Earnings Management Practices Research Articles

BREAKING BARRIERS: FEMALE DIRECTORS, EARNINGS MANAGEMENT, AND THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING

<p><strong>Background</strong>: The role of women directors in corporate governance has received increasing attention, especially regarding their impact on earnings management. Recognizing this role is critical as companies need to increase transparency and accountability in their financial practices, while recognizing the role of sustainability.</p><p><strong>Objective</strong>: These studies aim to find out, whether female participation in the board of directors can reduce earnings management practices, by adopting different types of measurements for the female variable.</p><p><strong>Research Method</strong>: The applied methods are purposive sampling where 49 samples collected from Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that consistently publishing financial and sustainability report with a timeframe of 2018-2022. Implementing data panel regression method using Stata application.</p><p><strong>Result</strong>: The result indicate that, three female director can reduce earnings management, while independent commissioner and GRI disclosure are positively related to earnings management.</p><p><strong>Originality/Novelty of Research:</strong> This studies use different kind of measurements towards female director variables, to proving applied theory are still relevant and to resolve the limitation of previous studies to find the critical effect of female directors participation to decreasing earnings management in Indonesia.</p><p> </p>

Effect of Earnings Management on Earnings Quality and Sustainability: Evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council Distressed and Non-Distressed Companies

This study evaluates the effect of earnings management on earnings quality and sustainability in the GCC region, particularly in distressed and non-distressed companies. Studies on earnings quality and sustainability have mostly concentrated on developed markets, with little attention paid to emerging markets like the GCC region. This research is the first to examine how manipulating earnings impacts the quality and sustainability of earnings in distressed and non-distressed companies. This study utilized a unique dataset that represents the GCC region, which has a specific socio-cultural context. We collected data from 839 publicly listed companies in the GCC region between 2011 and 2022 using DataStream®, WorldScope (WS), and Refinitiv Eikon. To test our hypotheses and ensure accuracy, we used three types of regressions (the fixed effects model, OLS, and 2SLS) and conducted robustness and endogeneity tests. The results of this study indicate that accruals-based earnings management has a negative impact on earnings quality for distressed and non-distressed firms but a positive effect on earnings sustainability for both types of companies. The results of this study also find variations in earnings management practices across industries. These findings provide valuable guidance for auditors, investors, and other stakeholders to evaluate the earnings quality and sustainability of distressed and non-distressed companies, benefiting the GCC economy and similar economies.

Impact of IFRS 9 Implementation and Audit Committee Effectiveness on Earnings Management in The Indonesian Banking Sector

Background- The implementation of IFRS 9, utilizing the Expected Credit Loss (ECL) method, along with effective oversight from the audit committee, can be a relevant strategy to anticipate earnings management practices. Purpose- to examine the impact of IFRS 9 implementation and audit committee supervision on restricting managerial discretion in loan loss provisions. Design/methodology/approach- This study will use a quantitative analysis method using secondary data from an annual report. The sampling method used in this study was purposive sampling, which resulted in selecting 42 banks listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2022. This study uses the data panel analysis method with the STATA analysis tool. Findings- This research found that the implementation of IFRS 9 and audit committees had an impact on increasing bank managerial discretion. This explains that the implementation of IFRS 9 and the audit committee have not been able to limit managerial discretion, which may be due to the influence of unstable economic conditions due to the pandemic and countercyclical policy to anticipate the impact of the pandemic. Research limitation- The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on research outcomes related to managerial discretion and the effectiveness of audit committee oversight. Originality/Value- To enhance the literature related to the trends of the impact of PSAK implementation in Indonesia on earnings management more comprehensively by extending the research period and contributing to the literature by employing multiple criteria to identify the quality of oversight provided by the audit committee.

