Early XVIII Century Research Articles

Rice and Arak: the South Indian Diet of the Early XVIII Century through the Eyes of Europeans according to the Documents of the Danish Royal Mission

Since the beginning of the XVIII century, the Danish Royal Mission has been working in the South of India. For the first years, it consisted mainly of people from the University of Halle. Many historical sources have been preserved, according to which this page of the history of the penetration of Christianity into Asia and the formation of European Oriental studies is being reconstructed today. Lutheran pastors studied languages, translated sacred literature, preached, created schools, built churches. A significant amount of research has been devoted to these problems. However, the daily life of Europeans in the South Asian region at the beginning of the XVIII century until now has attracted little attention. Numerous reports on the work of missionaries in India allow us to envision how the Lutheran ministers of the church adapted to local household traditions, including culinary traditions. The first head of the mission, B. Ziegenbalg in his works gives overall information about the diet of local residents. In addition to telling about the main dishes and drinks of India, he provides valuable data on the relationship between cooking and Indian medicine. His works also contain materials concerning the specifics of the diet of ascetics. Finally, in connection with culinary topics, his materials preserve data about the economy of the region (trade relations, cultivated crops, prices for basic food and beverages, etc.). The texts of Ziegenbalg allow us to raise an important academic problem of meeting, interaction and mutual adaptation of two completely different cultures – European and Indian.

Review on the collection of documents: Kochetkov V.D. (Ed.) Fortresses of the cities of the Volga region and the Urals at the end of the XVII – beginning of the XVIII century; compliers Kochetkov V.D., Khatskevich M.V., Chibis A.A. Cheboksary: Novoye Vremya, 2022, 204 p.

The review analyzes the archaeographic level of work with archival handwritten texts and their content in the collection of documents «Fortresses of the cities of the Volga region and Urals at the end of the XVII – beginning of the XVIII centuries» published in 2022. This publication of sources is the result of extensive painstaking scientific work with the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts by a group of historians including V.D. Kochetkova, M.V. Khatskevich, A.A. Chibis. The cases presented in the collection are kept in the collections of the Armory Chamber. They are of particular importance for researchers studying the period of development of the Volga and Urals regions at the turn of the XVII – XVIII centuries, at the beginning of the era of the transformative activity of Peter the Great. The significance of the publication under consideration lies, first of all, in the fact that the office work of the order of the Kazan Palace, which was in charge of the indicated territories, was practically completely destroyed by fires of the early XVIII century. Up to the present day, we can talk about the so-called “source famine”, noted by most historians dealing with the initial period of development of the European South-East as part of the Russian state. It should be noted that the specialists who prepared this publication have many years of experience in studying and publishing archival materials of the second half of the XVI – XIX centuries. It is also necessary to point out their good professional training and high qualifications demonstrated when working with documents of this fund. Certain errors that can be noted in the prepared publication are not significant. They do not violate the favorable impression formed when reading this collection of documents. In general, we can conclude that its publication is a serious contribution to the further study of the Volga and Urals regions at the end of the XVII and beginning of the XVIII centuries.

Воспитательная функция искусства в английской журналистике и литературе первой половины XVIII века

The aim of the study is to identify the features of the idea about the educational function of art as one of the leading ideals of the Enlightenment in the English periodicals and literary works of the early XVIII century. The paper defines the role of art in the iconic works of enlightenment writers, identifies the techniques of describing the educational function of art used by publicists. The scientific novelty of the study lies in actualising the role of educational ideology in a comprehensive analysis of the lexemes and techniques used to interpret the ideal of the educational function of art in the periodicals of R. Steele, J. Addison and the literary works by H. Fielding, D. Defoe carried out for the first time. As a result, it has been proved that publicists of the Enlightenment employed such techniques as creating the images of the characters embodying the best qualities of a person; using humour and satire; turning to social commentary and philosophical reflection.

