Earth's Global Temperature Research Articles

Utilization of Rice Straw into Bioethanol through Biological Pathways

The increasing burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use and forestry increase the CO2 in the earth's atmosphere. This condition increases the earth's global temperature, thus causing climate change. In addition, the volume of rice straw waste is very abundant, and the most popular treatment is burning in rice fields. This process also contributes to air pollution and an increase in CO2 gas. Meanwhile, straw is lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose and hemicellulose as a source of sugar to be converted into bioethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion consists of three main stages, pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation. The process of converting rice straw into bioethanol has been developed. However, the current obstacle is that the conversion process requires high energy, produces chemical waste, and is not environmentally friendly. A biological approach is preferred so that the rice straw conversion process becomes more sustainable. This paper reviews the pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation processes in biologically converting rice straw into bioethanol. Thus it is expected to be able to respond to existing challenges through a biological and more environmentally friendly approach.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ДИОКСИДА УГЛЕРОДА АНТРОПОГЕННОГО ГЕНЕЗИСА НА ТЕРМИЧЕСКИЙ РЕЖИМ АТМОСФЕРЫ И ЕГО ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ

According to our calculations for the active industrialization period (1959-2021), the content of anthropogenic CO2 (excluding volcanic activity) was no more than 4.1% of its total content in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide associated with human activity during this period determines an increase in the Earth global temperature by no more than 0.0004°C, against the total temperature increase of 0.81°С. At the same time, the global temperature increase is assumed to be completely determined by the greenhouse effect of our planet only. In connection with results obtained, the conclusions of IPCC on the leading role of the anthropogenic factor in climate warming do not seem convincing. The possibility of realistic forecasting of changes in the CO2 content in the atmosphere based on a simple regression model and a multiblock (linear and non-linear) of the global carbon cycles was assessed. Annual insolation contrast (AIC) was used as a predictor in the regression model. Generally, AIC (according to the areas of heat source and sink) reflects changes in the meridional insolation gradient, which regulates the meridional transfer of radiative heat in the ocean--atmosphere system. Our eight-block model of global circulation included the following blocks: the atmosphere, land biota, humus, inorganic ocean carbon, phytoplankton, dissolved organic matter in the ocean, sedimentary carbonate rocks of the continents, and sedimentary carbonate rocks in the ocean. Linear and non-linear relationships were used to describe global CO2 fluxes from the atmosphere to biota due to net photosynthesis and from the active layer of the ocean to the atmosphere. Carbon penetration into the deep ocean was described by a diffusion equation, and the other fluxes were described by linear relations. The discrepancy between the two independent model (regression and block) forecasts was 1.2% and 0.93% for 2020 and 2030, respectively. The discrepancy between our calculated data and the actual values of CO2 content for 2020 was 0.24% and 0.97% for the block model and the regression model, respectively. The results obtained indicate no need to use any scenario forecasts proposed by IPCC and leading to uncertainty when forecasting global climate changes.

A Study on Methane Emissions and Its Mitigation Strategies in Present Scenario

Methane is an important gas of earth's environment. It emits from various naturally as well as anthropogenic sources and responsible for maintaining earth's global temperature favorable for humans and other organisms to live. In recent years many activities of human development led to generation of a large volume of methane which has exhibited catastrophic effect on humans as well as animal lives on earth. Methane poses high global warming potential and has been found second most abounded gas in the environment responsible for global warming of earth after carbon dioxide which is well documented in gigantic body of literature. Methane emission is projected to reach 254 Gg/ year by the year 2025. The sources of methane generation are scattered in nature that includes marshes, paddy crops, landfills and natural anaerobic decomposition of the organic matter present in the environment and digestion in ruminants as well handling and use of fossil fuels. The versatile sources of methane generation are uncontrolled and tough to be tamed. However, its emissions and negative effects could be reduced by effectively and efficiently managing its sources of emission and utilizing generated volume for energy production. This study emphasize on the harmful as well as beneficial aspects of the methane, its utilization and strategies to control emission from various sources.

Analysis of the simulated global temperature using a simple energy balance stochastic model

This work presents a study of the response of the simulated global temperature variability to additive and multiplicative stochastic parameterizations of heat fluxes, along with a description of the long-term variability in terms of simple autoregressive processes. The Earth's global temperature was simulated using a globally averaged energy balance climate model coupled to a thermodynamic ocean model. It was found that simple autoregressive processes explain the temperature variability in the case of additive parameterizations; whereas in the case of multiplicative parameterizations, the description of the temperature variability would involve higher order autoregressive processes, suggesting the presence of complex feedback mechanisms originated by the multiplicative forcing. Also, it was found that multiplicative parameterizations produced a rich structure that emulates closely observed climate processes. Finally, a new approach to describe the stability in the steady state of a general one-dimensional stochastic system, through its potential function, was proposed. From an analytical expression of the potential function, further insight into the description of a stochastic system was provided.