Fund holdings and real earnings management: An empirical analysis of the Chinese A-share market

Drawing on data from Chinese A-share listed companies spanning 2016 to 2023, this study investigates how fund holdings influence real earnings management (REM) practices. The results indicate that: (1) There is a significant negative correlation between fund holdings and REM, suggesting strong external oversight; (2) The governance effect of fund holdings is more pronounced in non-state-owned firms and those with a balanced equity structure, underscoring the critical roles of ownership nature and equity distribution; (3) High-quality internal controls also exhibit a significant negative correlation with REM, serving as a mediating factor between fund holdings and earnings management. These findings deepen our understanding of how institutional investors contribute to corporate governance and enhance internal control systems.

Differences in the influence of the board of directors and the board of commissioners on real earnings management: empirical evidence from Indonesia

Purpose – This research investigates the influence of the Board of Directors (BOD) and the Board of Commissioners (BOC) on real earnings management (REM) practices in Indonesian manufacturing companies. Real earnings management involves genuine alterations to operational decisions that affect financial reporting.Design/methodology/approach – The research uses a sample of manufacturing firm listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2016 to 2022 and uses panel data regression techniques, including the Pooled Least Square (PLS) and Fixed Effect Model (FEM), to examine the effects of BOD and BOC characteristics on REM. The empirical analysis considers multiple proxies for BOD and BOC attributes, such as board size, independence, meeting frequency, and expertise. Additionally, control variables including leverage, firm size, and growth indicators are incorporated into the analysis.Findings – The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between the presence of BOD and REM activities. In contrast, the presence of BOC demonstrates a non-significant but negatively associated impact on REM. Furthermore, the research identifies the moderating role of BOC in strengthening the relationship between BOD and REM.Research limitations/implications – The research contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical insights into the roles of BOD and BOC in shaping REM practices within the Indonesian manufacturing context. These findings highlight the importance of board characteristics in influencing financial reporting decisions and emphasize the need for effective corporate governance mechanisms to mitigate opportunistic behaviors related to earnings management.Practical implications – Enhancing corporate governance practices, provide an input for more effective board composition, increase the investor confidence and transparency, enhance policy implications and provide advice for company’s long-term performance focus.Originality/value – This research addresses a gap in the literature by focusing on the Indonesian context. Use the BOC to moderate the relationship between BOD and REM may be less common in the context of Indonesia and even in regional focus.

Measuring earnings management practices using the M-score Beneish model For Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange

Measuring earnings management practices using the M-score Beneish model For Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange

The Influence of Earnings Management on the Value Relevance of Accounting Information

This research aims to investigate the influence of earnings management practices on the value relevance of accounting information in the Indonesian business environment. The research method used is qualitative with a library study approach and document content analysis. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews with related parties such as auditors and financial managers, as well as analysis of the contents of documents in the form of financial reports and company meeting notes. The research results show that earnings management practices can reduce the value relevance of accounting information by affecting the quality of information conveyed in financial reports. Practices such as increasing revenue estimates or delaying expense recognition can cloud the picture of a company's true performance, which in turn affects economic decision making. These findings emphasize the importance of transparency and integrity in accounting practices to maintain the value relevance of accounting information for stakeholders. The implication of this research for accounting theory is the need to pay attention to earnings management practices within a broader theoretical framework regarding the integrity of accounting information. From a practical perspective, companies need to increase awareness of the importance of honest accounting practices and comply with applicable standards to minimize unethical earnings management practices. This implication is also relevant for regulators in strengthening regulations related to financial reporting in order to maintain the integrity of the capital market in Indonesia.

The Effect Of Audit Committee Characteristics On Earnings Management: A Case Study Of Non-Financial Bumn Companies In Indonesia For The Period 2018-2022

This study aims to further investigate the effect of audit committee characteristics on earnings management practices, as measured by earnings management, in non-financial state-owned companies. This research uses quantitative methodology and data sources are obtained from secondary data. This analysis technique uses multiple regression analysis techniques, classical assumption tests and hypothesis testing, the data observations used in this study were 55. The findings of this study indicate the results of the study that audit committee activity has no significant effect on earnings management so that H1 is not supported, the audit committee size variable shows the results of a significant negative effect on earnings management so that H2 is supported, In line with H1, audit committee competence has no significant effect on earnings management so that H3 is not supported.

