 2012). That earthquake also shed new light on complex fault systems along Haiti’s southern peninsula (Douilly et al., 2013; Saint Fleur et al., 2015). Recently, the 2021 M 7.2 Nippes earthquake (Calais et al., 2022; Douilly et al., 2022), and a recent study reconsidering the 1860 sequence (Martin et al., 2022) further underscored the complexity of fault systems and large earthquake ruptures along the peninsula. Motivated by these studies and recent geological investigations (Prentice et al., 2010; Saint Fleur et al., 2020), we reconsider the 3 June 1770 Haiti earthquake to explore the conventional assumption that it was the last major (M ≥7.5) earthquake along the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault (EPGF). Accounts provide compelling evidence for substantial liquefaction in the Cul-de-Sac plain, one or more likely landslide-driven tsunami in Gonaïves Bay, and extensive landsliding that created at least three documented landslide dams. We consider three end-member rupture scenarios that are consistent with available constraints: two scenarios with M 7.7 and rupture lengths of 150–170 km, and one scenario with a ∼90 km rupture and M 7.5. Absent future work to identify and date paleoevents along the southern peninsula, none of these scenarios can be ruled out. Our preferred rupture model extends from the Miragoâne pull-apart to near la Selle mountain, with a rupture length of 127 km, M 7.6, and a high stress drop. Rupture could have been on the EPGF or on an oblique thrust fault associated with overthrusting of the Massif de la Selle. The results do support the conclusion that the 1770 earthquake was the last major earthquake in southern Haiti, with a magnitude upward of M 7.5 and significantly more severe shaking in southern Haiti than during the 2010 earthquake.

Atmospheric Anomalies Associated with the 2021 Mw 7.2 Haiti Earthquake Using Machine Learning from Multiple Satellites

The remote sensing-based Earth satellites has become a beneficial instrument for the monitoring of natural hazards. This study includes a multi-sensors analysis to estimate the spatial-temporal variations of atmospheric parameters as precursory signals to the Mw 7.2 Haiti Earthquake (EQ). We studied EQ anomalies in Land Surface Temperature (LST), Air Temperature (AT), Relative Humidity (RH), Air Pressure (AP), and Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR). Moreover, we found EQ-associated atmospheric abnormalities in a time window of 3–10 days before the main shock by different methods (e.g., statistical, wavelet transformation, deep learning, and Machine Learning (ML)-based neural networks). We observed a sharp decrease in the RH and AP before the main shock, followed by an immense enhancement in AT. Similarly, we also observed enhancement in LST and OLR around the seismic preparation region within 3–10 days before the EQ, which validates the precursory behavior of all the atmospheric parameters. These multiple-parameter irregularities can contribute with the physical understanding of Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) in the future in order to forecast EQs.

Children's disaster trauma in Haiti: Configurations of similarities and dissimilarities in experiences.

