Early View Research Articles

BREXIT and English Jurisdiction Agreements: The Post-Referendum Legal Landscape

This article presents an early view of the impact of BREXIT on English jurisdiction agreements in international commercial contracts. It is almost certain that the Brussels I Recast Regulation will cease to apply in the UK after BREXIT and as a result the near automatic recognition and enforcement of English court judgments in the continuing EU (and Lugano Convention Contracting States) and vice versa will be in jeopardy. Contrary to some recent speculation, it is unlikely that the Brussels Convention will revive and the option to adhere to the Lugano Convention also does not seem to be viable for a newly ‘liberated’ UK. The article suggests practical solutions to minimise the litigation risk arising from English jurisdiction agreements in relation to the EU. Significantly, the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements can be harnessed to regulate English exclusive jurisdiction agreements in relation to the EU in matters within the scope of the Convention. If the courts of a post-BREXIT EU Member State are seised in a case concerning an English exclusive jurisdiction agreement, Article 6 of the Hague Convention should accord deference to the elected forum.

<strong>Notes on the nomenclature of <em>Sicista</em> Griffith, 1827 (Rodentia: Sminthidae)</strong>

The nomenclature of the genus Sicista Griffith, 1827 was believed to be reviewed and finally established by Holden & Musser (2005) in the third edition of the Mammal Species of the World. After examining a number of ancient texts we came to several conclusions that should affect the scientific names of several taxa, particularly their synonymy, authorship and dates of publishing. We propose the following names as valid: Sminthidae Brandt, 1855; Sicista Griffith, 1827; Sicista lorigera (Nordmann, 1839); Sicista betulina (Pallas, 1779); and Sicista subtilis vaga (Pallas, 1779). Sicista trizona transylvanica is nomenclaturally available from the publication of the final version of a paper by Cserkész et al. (2016), but not from the early view of that paper which appeared in 2015.

The ALMA early science view of FUor/EXor objects – I. Through the looking-glass of V2775 Ori

As part of an ALMA survey to study the origin of episodic accretion in young eruptive variables, we have observed the circumstellar environment of the star V2775 Ori. This object is a very young, pre-main sequence object which displays a large amplitude outburst characteristic of the FUor class. We present Cycle-2 band 6 observations of V2775 Ori with a continuum and CO (2-1) isotopologue resolution of 0.25\as (103 au). We report the detection of a marginally resolved circumstellar disc in the ALMA continuum with an integrated flux of $106 \pm 2$ mJy, characteristic radius of $\sim$ 30 au, inclination of $14.0^{+7.8}_{-14.5}$ deg, and is oriented nearly face-on with respect to the plane of the sky. The \co~emission is separated into distinct blue and red-shifted regions that appear to be rings or shells of expanding material from quasi-episodic outbursts. The system is oriented in such a way that the disc is seen through the outflow remnant of V2775 Ori, which has an axis along our line-of-sight. The $^{13}$CO emission displays similar structure to that of the \co, while the C$^{18}$O line emission is very weak. We calculated the expansion velocities of the low- and medium-density material with respect to the disc to be of -2.85 km s$^{-1}$ (blue), 4.4 km s$^{-1}$ (red) and -1.35 and 1.15 km s$^{-1}$ (for blue and red) and we derived the mass, momentum and kinetic energy of the expanding gas. The outflow has an hourglass shape where the cavities are not seen. We interpret the shapes that the gas traces as cavities excavated by an ancient outflow. We report a detection of line emission from the circumstellar disc and derive a lower limit of the gas mass of 3 \MJup.

Retraction.

A new contemporary prostate cancer grading system by Jonathan I. EpsteinThe above article from Pathology International, published online on 15 October 2015 in Wiley Online Library as Early View, has been retracted by agreement between Jonathan I. Epstein and Michiie Sakamoto, the Editor‐in‐Chief, and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation carried out by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd due to major overlap with a previously published article:Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD, Nelson JB, Egevad L, Magi‐Galluzzi C, Vickers AJ, Parwani AV, Reuter VE, Fine SW, Eastham JA, Wiklund P, Han M, Reddy CA, Ciezki JP, Nyberg T and Klein EA. A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score. European Urology 2016; 69: 428–435.

