Early XIX Century Research Articles

«Карамзинский канон» в «Письмах русского офицера» Ф. Н. Глинки

The aim of the research is to identify the functions of the elements of the “Karamzin canon” in the narrative structure of “Letters of a Russian Officer” by F. N. Glinka. The paper clarifies the specifics of the influence that the “Karamzin canon” as a “sentimental canon” had on the travelogues of the early XIX century in the aspect of the author’s problem; substantiates the validity of studying authorial attitudes in the documentary travelogue in terms of analysing the narrative structure. The scientific novelty of the research lies in studying the specifics of the influence of the “Karamzin canon” on the documentary travelogues of the early XIX century in the aspect of the author’s problem. As a result, it has been proved that by highlighting elements of the “Karamzin canon” of travel at the level of narrative organisation, it is possible to detect different variants of the forms of the author’s presence in the text. F. N. Glinka’s “Letters of a Russian Officer” represent a model of the narrative structure of the travelogue in which a new variant of the narrator type is highlighted, i.e. an eyewitness to the events, an involuntary traveller, a serviceman obeying someone else’s will, capable of assuming the roles of an outside observer, philosopher, historian, poet, warrior.

Формы организации научно-исследовательской работы студентов в научных студенческих кружках университетов Российской империи в конце XIX – начале XX века

The paper examines the features of organisation of students’ academic research work in the practice of scientific student groups at higher education institutions of the Russian Empire in order to identify the most effective forms of work that have not lost their relevance in the development of student science today. The paper presents the specifics of development of scientific student groups at Russian higher education institutions since the early XIX century, outlines the prerequisites for their appearance, describes the reasons for their intensive development. The work sheds light on the main goals and objectives of scientific student groups, describes the primary areas of their activities, outlines the practical results of their functioning in the late XIX – early XX century. It is noted that student scientific groups create conditions for the comprehensive and most complete development and realisation of students’ creative and scientific potential, form strong scientific traditions, contribute to the improvement of students’ knowledge in various fields of science, have different forms of organisation of students’ academic research activities. At the same time, the practice of organising students’ academic research work at higher education institutions of the Russian Empire within these student scientific groups in the late XIX – early XX century makes it possible to support students’ intellectual activities and enhance their cognitive abilities. The scientific novelty lies in analysing the forms of students’ academic research work at higher education institutions of the Russian Empire within student scientific groups in the late XIX – early XX century. The provision on the essence of the educational charter (the University Charter of June 18, 1863) and its relationship with the content of students’ academic research work in auxiliary institutions at universities and institutes of the Russian Empire has been further developed. Socio-economic, pedagogical factors in the development of scientific student groups in the late XIX – early XX century have been highlighted. The research findings can be used in the educational process of higher education institutions when teaching the courses “Fundamentals of Higher Education Pedagogy”, “History of Pedagogy” to students, postgraduates, teachers of higher education institutions, giving lecture courses on comparative pedagogy, the history of the Russian Empire, as well as when preparing the corresponding textbooks, methodological recommendations from the said courses, term papers and final qualifying papers at pedagogical education institutions of the III-IV levels of higher education accreditation.

On the History of Development of the Oil Industry in Northern Azerbaijan at the Crossroads of 19th and 20th Centuries

It is known that in the XIX-early XX centuries the evolution (development) of oil business in Northern Azerbaijan has come a long way. Until the early XIX century, the oil industry here was purely artisanal, but the Absheron oil fields played a significant role in the income of the khan’s treasury. Immediately after the Russian occupation in 1806, the oil fields that came under the control of the new colonial regime were handed over for ransom. The main reason for this was the backward feudal economic system of the Russian Empire, as well as the complete ignorance. However, the reforms carried out by the new owners of petrol matter after the shameful defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856) significantly accelerated the socio-economic development of the empire, and the demand for oil increased significantly. As a result, tsarism abolished the ransom system in February 1872, and in December the oil lands were put up for auction in what looked like 'de facto private property'. In a short time, Baku oil became the main link in the imperial fuel complex, the world’s 'Oil Academy'. The rapid development of the oil industry played an important role in many areas of the socio-economic, socio-political and cultural restoration of Northern Azerbaijan. Keywords: Baku, oil, Romanovs Russia, occupation, evolution, oil boom, oil academy, auction

Income distribution in Warsaw in the 1830s

Abstract In this paper, I estimate income inequality in Warsaw in the early XIX century, using the 1833 tax census as the data source. I compare the income of Jews and Christians and investigate the spatial dimension of income inequality in the city. In 1833, income inequality in Warsaw was very high by modern standards and medium by contemporary standards. The Gini index stood at 0.59, and the share of the top 1% was 19%. The inequality extraction ratio was 76%. The mean income of Jews was significantly higher than the mean income of Christians. Mean income varied strongly across districts of the city.