Climate as a game of chance

We use general concepts and simple models to examine the role of randomness in chaotic systems, like Earth's climate, in response to external forcing. The response of a simple homogeneous system is determined by its correlation function in accordance with the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. A structured (patterned) system responds in a more complicated way. Whereas its mean state (for example, Earth's global temperature) is changing only slightly, extreme events (such as floods and droughts) are increasing more dramatically in number. The statistics of extremes reveals remarkable properties, in particular, clustering (troubles never come alone, the saying goes) and are here illustrated by precipitation and space climate processes.

Circum-Antarctic warming events between 4 and 3.5 Ma recorded in marine sediments from the Prydz Bay (ODP Leg 188) and the Antarctic Peninsula (ODP Leg 178) margins

Our study characterizes glacial and interglacial deposition on two Antarctic margins in order to discriminate between regional and continent-wide early to middle Pliocene warm intervals that caused sea-ice reduction and continental ice sheet retreat. We use a multi-proxy (i.e., sediment facies and grain size, siliceous microfossils, biogenic opal, geochemical composition and clay mineralogy) approach to examine sediments recovered in drill holes from the West Antarctic Peninsula and the East Antarctic Prydz Bay margins, focusing on the climatic record between 4 and 3.5 Ma. Warm conditions in both East and West Antarctica are recorded, which based on our age model correspond to periods of prolonged or extreme warmth correlated with isotopic stages Gi5, Gi1, MG11 and MG7. For the Gi5 interglacial our data corroborates the 60% Dictyocha percentage at 34.60 mbsf previously reported from Prydz Bay and interpreted to indicate a SSST of about 5.6 °C above present. Our higher-resolution sampling interval shows Dictyocha percentages up to 87.5%, suggesting even higher SSSTs above present levels. During MG11, which coincides with the section dated by the magnetic polarity reversal Gilbert-Gauss at 3.58 Ma, SSSTs were tentatively 2.5°–4° warmer than present, and reduced sea-ice cover in Prydz Bay and probably also west of the Antarctic Peninsula is indicated by increased primary productivity. In addition, a reduction of ice sheet size is suggested by the bioturbated and IRD-enriched facies that characterize these high-productivity intervals. Based in our age model and calculated sedimentation rates glacial–interglacial cyclicity between 4 and 3.5 Ma in the cores from Antarctic Peninsula and Prydz Bay Sites, result in frequencies consistent with obliquity and precession forcing. The prolonged early-middle Pliocene warm period was superimposed on a cooling trend recorded by the: 1) increase of the terrigenous sediment supply at all our sites starting between 3.7 and 3.6 Ma, and 2) decrease in SSSTs (from > 5.6 °C at 3.7 Ma to 4°–2.7 °C at 3.6 Ma, and 2.5 °C at 3.5 Ma.) indicated by the silicoflagellate W/C R from Site 1165. We postulate that, although the start of a cooling trend is recorded at about 3.7–3.6-Ma, relatively warm conditions prevailed until 3.5 Ma capable of maintained open marine conditions with reduced or no sea-ice and reduced ice sheet volume and extent. The information in this paper regarding the timing of continental-wide and regional warm events and the paleoenvironmental conditions that characterized them (i.e., SSST, extent of sea ice, and ice sheet size) are relevant to help constrain paleoclimate and ice sheet models for the early-middle Pliocene, a time period when the level of warming according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 report, is within range of the estimates of the Earth's global temperature increases for the 21st century. These data, when linked to modeling studies like those of Pollard and DeConto (2009) will further our understanding of how these ice sheets may respond to future warming of the southern high latitudes.

Are there variations in Earth's global mean temperature related to the solar activity?

AbstractWe have analyzed the record of Earth's global temperature variations between 1850 and 2007 looking for signals of periodic variations and compared our results with solar activity variations in the same time period. Significant periods are found at 9.4, 10.6 and 20.9 years. These periodic variations may be caused by solar activity. However, and amazingly enough, we also find at least 17 other significant periodic variations in addition to expected variations with periods of 1 year and of half a year. The result is considered in terms of solar related forcing mechanisms. These may be variable solar heating associated with the small changes in solar irradiance over the solar cycle, or direct effects of interactions between variable magnetic fields carried by the solar wind and particles and fields in interplanetary space or in the Earth's ionosphere.