Переписные книги 1701–1703 гг. как источник для изучения женских монастырей Российского государства

The history of Russian female monasticism is one of the little-studied topics. One of the main sources that allows us to characterize the monasteries of the late XVII – early XVIII centuries are the census books that were compiled as part of the initial stage of the church reform of Peter I. The census books of 1701-1703 are a multifaceted source. A large place in them is occupied by information about monastic temples and their interior decoration, about the treasury, where monastic documents were kept, libraries, economic activities, land holdings, etc. The study showed that the census books for the study of nunneries are a very informative source. On their basis, it is possible to establish the number of women's monasteries. They contain information about the management of monasteries, about the social status of nuns, their daily life, as well as about the income and financing of monasteries by the state. The materials of the description to one degree or another reflect the church transformations of Peter I carried out in the country in 1701-1703, which had a significant impact on the life and way of life of the nuns. This makes the census books a very promising source for studying the history of women's monasteries in Russia at the turn of the XVII–XVIII centuries.

Выставки петровского времени в Русском музее. 1972–2022 гг.

The legacy of Peter the Great’s time in the Russian Museum is quite large. Researchers continue to study the collection of works of the beginning of the XVIII century. Since 1946, an exposition called «Peter’s time» has been equipped in one of the halls of the museum. There are portraits of Peter I painted by foreign artists, parsuns, a plaster mask and a bronze bust of the emperor, desudeports. The works of pensioners Peter – I. Nikitin and A. Matveev are also presented. Many paintings, sculptures and graphics of the beginning of the XVIII century are not included in the exhibition, they are revealed to the viewer only at temporary screenings. Landmark exhibitions were held by the Russian Museum on the 300th anniversary of the birth of Peter the Great in the early 1970s. These are: «Engraving of Peter’s Time» (1971–1972), «Portrait of Peter’s Time» and «Iconography of Peter’s Time» (1973). They were in the halls of the lower floor of the left wing of the Mikhailovsky Palace and in the wing of the Rossi. The advantage of these expositions was the demonstration of rare examples of engraving, painting, parsuna and icon painting of the late XVII – early XVIII centuries. The exhibition «Both the navigator and the carpenter. Peter the Great in Russian Art Culture» (2022) was opened in the halls of temporary exhibitions of the dress circle of the Mikhailovsky Castle. The purpose of the exhibition is to continue the visual practice of the mid to present a trellis hanging of paintings. At the same time, a multimedia visual series, detailed annotated accompaniment, lecture podcasts were introduced. The commemorative practices in the existing exhibition are expressed in the invariant treatment of historical heritage in dialogue with the viewer.

A written monument of Siberian writing “A brief description of the Ostyak people” by Grigory Novitsky: historical and cultural analysis

Introduction. The written monument of Siberian writing “A brief description of the Ostyak people” contains a unique description of the life of the indigenous population of Siberia, the Ostyaks, made by a historiographer Grigory Novitsky on the basis of personal observations. The article analyses the structure and content of the monument, presents a historical information about the time of creation and its authorship, notes the historical and cultural significance of the source. The objective of the article is to carry out its historical and cultural analysis, including the analysis of its structure and content. Materials and Methods. The study was based on the material of the Siberian written monument of the early XVIII century “A brief description of the Ostyak people” by G. Novitsky. To obtain objective conclusionsthe author employed descriptive and comparative methods. When analyzing the structure, content and information value of the text, the methods of component analysis and structural-semantic were used. Results and Discussion. The article presents the historical and cultural analysis of the first ethnographic work on Siberia. It contains an analysis of the description of the life and culture of the Ostyaks who historically lives in Siberia, the location of their lands and contacts with other peoples. The book is noted to contain reliable information about the history of Siberia, its borders and natural wealth, the indigenous peoples living in this region, the Tatar tribes, their rulers, the initial reign of Khan Kuchum, the foundation of the first towns of Siberia, as well as the conquest of Siberia by Ermak. In detailed way the text shows the area that at that time was inhabited by the Khanty. Historically, the representatives of various language groups lived here. The text of the written monument provides the information about the diversity of cultures and languages on the territory of Siberia. The rich and varied ethno-cultural linguistic material of the written monument witnesses the state of the Russian literary national language in the period of the formation of its norms. Conclusion. The text of the written monument, containing an extensive description of the Siberian lands and the peoples living there, is a valuable historical and ethno-cultural material for researchers, the evidence of the processes that took place in the Russian language during the formation of its norms.