Erratum to ‘On the stability of outcropping eddies in a constant‐PV ocean’

The above article was originally published on Early View on 7 April 2016, and subsequently in volume 142 (issue 698): 1920–1928; DOI:10.1002/qj.2785. The vertical line in the left panel of Figure 4 should be located at the termination point of the two curves (i.e. H = 3.77) but it was erroneously displaced or shifted to the left of this point (at about H slightly less than 3). The correct version of Figure 4 should be appeared as follows:

Erratum to ‘Seasonal surface urban energy balance and wintertime stability simulated using three land‐surface models in the high‐latitude city Helsinki’

The above article was originally published on Early View on 9 October 2015, and subsequently in volume 142 (issue 694): 401–417; DOI:10.1002/qj.2659. In section 5.3 Sensible heat flux, the numbers of RMSE are wrong in the second paragraph. The text should remain the same but the numbers in brackets should be as follows: CLM simulates the wintertime QH best at Kumpula (RMSE = 27 W m−2), but overestimates QH at Torni (RMSE = 73 W m−2) particularly at night. Although SUEWS is able to predict the difference between the two sites, it underestimates nocturnal QH at Torni and overestimates daytime QH at Kumpula (RMSE of 46 and 32 W m−2 respectively). SURFEX underestimates QH at both Torni and Kumpula (RMSE = 60 and 33 W m−2, respectively) and is not able to predict the difference between the two sites in wintertime.

COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED VS. STANDARD LANDMARK TECHNIQUES FOR TRAINING NOVICE OPERATORS IN PLACING NEEDLES INTO THE LUMBAR SUBARACHNOID SPACE OF CANINE CADAVERS.

Veterinary Radiology & UltrasoundVolume 57, Issue 4 p. 448-449 ADDENDUMFree Access COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED VS. STANDARD LANDMARK TECHNIQUES FOR TRAINING NOVICE OPERATORS IN PLACING NEEDLES INTO THE LUMBAR SUBARACHNOID SPACE OF CANINE CADAVERS This article corrects the following: COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED VS. STANDARD LANDMARK TECHNIQUES FOR TRAINING NOVICE OPERATORS IN PLACING NEEDLES INTO THE LUMBAR SUBARACHNOID SPACE OF CANINE CADAVERS Anne-Laure Etienne, Catherine Delguste, Valeria Busoni, Volume 57Issue 4Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound pages: 441-447 First Published online: March 21, 2016 First published: 11 July 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12382AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL In Etienne et al.1 an omission was published on page 2 of early view; “Each operator performed both needle placement into the lumbar subarachnoid space techniques in close succession with an order previously defined.” After having received comments from a reader, the authors consider that the following sentences should have been included for clarification in the Materials and Methods section: …A total of 67 students performed both needle placement techniques in close succession. Forty-six students performed the blind landmark-guided technique first and then an additional group of 21 students was recruited after completion of this first study based on statistician recommendations for measuring and minimizing the effect of the order of the procedures on success rate. These 21 students started the procedure performing the ultrasound-guided technique first. Additional statistical analysis (chi-square test) was, therefore, performed to compare success rates of these two groups of students (those who started with the blind landmark-guided procedure and those who started with the ultrasound-guided procedure) … The authors consider that the following sentences should have been included in the Results section: …The success rate of the ultrasound-guided procedure was 72% for students who started with the blind landmark-guided method (group of 46 students) and 86% for students who started with the ultrasound-guided method (group of 21 students) with no statistical difference in success rate for the ultrasound-guided procedure between the two groups (P-value: 0.18). The success rate of the blind landmark-guided procedure was 35% for students who started with the blind landmark-guided method and 77% for students who started with the ultrasound-guided technique. This difference in success rate is statistically significant (P-value = 0.001) … The authors consider that the following sentences should have been included in the Discussion section: …One of the limitations of the study was that the number of students having performed the blind technique first is higher (46) compared to the number of students having performed the ultrasound-guided technique first (21), and that the order of procedures has not been randomized. Therefore, in order to avoid bias related to the experience potentially acquired while doing the procedure the first time and to the order of the procedures, the cofactor order was introduced in multinomial regression and the model has been adjusted for possible bias created by this variable. Results showed that the variable order was not significant in the multinomial regression (see Table 2 in the Results section). Moreover, success rate of ultrasound-guided needle placements was not statistically different between the two groups of students (72% vs. 86%) having performed the two techniques in a different order and it was higher in the groups of students having performed the ultrasound-guided procedure first. This result suggests that realization of a unique blind landmark-guided needle placement into the lumbar subarachnoid space does not provide a significant experience to increase the success rate of the ultrasound-guided procedure. In contrast, the success rate of blind landmark-guided needle placement was statistically higher in the group of 21 students having carried out the ultrasound-guided procedure first (35% vs. 77%) suggesting a potential significant impact of learning an ultrasound-guided needle placement into the lumbar subarachnoid space … The authors apologize for the omissions in the published manuscript and hope to have clarified with these additional information and data the rationale behind their conclusions. REFERENCE 1Etienne AL, Delguste C, Busoni V. Comparison of ultrasound-guided vs. standard landmark techniques for training novice operators in placing needles into the lumbar subarachnoid space of canine cadavers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57: 441– 447. Volume57, Issue4July/August 2016Pages 448-449 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Reversible Na-Ion Uptake in Si Nanoparticles