The 2010 earthquake in Haiti, an urgent crisis, occurred in the context of persistent social dysfunctions, amplifying both the chronic poor living conditions and adversities for children and families. The present study sought to gain better understanding of the ways Haitian children respond during times of adversity. The House-Tree-Person (HTP) drawing test, culturally adapted for Haitians (Roysircar et al., 2017, 2019a, 2019b), was used to assess Resilience and Vulnerability in 75 Haitian children's 225 drawings to map the spatial configurations of their trauma experiences in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake and continuous trauma. Assessment data also included interviews with child self-report measures of self-esteem perceived by self, peers, and family; posttraumatic symptoms; and self-concept. Data analyses involved standardization of sample scores and reliability tests. Classical multidimensional scaling (MDS) examined relationships among variables of resilience, vulnerability, self-esteem, posttraumatic symptoms, and self-concept. MDS stress was reduced considerably with two dimensions, and there was minimal further reduction in stress with three or more dimensions. Furthermore, the two latent dimensions in Haitian children's mental health, called Feeling Unloved and Balance of Good and Evil, were interpretable within the conceptualization of the study and the literature on Haitians' and other disaster survivors' adaptive worldview. The authors' long-term investment in the people of Haiti increased trust, participation, research rigor, and cultural alignment of interventions, including the adaption of the HTP as a culturally sensitive and clinically useful instrument. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Medical disaster response: A critical analysis of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck the Republic of Haiti. The human cost was enormous-an estimated 316,000 people were killed, and a further 300,000 were injured. The scope of the disaster was matched by the scope of the response, which remains the largest multinational humanitarian response to date. An extensive scoping review of the relevant literature was undertaken, to identify studies that discussed the civilian and military disaster relief efforts. The aim was to highlight the key-lessons learned, that can be applied to future disaster response practise. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidance was followed. Seven scientific databases were searched, using consistent search terms-followed by an analysis of the existent Haitian literature. This process was supplemented by reviewing available grey literature. A total of 2,671 articles were reviewed, 106 of which were included in the study. In-depth analysis was structured, by aligning data to 12 key-domains, whilst also considering cross-sector interaction (Civilian-Civilian, Military-Military, and Civilian-Military). Dominant themes and lessons learned were identified and recorded in an online spreadsheet by an international research team. This study focuses on explicitly analysing the medical aspects of the humanitarian response. An unpreceded collaborative effort between non-governmental organisations, international militaries, and local stakeholders, led to a substantial number of disaster victims receiving life and limb-saving care. However, the response was not faultless. Relief efforts were complicated by large influxes of inexperienced actors, inadequate preliminary needs assessments, a lack of pre-existing policy regarding conduct and inter-agency collaboration, and limited consideration of post-disaster redevelopment during initial planning. Furthermore, one critical theme that bridged all aspects of the disaster response, was the failure of the international community to ensure Haitian involvement. No modern disaster has yet been as devastating as the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Given the ongoing climate crisis, as well as the risks posed by armed conflict-this will not remain the case indefinitely. This systematic analysis of the combined civilian and military disaster response, offers vital evidence for informing future medical relief efforts-and provides considerable opportunity to advance knowledge pertaining to disaster response.

What Happens After They All Go? Addressing the Gap between Field Hospital Departure and Restoration of Local Health Facilities Following Sudden-Onset Disasters

Background/Introduction:Field hospitals present an attractive solution for Emergency Medical Teams due to their portability and ease of assembly, yet are generally designed to be temporary, often leading to a gap until permanent facilities are restored after a sudden-onset disaster.Objectives:The objective of this paper is to understand the duration of field hospitals deployed to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, identify the time taken to re-open permanent facilities, and propose approaches to better address this gap.Method/Description:Following a review of field hospital typologies and standards, a comparative study was conducted of five key field hospitals deployed to Haiti. Quantitative data from in-house reports, limited available studies, and mapping exercises were complemented with qualitative findings through interviews with key personnel. Additional data were collected for another 21 field hospitals, confirming the rough duration of 26 of the total 44 field hospitals deployed for Haiti. This was compared against information available on the re-opening of major permanent health care facilities.Results/Outcomes:The results indicated most field hospitals were decommissioned after two-to-six months. Some semi-permanent facilities opened in their wake, but not until 18-24 months. Permanent facilities started re-opening after approximately four years, however the main 500 bed hospital did not fully re-open until almost 10 years after the disaster.Conclusion:Provision of more durable, semi-permanent structures during early relief stages could better capture the initial funding impulse as well as reduce the gap of bed numbers as field hospitals reach the limit of their viable lifespan, lasting until more permanent facilities are re-opened often many years later.Tables and Figures (optional)

Surface Deformation Surrounding the 2021 Mw 7.2 Haiti Earthquake Illuminated by InSAR Observations

ABSTRACT Earthquakes pose a major threat to the people of Haiti, as tragically shown by the catastrophic 2010 Mw 7.0 earthquake and more recently by the 2021 Mw 7.2 earthquake. Both events occurred within the transpressional Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone (EPGFZ), which runs through the southern peninsula of Haiti and is a major source of seismic hazard for the region. Satellite-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data are used to illuminate the ground deformation patterns associated with the 2021 event. The analysis of Sentinel-1 and Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS)-2 InSAR data shows (1) the broad coseismic deformation field; (2) detailed secondary fault structures as far as 12 km from the main Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault (EPGF), which are active during and after the earthquake; and (3) postseismic shallow slip, which migrates along an ∼40 km unruptured section of the EPGF for approximately two weeks following the earthquake. The involvement of secondary faults in this rupture requires adjustments to the representation of hazard that assumes a simple segmented strike-slip EPGF. This work presents the first successful use of phase gradient techniques to map postseismic deformation in a vegetated region, which opens the door to future studies of a larger number of events in a wider variety of climates.