Pronunciamientos, petitions and elections in the Colombian crisis (1826-1832). A case study on the forms of political instability in the Hispanic world in the early XIXth century

The political crisis that compromised Simon Bolivar´s dream of a great nation that united the northern territories of South America is considered as a case study. By stressing the central role of the pueblos and of military corporations and the nature of the political resources that these actors displayed during the Colombian crisis (1826-1832), the author proposes the thesis that the endemic instability that Latin American republics experienced in the early XIXth century was not the consequence of a presumed reluctance to legality and constitutionalism. Rather, it was the result of a political culture embedded in catholic theology that maintained the monarchical normativity in force and the jurisdictional exercise of power. Constitutionalism guaranteed the conditions for its reproduction, enhancing conflict amongst other things because it promoted intense political participation of new actors through a set of devices highly institutionalized and legalized.

ВИВЧЕННЯ ІСТОРИЧНОЇ ТОПОГРАФІЇ КИЇВСЬКОГО ПОДОЛУ XVIII ст. З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ КОМПЛЕКСУ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ

The purpose of this study is to locate on the territory of modern Kyiv’s Podil the XVII–XVIII-century buildings that no longer exist but were depicted on city plans of the late XVII – early XIX centuries, mentioned in written sources, and studied archaeologically in the XIX–XX centuries. The novelty of the research lies in the demonstration, using Kiev as an example, of the possibility of topographic reconstructions of certain areas of construction in contemporary Ukrainian cities, based on the integrated use of various categories of historical sources. Research methodology consists of scientific principles, historicism, objectivity, analysis methods, classification, generalization, historical-genetic, and historical-typological approaches. The primary outcomes of the study are the localization of three wooden temples (destroyed by fire in 1811), two monastic courtyards (whose owners changed after the secularization of church estates in 1786), and one private estate on the territory of modern Kyiv’s Podil, which changed its function during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Prospects for future research include expanding knowledge of the historical development of Kiev’s Podil during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the discovery of new historical sources, with the help of which it will be possible to locate additional buildings in this urban historical district. The practical significance of the achieved results is that they can be used to write scientific researches, popular science articles and tour guides, create museum exhibits, etc. The originality of the study lies in the fact that for the first time using a complex of historical sources on the modern topographic basis of Kyiv’s Podil, the Church of the Savior, Church of the Holy Spirit, and Church of St. Basil, as well as Mezhyhirya’s and Pereyaslav’s monastic courtyards and Tornoviot’s estate – silk garden – old contract house are localized.

On the Issue of Odic Motives in the Poetry of B. Slutsky

This paper studies the features of poetic texts of the famous Russian poet of the XX century B. Slutsky. The author attempts to identify the typological features of the ode genre in the poet’s lyrics. It is noted that this type of works is undergoing a certain transformation in the Russian literary tradition. In the XVIII century, the ode was the leading genre in Russian literature, but already at the end of the XVIII — early XIX centuries, a crisis of the ode type of works occurs, the genre is transformed. In the XX century, the ode ceases to exist in its canonical form, but we can say that certain odic features and motifs are embodied in the texts of poets of the last century. B. Slutsky’s lyrics quite vividly illustrate the process of destruction of the odic canon.