Na ion batteries attract significant research interest since they provide potentially high energy density while using low cost and abundant sodium as the active ion. Si has been extensively investigated for its operation as anode in lithium based batteries since it has a high theoretical lithiation capacity up to Li4.4Si. However, the sodium analogue with successful reversible electrochemical sodiation of Si has not been reported yet. Si sodiation is anticipated to be different with respect to phase behaviour, insertion voltages and kinetic barriers when compared to Li ion, for instance because of the difference in ionic radius of Na+ (0.97 Å) and Li+(0.68 Å). From thermal synthesis of Na-Si materials it is known that NaSi is the most Na rich phase for Na-Si binary compounds, which would enable a sizeable capacity of 954 mAh/g. Anticipating that nanoscaling is of advantage for the kinetics of ion insertion and extraction, we studied Si particles with much reduced size (~ 20 nm) containing a large fraction of amorphous Si. The nano particles were obtained from Expanding Thermal Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition (ETPCVD) of silane. The materials consist of aggregated individual nano particles with a very thin silicon oxide layer that forms after contact with air. The work presented here reports, to our knowledge for the first time, reversible electrochemical Na ion uptake in these Si based materials for a significant capacity. The desodiation capacity is stable around 260 mAh/g, while the initial sodiation shows a large irreversible Na loss attributed to SEI formation. The experiments show that during Na insertion a two phase equilibrium may be present between NaSi and Si: x Na + Si -> x NaSi + (1-x) Si, where the NaSi becomes amorphous. For desodiation a sloping voltage profile is observed indicative of a solid solution behaviour. Therefore we propose that desodiation occurs as NaSi -> Na1-xSi + x Na, where the Na1-xSi phase remains amorphous. After 100 cycles all Si has been transformed to amorphous phases, and no crystalline nano Si particles remain. In conclusion, nanoparticles containing both amorphous and crystalline Si, produced by ETPCVD, demonstrate an excellent reversible capacity of 279 mAh/g for Si at 10 mA/g and a capacity retention of 248 mA/g after 100 cycles at 20 mA/g. Significant reversible capacities can be achieved at high dis-/charge rates as well. Nanoscaling benefits the Na insertion and extraction kinetics in Si although reversible Na uptake and release for the full theoretical capacity has not been reached. Initial amorphous and crystalline Si are performing an equally active role in the electrochemical sodiation. Coexistence of Si and NaSi may occur during Na insertion into amorphous Si and on the surface of the Si crystallites; while a solid solution desodiation reaction is evidenced when Na is being extracted. Y. Xu, E. Swaans, S. Basak, H. W. Zandbergen, D. M. Borsa, F. M. Mulder, Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, doi 10.1002/aenm.201501436 early view Figure 1

P072 Equity of access to online sexually transmitted infection self-sampling services in Lambeth and Southwark: An early view of the data: Abstract P072 Table 1

Background In 2015, free access to online services for STI self-sampling was made available to residents in Lambeth and Southwark. Little is known about who accesses online services within these boroughs and whether access is equitable between demographic groups. Aims To describe the demographic factors associated with use of online services for STI self-sampling. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected data from April to October 2015 for online and sexual health clinics in Lambeth and Southwark. We included residents who attended sexual health clinics or used online sexual health services for basic STI testing and were over the age of 16. Data were analysed by means of logistic regression. Results A total of 9,496 basic STI testing services were delivered, 6,697 (70.52%) were delivered in clinics while 2,799 (29.48%) were delivered online. Descriptive data for service use by demographic group is available in Table 1. When compared to residents aged 16–20 years old, residents aged 21–24(OR = 1.93, p ≤ 0.001), and 25–30 (OR = 2.17, p ≤ 0.001) were more likely to use online services than clinic services. Females were more likely to use online services than clinic services when compared to males (OR = 1.55, p ≤ 0.001). When compared to residents of white ethnicity, residents who identified as Asian (OR = 0.74, p = 0.04), Black (OR = 0.43,p ≤ 0.001) or Other (OR = 0.48, p ≤ 0.001) were less likely to use online services than clinic services. When compared with heterosexuals, homosexuals (OR = 1.46, p ≤ 0.001) and bisexuals (OR = 3.10, p ≤ 0.001) were more likely to use online services than clinic services. Conclusion There are demographic differences between residents that access online services and those that access clinic services. These data and more up to date data will be presented at the conference.