THE MALOROSSIAN FOREMAN BEFORE AND AFTER THE NORTHERN WAR: MAXIMOVICHS FAMILY PORTRAIT AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE EPOCH

This article is devoted to the study of the Maximovichs family, one of the most influential clans of the Malorossian foremen (starshina), who took part in all major political events of the early XVIII century. The Maksimovichs history reflected the social processes characteristic of the entire Cossack foreman of the XVIII century. The maximum rise of the family in 1680-1708 was associated with the reign of I. Mazepa, the fall of Mazepa predetermined the crisis of the Maximovichs. A significant part of the family spent several years of their life in Moscow in different status - suspects, convicts, hostages, soldiers and officers of the Russian army. Repressive measures and forced inculturation of family members led to the change of political orientations, ensuring the further prosperity of the family as a whole and its consistent entry into the political elite of the Russian Empire. It is necessary to emphasize the distinct distance between the state criminal fate and the attitude of the imperial authorities towards his closest relatives. The proven betrayal of one or more representatives of the senior family did not cause the collapse of the entire clan. The novelty of the approach consists in considering the fate of representatives of one of the starshina families against a broad historical background. For the first time, the problem of forced inculturation of representatives of oppositional Cossack foremen in Moscow was raised.

The chime to the 9th song of the canon: what does it refer to?

This article for the first time raises a topical issue in the bell ringing practice – about the reference of the chime to the 9th song of the canon. The object of the study is the chime, that in major part of churches is performed as 9 measured strikes on one of the biggest bells after the deacon proclaims "Let us glorify the Mother of God and the Mother of Light in a song" or after a festive verse. It continues during the singing of the song of the Mother of God "My soul glorifies the Lord" or the 9th song of the canon. The chime to the 9th song was chosen not random – in modern guidelines on the bell ringing charter, as well as in the bell ringing practice, the issue of its reference remains not determinated, and the relation to the 9th song or to the song of the Mother of God seems not persuasive. In the comparative analysis of various charters of bell ringing, starting from the middle of the XIX century to the present, it was found that there was no unity in explaining the reference of this chime. In order to clarify the historical significance of the chime on the 9th song, the author used the Regulations («Chinovniki») of the Moscow Assumption Cathedral, published with a foreword and index by Professor A. P. Golubtsov and reflecting the practice of worship and bell ringing in the XVII - early XVIII centuries. On the basis of Regulations («Chinovniki»), we can confirm that the chime to the 9th song was performed to gather the clergy, prepare for the subsequent procession on the Glorification. Later, this procession was lost in liturgical practice. Thus, it can be concluded that the chime to the 9th song has lost its practical significance, and the issue arises about the necessity to perform it at the present time.

Money, Stock-Jobbing, and Corruption in England at the Turn of the XVII–XVIII Centuries

The article reconstructs the historical context that shaped the financial capitalism in England at the turn of the XVII– XVIII centuries. It focuses on the crisis of Christian values and the development of secular rationalistic morality. The author connected the socio-economic context of England in the early modern period with the intellectual atmosphere of the late Stuart era and the early Hanoverian dynasty. The problem is considered from three points of view: (1) economic and political situation in the context of mercantilism, (2) the South Sea Company as an example of the interaction between the corrupt cabinet members and the London merchants; (3) social attitude, e.g., D. Defoe's The Anatomy of the Exchange Lane or the Exchange Trading System (1719). The epoch under discussion saw the emergence of a bipolar world of the poor and the rich in Western Europe in the early XVIII century, when the society of landowners replaced the medieval hierarchy.

Структурная классификация топиковых предложений на китайском языке различных периодов

The study aims to develop a comparative classification of topic sentences in early classical Archaic Chinese (the V-III centuries BC), late Literary Chinese (the late XVII - the early XVIII century) and modern Chinese. Scientific novelty of the study is accounted for by the fact that the classification of topic sentences is created based on the material of not one, but three different periods in the development of the Chinese language. As a result of the study, the researcher has proved that topicalisation mechanisms are common to sentences in Chinese belonging to different periods and also has shown that it is impossible to analyse Chinese sentences by topic components. The terms “topic - commentary” should be used in the process of analysing the presence (absence) of a direct semantic link between the subject group and the predicate core. These terms are absolutely not applicable for syntactic analysis.