Иконографические источники композиции картины «Ревекка у колодца» из коллекции Музея музыки

The collection of the St. Petersburg State Museum of Theater and Musical Art contains a small canvas, the plot of which, judging by the nature of the characters and the features of the compositional structure, goes back to the Old Testament story of Isaac and Rebekah from the Book of Genesis. The iconographic source for the painting was an engraving by Joseph Wagner based on the work of Jacopo Amigoni, which was often reproduced by German artists of the second half of the XVIII – early XIX centuries. The plot of «Rebekah at the Well», which goes back to the text of the Book of Genesis, occupies a special place in European fine art. In the early medieval book miniature, the scene is characterized by successiveness, the combination of several consecutive events in a single visual field and the appeal to late antique images symbolizing water sources. In the art of the book of the Middle Ages, the main aspects of iconography and the sequence of presentation of the scenes of the meeting of Eleazar and Rebekah are formed. In the Venetian painting of the Renaissance period, the plot acquires the dynamic structure of the composition and the solemn conviviality characteristic of the school. In the XVII–XVIII centuries. Three types of interpretation of the plot of «Rebekah at the Well» are formed – a chamber version with semi-figures of characters in the foreground, a laconic closed composition with characters presented in height, and a panoramic landscape with a staff. The first type includes paintings by C. Maratta, G. B. Piazzetta, G. B. Tiepolo; the second – paintings by B. Strozzi, F. Bol, N. Poussin, B. E. Murillo, J. Hogers, Ch. A. Quapel, the third – D. Gargillo, V. Castello, W. van Neulandt, F. A. Maulberch. The iconography of the scene «Rebekah at the Well», which was formed in the Modern era, assuming a multi-figure composition in a landscape frame, was reflected in the composition from the collection of the St. Petersburg State Museum of Theater and Music.

The specifics of the choreographic interpretation of the main characters in the ballet "Zephyr and Flora, or Metamorphoses" (2021) in the context of modern plastic trends.

In this article, an attempt is made to comprehend the features of the choreographic embodiment of the images of the main characters (Zephyr and Flora) by choreographer A.S. Belyakov in the play "Zephyr and Flora, or Metamorphoses" (2021). This ballet is a modern appeal to the theme of the pre–romantic ballet Sh. Didlo (early XIX century). Such a plan cannot but be relevant, as well as the study of its creative results, first carried out in this article. Based on the methods of ballet studies analysis approved by Russian historians and ballet theorists (Dobrovolskaya, Krasovskaya, Slonimsky, Surits), the author applied comparative historical, ideological, artistic and analytical methods, as well as the method of included observation (based on personal experience working on the part of Flora). The main research tools were analytical description and semantic analysis of the variation of Zephyr and the duet of Zephyr and Flora. With their help, we managed to draw the following conclusions. The choreographic vocabulary of the fragments is distinguished by an organic combination of classical positions and pas with the author's movements (pictorial, ornamental poses; somewhat broken positions of the arms and body; originally modified technical elements). The dramaturgy of the modern reading of the plot of the pre-romantic ballet is developed by the choreographer by plastic (not pantomime) means in key dance fragments. Thus, the choreographic embodiment of the images of Zephyr and Flora demonstrates an organic synthesis of the ideological idea and the general aesthetics of pre-romantic ballet with the unconventionality and innovation of the modern author's plastic solution.

THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE IN THE LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURIES

This article describes the changes in the system of local and central government of the Emirate of Bukhara in the late XIX and early XIX centuries, the administrative -territorial division of the emirate, the principality and landowners, the administrative division. Examine the careers and titles introduced in the local and central government system .

Современный английский исторический роман: традиция и диалог с нею

The article provides a problematic overview of the dynamics of the national English paradigm of the historical novel genre from the moment of its final formalization in the early XIX century to the modern stage of the development of the genre paradigm. The peculiarities of the functioning of the genre in the British literary process in the end of the XX century and early XXI century are specially demonstrated. The emphasis is placed on the postmodern «obsession with history» and the use by British historical novelists of a number of features of postmodern poetics in general, as well as on the continuity of the realistic tradition of the genre, which at the end of the last century and the beginning of this one resulted in the reconstruction in the historical narrative of not so much socio–political as socio-cultural bonds of history, in depicting a novel hero’s integral living through the past when exactly this is both introspective and retrospective plot existing of history and when it becomes the object and subject of historical narration.

History of the iron furnace using the physical-chemical blast furnace model

The physical–chemical blast furnace model first built by Michard and Rist has proven to be a very efficient tool to predict and drive the present blast furnaces. It mostly describes the iron blast furnace as a counter current gas-solids dual heat and oxygen exchanger. The onset of coke gasification (orelse of iron oxide direct reduction), leads to a two-zones exchange model. This theory is used to look back at the operation of the earlier and smaller iron furnaces such as the early XIXth century charcoal blast furnace or the much older low shaft furnaces. It shows the interest of using physical-chemical models to better understand the operation of past production tools.