The Nuts-and-Bolts of Publishing in the BJIR I: The Process

The Nuts-and-Bolts of Publishing in the BJIR I: The Process

On Wittgenstein's Kantian solution of the problem of philosophy

ABSTRACTIn 1931 Wittgenstein wrote: ‘the limit of language manifests itself in the impossibility of describing the fact that corresponds to (is the translation of) a sentence without simply repeating the sentence’. Here, Wittgenstein claims, ‘we are involved … with the Kantian solution of the problem of philosophy’. This paper shows how this remark fits with Wittgenstein's early account of the substance of the world, his account of logic, and ultimately his view of philosophy. By contrast to the currently influential resolute reading of the Tractatus, the paper argues that the early Wittgenstein did not aim at destroying the idea of a limit of language, but that the notion lies at the very heart of Wittgenstein's early view. In doing so, the paper employs and defends the Kantian interpretation of Wittgenstein's early philosophy.

Comparison of hospital length of stay and hospitalization costs among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation treated with apixaban or warfarin: An early view

Objective: To quantify and compare hospital length of stay (LOS) and costs between hospitalized non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients treated with either apixaban or warfarin via a large claims database.Methods: Adult patients hospitalized with AF were selected from the Premier Perspective Claims Database (01JAN2013-31MARCH2014). Patients with evidence of valvular heart disease, valve replacement procedures, or pregnancy during the index hospitalization were excluded. Patients treated with apixaban or warfarin during hospitalization were identified. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to control for baseline imbalances between patients treated with apixaban or warfarin. Primary outcomes were hospital LOS (days), post-medication administration LOS, and index hospitalization costs, and were compared using paired t-tests in the matched sample.Results: Before PSM, 2894 apixaban and 124,174 warfarin patients were identified. Patients treated with warfarin were older and sicker compared to those treated with apixaban. After applying PSM, a total of 2886 patients were included in each cohort, and baseline characteristics were balanced. The mean (standard deviation [SD] and median) hospital LOS was significantly (p = 0.002) shorter for patients treated with apixaban for 5.1 days (5.7 and 3) compared to warfarin for 5.5 days (4.8 and 4). The trend appeared consistent in the hospital LOS from point of apixaban or warfarin administration to discharge (4.5 vs 4.7 days, p = 0.051). Patients administered apixaban incurred significantly lower hospitalization costs compared to those administered warfarin ($11,262 vs $12,883; p < 0.001).Conclusions: Among NVAF patients, apixaban treatment was associated with significantly shorter hospital LOS and lower costs when compared to warfarin treatment.

Marriage by the State or Married to the State: Choice of Law in Marriage and Divorce

This paper discusses the evolution of choice of law in matters of marriage and divorce in relation to that of substantive marriage law, focusing primarily on heterosexual marriages. It suggests that while in earlier times (and until World War II) there was a close correlation between the substantive regulation of marriage and divorce and the choice-of-law rules in this field (through the common concept of marriage as a matter of status), this correlation no longer exists. The paper demonstrates the current structure and purpose of marriage and divorce in their various legal manifestations which are quite different to the concept of status, and compares it to the current choice-of-law rules on the matter in which the person-state relation is still embedded, concluding that though substantive family law has changed immensely, choice-of-law rules have remained substantially the same. It is argued that the early view of marriage and divorce as matters of state concern was reflected in the choice-of-law rules, but that these rules have not internalised changes that have occurred in the way state law treats marriage today, according to which marriage is now regarded far more as a private matter. In order to re-establish the close relationship between substantive law and the choice-of-law rules, the paper identifies leading theoretical features of modern-day marriage law, including the principle of party autonomy. The paper concludes by suggesting ways of incorporating the modern view of marriage and divorce in choice of law.

Retraction: "Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Pancreatic Cancer Using Integrated Transcriptomics With Functional Pathways Analysis" by Zhang, X., Tong, P., Chen, J., Pei, Z., Zhang, X., Chen, W., Xu, J. and Wang, J.

The above article from the Journal of Cellular Physiology, published online on 10 March 2016 in Wiley Online Library as Early View (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/jcp.25353/), has been retracted by agreement between Gary Stein, the journal's Editor-in-Chief, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation at the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, which confirmed that the article was submitted and approved for publication by Dr. Jin Wang without acknowledgement of NIH funding received or the consent and authorship of Dr. Ann Killary and Dr. Subrata Sen, with whom the manuscript was originally drafted.