Haiti Earthquake (Mw 7.2): Magnetospheric–Ionospheric–Lithospheric Coupling during and after the Main Shock on 14 August 2021

In the last few decades, the efforts of the scientific community to search earthquake signatures in the atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric media have grown rapidly. The increasing amount of good quality data from both ground stations and satellites has allowed for the detections of anomalies with high statistical significance such as ionospheric plasma density perturbations and/or atmospheric temperature and pressure changes. However, the identification of a causal link between the observed anomalies and their possible seismic trigger has so far been prevented by difficulties in the identification of confounders (such as solar and atmospheric activity) and the lack of a global analytical lithospheric–atmospheric–magnetospheric model able to explain (and possibly forecast) any anomalous signal. In order to overcome these problems, we have performed a multi-instrument analysis of a low-latitude seismic event by using high-quality data from both ground bases and satellites and preserving their statistical significance. An earthquake (Mw = 7.2) occurred in the Caribbean region on 14 August 2021 under both solar quiet and fair weather conditions, thus proving an optimal case study to reconstruct the link between the lithosphere, atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. The good match between the observations and novel magnetospheric–ionospheric–lithospheric coupling (M.I.L.C.) modeling of the event confirmed that the fault break generated an atmospheric gravity wave that was able to mechanically perturb the ionospheric plasma density, in turn triggering a variation in the magnetospheric field line resonance frequency.

Rupture Segmentation of the 14 August 2021 Mw 7.2 Nippes, Haiti, Earthquake Using Aftershock Relocation from a Local Seismic Deployment

ABSTRACT The 14 August 2021 Mw 7.2 Haiti earthquake struck 11 yr after the devastating 2010 event within the Enriquillo Plantain Garden (EPG) fault zone in the Southern peninsula of Haiti. Space geodetic results show that the rupture is composed of both left-lateral strike-slip and thrust motion, similar to the 2010 rupture; but aftershock locations from a local short-period network are too diffuse to precisely delineate the segments that participated in this rupture. A few days after the mainshocks, we installed 12 broadband stations in the epicentral area. Here, we use data from those stations in combination with four local Raspberry Shakes stations that were already in place as part of a citizen seismology experiment to precisely relocate 2528 aftershocks from August to December 2021, and derive 1D P- and S-crustal velocity models for this region. We show that the aftershocks delineate three north-dipping structures with different strikes, located to the north of the EPG fault. In addition, two smaller aftershock clusters occurred on the EPG fault near the hypocenter area, indicative of triggered seismicity. Focal mechanisms are in agreement with coseismic slip inversion from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data with nodal planes that are consistent with the transpressional structures illustrated by the aftershock zones.

Global shockwaves of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano eruption measured at ground stations

The eruption of the Tonga volcano created globally propagating spherical shockwaves in the atmosphere. Analyses are done to data from two southern U.S. stations of the author sampling at 3-21s intervals and 189 weather stations at 1-5min intervals. The shockwaves arrived from two routes in the atmosphere: the shortest spherical arc and the longer spherical arc through the antipole. In most stations, signals up to the 6th path of shockwaves were recorded as the waves traveled around the globe multiple times. The speed of shockwaves is estimated to be 309.5± 2.9m/s, consistent with the speed of sound at the top of the troposphere where a waveguide exists. Discussion is made on the post-shockwave ringing of 4-8min as higher amplitude oscillations above the level of pre-shockwaves background noise. A theoretical wave dispersion is derived which verifies that the spherical shockwave's phase speed is the same as the speed of sound.

Seismo-ionospheric anomalies before M7.2 Haiti earthquake of August 14, 2021, from GPS-TEC

Seismo-ionospheric anomalies before M7.2 Haiti earthquake of August 14, 2021, from GPS-TEC

The effect of natural disaster on economic growth: Evidence from a major earthquake in Haiti

We examine the average causal impact of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti on economic growth and recovery by conducting a disaggregated empirical analysis at the subnational level. To achieve this, we opt for a fixed effects difference-in-differences model and impulse response functions by using the earthquake’s intensity as the main exogenous variable and nighttime light data as a proxy for economic activity from 1992 to 2019. Results indicate a robust evidence that the earthquake caused a significant decrease in the country’s economic growth in the short-term. We also reveal that such declines in growth persited ten years after the disaster. Overall, estimates provide new insights on the short and long-run economic growth effects of major natural disasters. Therefore, our analysis of the effects of earthquake intensity on the growth of night lights is an important contribution to disaster economics. In the concluding reflections, the findings, implications, and avenues for future research are discussed.