PERAN GURUW MIDRAS DALAM SEJARAH PENDIDIKAN BUMIPUTERA DI AMBOINA PADA ABAD XIX

This paper aims to explore the role of Guruw Midras for Bumiputera education in Amboina. This paper refers to the principles of historical research by utilizing Colonial archival sources, churches and newspapers in the nineteenth century. Through the education route, NZG envoys also gave birth to Midrash teachers who participated in the struggle to educate the Bumuputera people throughout the country. The dynamics of the socio-cultural development of the Amboina people cannot be separated from their role, the schools they care for play a significant role in the life of the congregation and evangelism in the Amboina region. The role of the Guruw Midras was to become a bridge between the Colonial and the government of the country and the people of the Country, this was proven by the additional duties besides their main duties being teachers and ushers in the congregation, their duty to record and report every event that occurred in the country where the Guru Midras was assigned. The emergence of the term Guru Midras can be accessed after the founding of Kam's Institute which was founded in the early XIX century, as well as being the beginning of the period in this paper. However, Guruw Midras' progress also depended heavily on Colonial political policies, one of which was Liberal political policies until the end of the nineteenth century which is also the end of the period in this paper.

ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF SIMBIRSK PROVINCIAL BOOK DEPOSITORY TO PRESERVE THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF SIMBIRSK-ULYANOVSK VOLGA REGION IN THE 1920s (based on the materials of Simbirsk newspapers)

The year 2022 was declared as the year of cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia by the President of the Russian Federation. Objectively, this idea is relevant for the Middle Volga region, which has always been a multinational and, as a result, multicultural region. We consider the library to be one of the most important institutions preserving cultural traditions and historical and cultural monuments both on a national scale and in Russian regions. A rich history of Russian libraries has long attracted the attention of researchers of Russian culture. The focus of the author’s scientific interest in this article is the libraries of Simbirsk–Ulyanovsk Volga region, as a significant part of the Middle Volga region, in the territory of which a variety of peoples have lived from time immemorial (the Russians, the Chuvash, the Tatars, the Mari, the Mordvins, etc.). The first public libraries in the region appeared in the early XIX century. By 1917, many large book collections belonging to the Simbirsk nobility had been preserved in the region. Groundbreaking changes in socio-economic and political life in the country, which took place after the nationwide military victory of the Bolsheviks, led to serious changes in the cultural life of the Middle Volga region. So, in 1921, the Provincial Book Depository was established in Simbirsk, which later became one of the largest centers in the Volga region to preserve the richest cultural heritage of the peoples of the region. What kind of institution was it? How did it appear? The author explores the peculiarities of the process of the emergence and formation of Simbirsk provincial book depository. In the presented publication, the author actively uses Soviet newspapers published in Simbirsk after the end of the Civil War in Russia. Referring to the sources of the 1920s covering the events of those years, he tells about the little-known aspects in the activities of the Soviet culture new organization, in particular incoming new books and other valuable cultural materials. At the same time, the contacts of the book depository with Pushkin House (in the present – the Institute of Russian Literature under the Russian Academy of Sciences) in Petrograd are particularly noted. The article places emphasis on the role of such prominent bibliographers of the 1920s as N.N. Stolov, M.G. Medvedeva, M.D. Belyaev and A.S. Polyakov in the formation of the book depository in Simbirsk. Conclusions are drawn that the educated cultural institution primarily considered itself the heir of Karamzin and Goncharovskaya public libraries, which had a rich long-term history. Creation of the book depository undoubtedly gave a powerful impetus to the cultural, spiritual and scientific development of Simbirsk-Ulyanovsk Volga region in the 1920s, preservation of the cultural heritage of its peoples.