Anti-corruption policy and earnings management: do women in monitoring roles matter?

PurposeThe inadequate enforcement of anti-corruption policies in the private sector in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries is the motivation for this study to investigate how a company’s anti-corruption disclosure (ACD) affects earnings management. Moreover, the underrepresentation of women in supervisory roles makes this aspect of particular interest. Hence, this study highlights the question of whether their participation in audit committees can impact the organization's policies.Design/methodology/approachThis research employs archival methods to examine 30 of the largest non-financial companies from each of the ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines) from 2016 to 2018. Lastly, the authors also utilize a robustness test.FindingsAs expected, the results indicate that the low willingness to disclose anti-corruption activities encourages earnings management practices. This relationship is significantly more potent in firms with fewer women on their audit committees. The findings remain robust after assessing alternative measurements.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study imply that a company’s anti-corruption policies and the role of women in supervisory activity influence rent-seeking behavior. Thus, investors should consider elements that promote transparency in companies. Additionally, regulators must evaluate regulations to promote gender diversity and eradicate corruption by establishing exact policies, providing whistleblowing protection and simplifying indicators for effective disclosure.Originality/valueThe consequences of the anti-corruption policy in the ASEAN-5 countries are relatively under-researched and still focus on a single country. Furthermore, while examining the connection between ACD and earnings management, this study also considered how addressing the supervisory factor is urgent in terms of corporate transparency.

THE EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT THROUGH PERCEIVED AMBIGUITY IN ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

We investigated the influence of management characteristics, specifically narcissism, impulsivity, construal mindset, and Machiavellianism, on perceived ambiguity toward accounting standards and the impact of perceived ambiguity toward accounting standards on earnings management tendencies. We surveyed 116 respondents from undergraduate, master's, and doctoral programs at various universities in Indonesia. We found that construal mindset, impulsivity, and Machiavellianism positively were related to perceived ambiguity toward accounting standards. Perceived ambiguity toward accounting standards has also been shown to affect earnings management tendencies positively. However, we did not find that narcissism was related to perceived ambiguity toward accounting standards. Additionally, we did not find that narcissism and construal mindset were positively related to earnings management tendencies when mediated by perceived ambiguity toward accounting standards. This research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how management characteristics influence earnings management practices.

Does the Effectiveness of Risk Management Committee Mitigate Earnings Management Practices?

Recently, there has been a lot of debate on the issues of earnings management practices. Most of these arguments have been confirmed by past studies in developed economies, where their regulations and institutional settings of corporate governance varied from those of emerging markets. Accordingly, corporate governance best practice has been considered an effective monitoring mechanism for strengthening the credibility and reliability of financial reporting. This study examines the effectiveness of risk management committee (RMC) attributes in mitigating earnings management (EM) practices in Nigeria. The study used a sample of 365 firm-year observations of listed non-financial companies from 2018 to 2022. Driscoll and Kraay’s fixed effect standard error regression model was used to test the hypotheses. The study finds that RMC size and expertise have a negative effect on both AEM and REM. However, RMC independence is found to negative effect on REM only. Moreover, additional test validates that RMC scores (effectiveness) are significantly associated with lower EM practices. Our results are robust under alternative regression and measurements for endogeneity. The findings provide enormous insight to regulators, policymakers, and investors on the ongoing debate surrounding the effectiveness of the RMC attributes in mitigating EM practices, and the effectiveness of the revised NCCG 2018. Besides, the findings will provide important intuition to shareholders, financial analysts, and academia about the effective role of stand-alone RMC

Analysis of Fraud Hexagon Theory on Fraudulent Financial Reporting Based on The Role of Intellectual Capital As A Mediator That is Influenced by Earnings Management Practices