The Kent Petition of 1701 and the discussion on the relationship between Parliament and voters in English journalism of the early XVIII century.

The authors study the discussion on the relationship between parliament and voters in the English journalism of the beginning of the XVIII century. The authors consider one of the attempts of English voters to influence the policy of the already elected parliament – the "Kent Petition" of 1701, the authors of which sought to get the English Parliament to finance military preparations. The petition led to a large-scale discussion on the relationship between parliament and voters, the very ability of the latter to influence the activities of a representative body outside the election procedure. The arguments of the participants in this dispute are the focus of this article. Based on a wide range of sources, it is concluded that the problem of the relationship between parliament and voters became particularly relevant after the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688-1689, when the practice of regular convocation of parliament was established. The article shows that the discussion was conducted by supporters of early English "parties" - groups of Whigs and Tories. If the Whigs defended the right of voters to influence the policy of parliamentarians, the Tories considered such a practice risky and dangerous. The authors note the influence of the concepts of political thought that were widespread at that time on the positions of the parties: for example, the Whigs used the idea of a "social contract", while the Tories relied in their writings on the principle of "balance" between the elements of the English political system.

The specifi cs of Monotheism (tawhid) as “a thing-in-itself”. On the Evolution of Islamic Theology in the Late Russian Empire

In this paper, we will try to give a dynamic characterization of the object and the subject of Modern theology among the Tatar Muslims on the exemplar of the theological views of ‘Abdunnasīr Qursavi (1776–1812), Shihabutdin Marjani (1818–1889) and Murad Ramzi (1854–1934) (and partly of their contemporaries). The incognizability of the Creator and the faith as “a thing-in-itself” transformed Tatar Religious Epistemology into the cognition of more defi nite realities. Agnosticism in the question of God’s attributes led to the anthropocentric features of theological worldviews. The above-mentioned chain of theologians demonstrates not only the continuity of the Tatar Theology, but also refl ects the dynamics of the evolution of the attitude towards the madhhabs and towards the role of an individual, the specifi cs of the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidiya Sufi brotherhood, as well as the Ottoman ‘usul fi qh’ in the modernization period of the early XVIII century. In general, the works of Qursavi constitute a certain system of views that can be considered as a certain cornerstone, the so-called ‘starting point’ of Tatar School of Theology.

Motifs of the Twelve Great Feasts in Znamenny Chants

The subject of this article is the stichera of the chant book of Twelve Great Feasts and the principles of arrangement of stichera therein. The object is the musical and poetic compositions of festive stichera. The research material contains manuscripts of the XVII – early XVIII centuries from the collections of the Russian National Library, Russian State Library, Library of the Academy of Sciences, and State Historical Museum. The study employs the methods of musical analysis, linguistics and literary studies. The author dwells on the poetic and musical-imagery motifs present in the stichera of the Twelve Great Feasts. Special attention is given to the literary techniques used in the text and chanting of stichera. The main conclusion lies in establishment of the pattern in using poetic and musical techniques in the composition of stichera. The novelty of this research consists is in determination of the types of composition of stichera of the Twelve Great Feasts depending on the poetic and musical-imagery motifs contained therein: mono-motional, multi-motional, and composition with elements of other genres. All three types of composition manifest on the level of single chant, micro-cycle of stichera, festive stichera, and stichera of the book as a whole in the poetic text and chant. This article is firs to conduct classification of festive stichera based on the use of elements of non-changing liturgical genres in the poetic stichera texts. The stichera are divided into doctrinal, homiletic, and scriptural compositions. The revealed compositional patterns in the stichera of Twelve Great Feasts are an important stage in further research of festive stichera.