Фольклорні мотиви українського романтизму Олекси Стороженка (на прикладі твору "Марко Проклятий")

The article aims to promote the works of the Ukrainian romantic writer Oleksa Storozhenko. The regional peculiarities of Ukrainian romanticism have been analyzed in the example of his work Marko Prokliatyi (Marco the Cursed). It was claimed that Ukrainian literature of the early XIX century contributed to the nation’s preservation during the statelessness of Ukraine.The freedom of the author’s artistic self-expression is found in his attention to mysticism, insanity, obsession, passion, addiction, and love. The author’s thoughts plunged into the unreal, delirium (illusions), dreams, fantasy, the demonic, and mysticism, and went deep into the subconscious and the spiritual world, while searching and idealizing God the Creator without denying the dualistic world order.Based on Ukrainian folkloric tradition and the use of the elements of Gothic and European literature, Oleksa Storozhenko depicts the travels of the eternal wanderer (Marco in the Ukrainian tradition), who is a werewolf, that is evil disguised as a man, and later, after the curse and for atonement (Christian idealism), he turns into a Cossack and takes part in the events of the XVII century and acts in the “here and now”.

Образ авантюристки в романе Дафны дю Морье «Мери Энн»

The study aims to determine psychological techniques in providing insight into the female image in Daphne du Maurier’s novel “Mary Anne” (1954). The protagonist of the work is a real historical figure, the writer’s great-grandmother Mary Anne Clarke. The story of Mary Anne, a famous courtesan, favourite of the King’s brother, the Duke of York, as narrated by Daphne du Maurier is a realisation of the manipulation plot. Daphne du Maurier presents a fascinating story of the dependence of England’s political system in the late XVIII century - the early XIX century on a woman’s gamble. Court intrigues and political feuds are skillfully woven into the narrative of the rise and fall of Mary Anne. Scientific originality of the study is determined in the research methodology. The researcher identifies the specifics of the author’s style in the presentation of historical material in the genre of fiction. The correlation of the historical and the literary forms the basis of philological analysis. As a result of the study, it has been proved that the absence of a subjectively marked unambiguous understanding of a woman’s role in society in women’s writing makes it possible for the author to present an assessment of one and the same historical fact from different angles. The same purpose is served by the interweaving of narrative elements inherent in the detective genre into the traditional manipulation plot. The change of semantic dominants in the text allows Daphne du Maurier to reproduce a unique literary image that is far from unambiguous interpretation.

The politics of aesthetics in German Idealism

The subject of the study is the aesthetic aspects of the German philosophy of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. Modern culture, with its anti-traditionalist impulse for autonomy, freedom from external authority, the use of critical reason, universal principles, in terms of which is questioned religion, history, customs, by this time found its internal contradictions. Post-religious and postconventional Enlightenment values - secularism, humanism, the primacy of reason and science - poorly suited to maintaining the moral and social relations, in the course of everyday life, and led to their progressive deterioration. German idealists turned to the area of aesthetic in searh of means of reconciliation between science and morality, the nature and the subject. The article taken hermeneutical analysis of texts submitted in the tradition of German romanticism and idealism in order to identify the aesthetic basis of searches and solutions in the philosophy of this period. Project of aesthetics which emerged in the XVIII century is seen as key to European philosophy and culture "after the Enlightenment," and as having not only theoretical but also of political importance, because it is in aesthesis - subjective field of experiences, feelings, affects, modern man could seek reconciliation with the world after the loss of traditional meanings and authority

Genesis and progress of virtual power principle

The virtual power principle (VPP) of continuum mechanics states a celebrated variational equality between external and internal virtual powers for any virtual velocity field conforming with linear kinematic constraints. The topic is here addressed to investigate how the original ideas born in the early XIX century are modelled by modern formulations based on Functional Analysis and Differential Geometry. These notions are able to provide an effective mathematical context for proving existence of Lagrange multipliers associated with the constraint of rigidity on velocity fields. The VPP stands as privileged tool for giving to stress fields a consistent definition based on duality with conforming virtual stretching fields. By complementarity, the VPP generates a variational condition for integrability of stretching fields, with self-equilibrated stresses as test fields. Progress is got by the formulation of the rate virtual power principle (RVPP) by time derivation of the VPP along the motion, with internal virtual power integrated per unit mass. The basic distinction between spatial and material fields according to the geometric paradigm is prompted to replace the one previously adopted in the literature. The need for a non-redundant implicit formulation of the rigidity constraint is emphasised to contrast degeneracy. This logical demand avoids proliferation of multipliers, in the spirit of Ockham’s Razor, a celebrated philosophical motto with multiform applications. The shining mathematical theory set out by Leonhard Euler, Jean-Baptiste Le Rond d’Alembert, Joseph Louis Lagrange, and Augustin Cauchy is in this respect a point of optimality. A geometric rate theory of elasticity meets the call for no-dissipation in push-closed elastic cycles, with non need of any finite strain elastic energy functional, thus leading to a proper statement of rate equilibrium problems, basilar for computational formulations and for investigations about instability phenomena and post-critical behaviours.