Fraudulent financial reporting is a serious problem faced by companies throughout the world. This fraud can have fatal consequences for the company, such as loss of investor confidence, decline in share value, and even bankruptcy. There are various theories that can be used to analyze financial statement fraud, one of which is the fraud hexagon theory. This research aims to analyze the fraud hexagon theory of fraudulent financial reporting based on the role of intellectual capital as a mediator which is influenced by earnings management practices. In this study, researchers used qualitative methods with data collection techniques through literature studies. The data collected was analyzed through three steps, which included data reduction, data presentation, and making conclusions. The findings in the study show that the Fraud Hexagon theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the factors that encourage fraudulent financial reporting by including six key elements: pressure, opportunity, rationalization, competence, arrogance and collusion. In this context, earnings management practices are often the main trigger. The pressure experienced by management to meet financial targets can encourage them to carry out earnings management, which in turn increases the risk of fraudulent financial reporting. Opportunities for fraud often exist due to weaknesses in internal controls, which allow manipulation of financial data without detection.

PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, LEVERAGE DAN FINANCIAL DISTRESS TERHADAP EARNING MANAGEMENT DENGAN KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI PADA PERUSAHAAN FOOD AND BEVERAGE YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA TAHUN 2020-2022

The information on profit in financial reports often becomes the main concern of investors and prospective investors. This condition demands the company’s management to implement certain strategies in generating profits in line with investor expectations. Managers usually implement strategies by practicing earnings management to manipulate financial reports. This study aims to determine the extent of the influence of profitability, leverage, and financial distress on earnings management with managerial ownership as a moderating variable. This study uses a quantitative method. The population in this study is food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020-2022. The research results show that profitability, leverage, and financial distress influence earnings management practices. Apart from that, managerial ownership in food and beverage companies is able to moderate the influence of profitability on earnings management. However, managerial ownership is unable to moderate the influence of leverage and financial distress on earnings management.

Pengaruh Karakteristik Direktur Utama Dan Kebijakan Dividen Terhadap Manajemen Laba Dengan Komisaris Independen Sebagai Variabel Moderasi

Earnings management is an action taken to influence the information contained in the financial statements in order to benefit a party. There are several things that can influence companies to carry out earnings management. CEO is fully responsible for all business activities of the company, the pressure faced can encourage them to take opportunistic actions such as earnings management. There are difference opinion between management and investors regarding dividend policy which can lead to conflicts between management and shareholders that can encourage management to carry out earnings management. This study aims to empirically examine the effect of CEO characteristics and dividend policy on earnings management, as well as to examine the moderating role of independent commissioners in testing CEO characteristics and dividend policy on earnings management. This study uses data on manufacturing industry companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from the 2019-2021 period obtained from www.idx.co.id. The sample used amounted to 126 using purposive sampling method. The hypothesis testing method used is moderated regression analysis using panel data. The results of this study prove that the CEO characteristics and the presence of independent commissioners can influence the company in carrying out earnings management, while dividend policy has no effect. The higher the age of the CEO and the greater number of independent commissioners can have a negative influence on earnings management, while gender and dividend policy have no effect, and tenure has a positive effect on earnings management. In addition, this study found that independent commissioners can moderate the relationship between age and tenure on earnings management. CEO characteristics and the existence of independent commissioners can influence the company in carrying out earnings management, while dividend policy has no influence. The Financial Services Authority needs to pay attention and supervise the role of the company's independent commissioners in relation to earnings management practices.

Reputasi Auditor dalam Manajemen Laba pada Food and Beverage di BEI

This study seeks to ascertain the impact of macroeconomic fundamentals, the configuration of ownership, the attributes of the company, and the composition of capital on the practice of earnings management, considering the reputation of the auditor as a moderating factor. This study employs data from 11 firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, chosen through purposive sampling over the years 2019 to 2022, resulting in a total of 44 instances of data observation. The analysis method uses SmartPLS analysis. The research results show that macro fundamentals, ownership structure, company characteristics and capital structure do not have a significant effect on earnings management. The composition of ownership and the financial leverage of a company notably impact its attributes. However, the standing of the auditor does not alter the effect that ownership configuration, company traits, and financial structuring have on the practices of earnings management.