Особенности чертежей Русского государства второй половины XVII века как средства интерпретации сведений об объектах, упоминаемых в документах статистического учета (на примере чертежей Рузского уезда Московской губернии)

This article presents the results of the analysis of the features of the drawings of the Russian state of the second half of the XVII–early XVIII centuries which can influence the interpretation of information about property objects depicted on them and those who own these objects (various departments and persons). The analysis was carried out by comparing the information available on the drawings depicting the territory of the Ruza District of the Moscow province with the information contained in the statistical accounting documents of the XVI–XVII centuries and the materials of the Moscow diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. The article draws attention to the features of the execution of inscriptions inscribed on the drawings which can lead to an erroneous interpretation of the information contained in them. In the course of the work they were revealed not described in special literature earlier used in some drawings of the second half of the XVII century: a way to transfer information about property and owners of objects as well as a way to indicate the states in which Orthodox churches were located. The awareness of specialists using cartographic materials of the Russian state of the second half of the XVII–early XVIII centuries about the features of the drawings presented in this article will avoid inaccuracies when interpreting the information available on them and increase the amount of information taken from them. Of particular importance are the results of the research presented in this article when working with drawings both when they are used as a means of increasing the reliability of information about small rural settlements and land holdings extracted from statistical records of the XVI–XVII centuries and when they are the only source of information about the objects depicted on them and their owners.

Viktor Zhivov "Toward a Typology of the Baroque in Russian Literature of the XVII—Early XVIII Centuries"

Viktor Zhivov’s 2007 article, here translated into English for the first time, attempts to describe the specific nature of the Baroque in Russia. According to Zhivov, Russian Baroque culture arose via transplantation and was not the result of organic cultural development. Because of their cardinal differences, the language of Western Baroque and that of traditional Russian culture represent polar opposites in many ways. Hence the transplantation of even the most insignificant element results in its radical transformation, highlighting the peculiarities of the process of reception. The article outlines the principles that governed this process. It argues that it was the external features of the Baroque style that were borrowed, while its deeper orientation on polysemy, which defined the Baroque worldview in the West, was not. The assimilation of Western literature was eclectic and replaced rhetorical ambivalence with the rhetoric of didacticism. It took what could be synthesized with traditional culture most easily, at the same time as the more content-oriented features and those specific to European Baroque were rejected. If in Western Europe the Baroque posed riddles for the reader, in Russia authors on the “European" trajectory assisted the reader by providing solutions. The Baroque in Russia was primarily a phenomenon of Western influence, so that its unique features took second place in the process of forming a new cultural paradigm as a whole. “Baroque” elements acquired a completely new pedagogical function, becoming carriers of the new ideology that was being introduced. The Baroque became a servitor of power, whose aim was the political reeducation of society.

“Firearm art” in honor of the Russian State abroad: to the question of Russia’s representation in Europe during the time of Peter the Great

This article determines the key principles of designing fireworks and illumination compositions created in honor of the Russian State in foreign territories in the late XVII – early XVIII centuries. The analysis of themes and images contained therein in conducted in the context of the problematic of representative culture of that time. The article is first to attract the preserved graphic sources and published written archival materials discovered in recent years, including by the author of this research. Special attention is given to fireworks and illuminations on the occasion of the Treaty of Nystad, which did not receive due coverage within the scientific literature. Due to the peculiarities of “firearm art”, the research methodology relies on the scientific reconstruction with the use of art history, historical-cultural, as well as elements of iconographic and iconological analysis. It is revealed the firework festivities were one of the remarkable form of Russia’s representation abroad during the time of Peter the Great. In allegorical interpretation, they not only glorified the Russian State, but also reflected far-reaching plans of the monarch aimed at obtaining the imperial status of the country. Most of the fireworks and illumination compositions were based on the traditional for ambassadorial ceremonial culture of that time motif of the triumphal arch, and the arsenal of themes and images resembled the Russian festive complexes. The fire paintings were created in accordance with the principles similar to heraldic images: centerpoint, vertical and horizontal hierarchy, and laws of symmetry. As far back as his first trip to Europe, Peter the Great knew that fire performances is a source of creating awareness and excellent opportunity to make the country know to the world.

Using Internet for the mass dating of drawings in the Russian state of the late XVII – early XVIII centuries for completing special GIS databases

This article presents the results of assessing the possibility of determining the dates of compiling cartographic materials (drawings) of the Russian state in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries using information provided exclusively by Internet resources. For correct dating, the author chose the method based on the analysis of available on historical drawings information about the property of the depicted objects and their owners. The method is mostly based on the content of the drawings making it possible avoid additional information (for example, the names of their compilers). The research was carried out on the example of seventeen drawings of Ruza district, Moscow province of the specified era. Based on data of the selected Internet resources was carried out, the author set the dates of fifteen from seventeen drawings. The accuracy of the results was acceptable, although slightly lower than the results provided by the scientific community, but the effectiveness of the used method turned out to be significantly higher than the traditional ones. The conducted studies have demonstrated the possibility of using the considered method and information sources for the mass dating of the Russian drawings of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, allowing to fill the gaps in relevant information for specialized geographic information systems.