«Italian in Аlgeria» J. Rossini in the context of the evolutionary ways of the development of the Italian music theater of the early XIX century

The purpose of the study is to identify the poetic and intonational features of the opera «Italian in Algeria» by G. Rossini in the context of general evolutionary paths of development of the genre of Italian comic opera. The methodology is based on a combination of culturological, historical and musicological, hermeneutic and art studies, which together significantly deepens the study of genre and style specifics of opera by G. Rossini, in particular, «Italians in Algeria» as a new stage in the development of opera-buffa. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by its analytical perspective, which takes into account both the manifestations of aesthetic and stylistic guidelines of Rossini's opera «Italian in Algeria» and its genre specificity, adjusted to the Italian cultural and historical tradition of the early nineteenth century. Conclusions. The plot-semantic indicators of G. Rossini's «Italians in Algeria», on the one hand, show contact with the typology of the «classic» opera-buffa, as evidenced by the traditional comedy plot; the correlation of most of the heroes of the play with the types of Italian comedy masks; appeal to oriental (Turkish) themes, interpreted in the spirit of the ideas of the Enlightenment, as well as analogies with the Mozart Musical Theater and the comedies of JB Moliere. On the other hand, the opera demonstrates the innovative approach of its author, as evidenced by the final rondo of Isabella with the choir, which both in text and in intonation language appeals to the ideas of Italian culture on the eve of Risorgimento. Generalization of the intonation specificity of «Italian in Algeria» by G. Rossini demonstrates the originality of the relationship between traditions and innovations. The poetics of opera-buffa is manifested here in G. Rossini's masterful mastery of the art of opera ensemble; in the wide use of timbre-performance capabilities of buffoon bass, patter techniques, etc. The novelty of the work is manifested in the complexity of the images of the main characters, the richness of their intonation characteristics, which were based on the traditions of belcanto. This is primarily related to the image of Isabella, who ultimately gravitates to the ideas of national patriotism and thus greatly expands the expressive possibilities of the typology of opera-buffa in line with the socio-political and cultural realities of Italy in the early XIX century.
 Key words: opera-buffa, G. Rossini Musical Theater, «Italian in Algeria», Risorgimento, Italian Musical Theater.

The Formation of Criminal and Police Proceedings in the Russian Law of the XVIII - Early XIX Century

The author researches the formation of the sectorial differentiation of legal norms regulating the investigation and analysis of criminal acts of different gravity in the Russian law of late XVIII - first half of XIX centuries. It is shown that Russian legislation of XIX century used two methods of formulating procedural norms that regulated the investigation, analysis, prevention and suppression of offences. It is suggested that the first method should be called a centralized one, as the norms of procedural character are contained in one part of the Law Code of the Russian Empire. An example of this is the systematization of the criminal procedure norms in Book II «On Criminal Court Proceedings», Vol. XV of this Code. Thus, the question of the existence of the criminal process as a sector of Russian law can be answered positively. The second method, which the author calls decentralized, means that procedural prescriptions are aligned with material norms and scattered throughout different parts of the Law Code of the Russian Empire. An example of this are the norms constituting a part of the police law - the police process. The legislation of the early XIX century categorized offences as either crimes or offences of little significance. Offences of little significance did not lead to criminal punishments, and their investigation did not require a full criminal procedure. Procedural actions in cases of little significance, as well as the activities of the police to prevent and suppress criminal actions, were regulated by a large number of legal prescriptions in the Russian law, which could be put together under a common name «the police process». In order to denote the degree of separateness of these norms in the Russian legislation, the author introduces the concept «the direction of legal regulation». It means a stable aggregate of accumulated and somewhat separate measures united by a common subject and key methods of influencing the society. The direction of legal regulation is the predecessor of the sector of law. The conducted research allowed the author to establish that by the XIX century the Russian legislator systematized the procedural norms on the investigation and analysis of crimes and offences of little importance as an independent branch - the criminal process, and the direction of legal regulation - the police process.