IFRS 9 and earnings management in Eurozone banking: The moderating effect of gender diversity

AbstractThe present study examines the effect of adopting IFRS 9 on earnings management practices in European Central Bank‐supervised banks, considering the possible moderating effect of gender diversity in this relationship. Using a system GMM methodology, findings suggest IFRS 9 promotes transparency and contributes to a decrease in earnings management, as the new impairment model influences directors' discretion. We also find that gender diversity moderates the negative impact of IFRS 9 on earnings management. However, when the board representation of women is substantial, the adoption of IFRS 9 results in an undesirable turn, as women are more conservative and risk‐averse, which leads to measures of very early prevention of future losses.

Sustainability Commitment Versus Earnings Management Practices: Saudi Insights

This paper aims to examine the impact of corporate sustainable management (CSM) on earnings management (EM) activities using annual data from 2018 to 2022 for 37 non-financial Saudi indexed firms. A multi-measure approach was utilized to proxy for EM (AEM and REM) and CSM (CSR sustainability reporting, CSR sustainability committee, CSR sustainability external audit, GRI report guidelines, ESG performance index). The empirical analysis employed pooled ordinary least squares (POLS) regression. The results suggest that CSM plays a significant role in reducing both AEM and REM practices, indicating that sustainability-oriented organizations mitigate EM activities. Furthermore, the study reveals a negative correlation between CSM and sales manipulation, overproduction, and cutting discretionary expenditures. This research supports the notion that companies prioritize sustainable management due to a focus on long-term strategies and transparency. This is the first work in the Middle East and Arab region, particularly in Saudi Arabia, investigating this association.

Pengaruh Perencanaan Pajak, Sales Growth, dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Manajemen Laba

The income statement in the financial report is one of the important indicator for shareholders and creditors to obtain information on profit and financial performance of a company and make investment decisions in a company. Profit reflects that the company has achieved good financial performance. Managers will carry out earnings management practices to influence several parties who have different interests in a company with the aim of ensuring that the financial reports presented are in line with the expected profit targets. This research aims to prove whether tax planning, sales growth, and firm size influence earnings management. The theories underlying this research are Agency Theory, Positive Accounting Theory, and Signalling Theory. This study processed 147 samples of consumer non-cyclical sector registered on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020-2022. In concluding this research, sales growth and firm size to state that both have a positive influence on earnings management, and that there is insufficient evidence that tax planning has a positive influence on earnings management.

The role of firm complexity in the relationship between integrated reporting and earnings management

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the relationship between integrated reporting and management’s opportunistic behavior (i.e., accrual and real earnings management) and the moderating role of firm complexity.Design/methodology/approachData of firms at the Johannesburg Stock Exchange were collected and analyzed. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange is currently the primary exchange that mandates the practice of integrated reporting. Regression estimation models and robustness tests were applied to the analysis.FindingsThis study concludes that integrated reporting quality reduces firms’ accrual and real earnings management practices. It further concludes that the significant negative effect of integrated reporting quality on firms’ earnings management practices is impeded by higher firm complexity.Originality/valueThis study enhances the literature on the behavioral effect of a combined financial and sustainability disclosure practice on both accrual and real earnings management, specifically targeting South Africa’s listed companies – the primary market currently mandates integrated reporting practice.

The Effect of COVID-19 on Public and Private Sector Earnings Management: Evidence from Korea

This study investigated how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted earnings management practices within both public and private firms in Korea. Amid active government efforts and policies to overcome the pandemic crisis, we anticipate that the earnings management of public sector managers, prioritizing public benefit as their key sustainability objective, will distinctly differ from those of private sector managers, who are influenced by a different set of pressures and incentives. Empirical analysis revealed a notable decrease in earnings management in the public sector post-COVID-19, with no significant change in the private sector. Our study distinguishes how public and private firms react to identical economic crises, deepening our insight into the ways different organizations handle financial reporting amid government intervention and economic stress. Such differentiation not only broadens our comprehension of strategies for managing earnings but also offers vital perspectives on the dynamics among corporate governance, regulatory environments, and sustainability.