Art, craft and science of limb amputation Part 2. Сraft of amputation: from Ambroise Pare to Pierre Dionis (late XVI century – early XVIII century)

Since the XVI century until the beginning of the XVII century an operation of limb amputation has undergone changes and improvements that have affected all its aspects: preparation for carrying out, the technique of performing and postoperative treatment of patients. The invention of the ligature (1552) and the tourniquet (1674) became revolutionary. Wet and dry gangrene, extensive trauma to soft tissues and bones, traumatic limb amputation and osteomyelitis were considered of indications for amputation. The deontological and legal framework for amputation was developed, including the patient’s consent to the operation and the awareness of relatives about its outcomes. The article presents an instrumental and dressing apparatus of the XVII century for the operation; medicines used for general and local treatment of the patient before and after truncation of the stump; sedation and pain relief issues; technique of circular and one soft tissue flap (1679) amputation; the choice of tissue dissection level; methods of stopping bleeding (astringents, pressure bandage, cauterization, ligation and stitching of blood vessels); a method of stitching a stump wound, applying a bandage on it and strengthening it; postoperative management (regimen and diet, dressing change, staged wound treatment, complications); the phenomenon and causes of “phantom limbs”.

Формы межэтнического взаимодействия в Уфимском уезде второй половины XVII – начала XVIII в. (по материалам Приказного делопроизводства)

Ufa county of the second half of the XVII – early XVIII centuries - The territory is open for migration flows from all sides of the world. In many respects, the ethnic and religious diversity of the region was due to the voluntary nature of the Russian citizenship of the Bashkirs. For almost two centuries, the Bashkirs managed to maintain tribal self-government, patrimonial land tenure and freedom of religion in inviolability. In addition, the Ufa district was not included in the all-Russian system of protecting the southern borders of the state. Protection of the southeastern border was entrusted to the structures of the Bashkir militia. As a result, by the beginning of the XVIII century. 11 ethnic groups belonging to the Turkic, Mongolian, Finno-Ugric, Slavic language families professing Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and paganism settled peacefully and not quite peacefully on Bashkir lands. Households were just as diverse: from hunting and gathering, from classical nomadic and semi-nomadic farming to developed forms of agriculture. Since almost the entire territory of the Ufa district was declared the estates of the Bashkirs, migrants were forced to enter into legal and economic relations with the local population. These circumstances led to a wide range of interethnic interaction: from integration and assimilation to long-term interethnic conflicts. An analysis of various forms of interethnic communication shows that the familiar markers of ethnic identity (language, faith in a common origin, religion) did not play a big role in the assimilation or integration processes in the region. For example, it turns out that the Bashkirs more often integrated their military adversaries, the Kalmyks, into their tribal structures, rather than the Tatars and Mishars loyal to them. Bashkirs and Kalmyks did not coincide on more than one ethnic basis: different languages, religion, lack of myth of common origin, lack of historical experience living in the same territory. Even economically, the Bashkirs and Kalmyks belonged to different structures (nomadic and semi-nomadic). In social terms, the Bashkirs never had a division into white and black bones, and among the Kalmyks the power of the taishas over ordinary communes was completely despotic. At the same time, representatives of related ethnic groups (Tatars and Mishars), Bashkirs were less likely to integrate into their tribal structures due to the prevailing prejudice among nomads about settled agricultural peoples. In addition, the Tatars and Mishars in the Ufa district found themselves on the Bashkir patrimonial lands, which put them in various forms of tributary dependence. For this reason, tributaries and tributaries of tribute could not be integrated into one ethnic and social organism.

Kazakh-Russian Embassy Relations in the Pre-Imperial Period: the Main Problems of Bilateral Relations in the early XVIII century

Kazakh-Russian Embassy Relations in the Pre-Imperial Period: the Main Problems of Bilateral Relations in the early XVIII century