From the Editor: Studying Religion in a Rapidly Changing World

From the Editor: Studying Religion in a Rapidly Changing World

Wiley‐Blackwell Early View Service

The Photogrammetric RecordVolume 31, Issue 153 p. 111-111 Notes Wiley-Blackwell Early View Service First published: 14 March 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/phor.10_12142Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume31, Issue153March 2016Pages 111-111 RelatedInformation

Hidden caring, hidden carers? Exploring the experience of carers for people with long term conditions. Health and Social Care in the Community (online early view)

Hidden caring, hidden carers? Exploring the experience of carers for people with long term conditions. Health and Social Care in the Community (online early view)

50 years of Crystal Research and Technology (1966 – 2016)

50 years of Crystal Research and Technology (1966 – 2016)

Editorial

Volume 40 of Systematic Entomology comprises 44 original papers, an editorial, 2 opinion pieces and 3 book reviews. This will be the last year that we will publish Book Reviews, as they will now be published in our Royal Entomological Society sister journal Antenna. We will continue to solicit overviews of the systematics of specific groups when available, opinions on contentious issues, and produce timely virtual issues to reflect publication trends in the field of insect systematics. This year was definitely the year of the beetle, with 15 papers published in Systematic Entomology specifically devoted to Coleoptera phylogeny and systematics. This is a particularly important volume for those interested in the beetle Tree of Life, with papers on the higher phylogeny of Coleoptera (McKenna et al., 2015b), Staphyliniformia and Scarabaeiformia (McKenna et al., 2015a), Cucujoidea (Robertson et al., 2015; McElrath et al. 2015), and various families such as Buprestidae (Evans et al., 2015), Histeridae (Caterino & Tishechkin, 2015; Leivas et al., 2015), Hydroscaphidae (Short et al., 2015), Boganiidae (Escalona et al., 2015) and Coccinellidae (Szawaryn et al., 2015). Similarly, for those interested in the Tree of Life for moths and butterflies, we published important papers on the higher phylogeny of Lepidoptera by Kristensen et al. (2015) and Regier et al. (2015a,b), along with papers on Geometridae (Sihvonen et al., 2015), Lycaenidae (Boyle et al., 2015), Sphingidae (Ponce et al., 2015) and Nymphalidae (Gemmell & Marcus, 2015). The papers by Schutze et al. (2015a,b) are excellent examples of integrative taxonomy yielding results for applied pest diagnostics with tangible international implications for trade and politics. The Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)) is one of the most destructive pests in horticulture, beset by a problematic taxonomic identity associated with phenotypic variation and provincial taxonomic assessments. In their assessment of the taxonomic identity of B. dorsalis among three other associated names, Schutze et al. (2015a,b) provide an a detailed and compelling argument for synonymy and stabilization of the identity of this species with far reaching implications for international trade in horticulture throughout the world. The situation regarding the validity of nomenclatural information when made available in Early View prior to journal issue and page allocation was aired in an Opinion piece at the start of the year (Cranston et al. (2015). The problem arose when the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature amended its rules to permit electronic-only publication, but failed to address explicitly our situation in which electronic content is available as Early View prior to inclusion in a journal issue. Some taxonomists believe Early View articles to be pre-publications, and any nomenclatural actions contained therefore unavailable. The editors and management of this journal disagree: such articles are immutable, include the date of e-publication, have a permanent DOI and therefore are valid for nomenclatural purposes. Between 1 January and mid-October 2015, 95 submissions were received, with an average of 9.5 papers submitted per month. A significant number of manuscripts were rejected either before, or after review, and Systematic Entomology had an acceptance rate in 2015 of 50.6%. As editors of Systematic Entomology, we will continue to be highly selective among submissions as we strive to attract and publish only the finest papers on insect systematics. The geographical breakdown by corresponding author of the 49 original contributions published is as follows: USA (20), Australia (6), P.R. China and Brazil (3 each), Finland, France Poland, United Kingdom (2 each), Germany, Czech Republic, New Zealand, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, Sweden, Belgium and Denmark (1 each). We thank all contributors for the effort they put into their papers, and all reviewers and board members for helping to improve the quality of the journal.

SIGEST

The SIGEST paper in this issue, “Optimization in High Dimensions via Accelerated, Parallel, and Proximal Coordinate Descent,” by Olivier Fercoq and Peter Richtárik, is an expanded version of their paper “Accelerated, Parallel, and Proximal Coordinate Descent” from the SIAM Journal on Optimization. Coordinate descent methods, which search for a lower value of the objective function by varying one or a small number of variables, are useful for problems so large that operations on full-sized vectors are impractical. If the vector of design variables will not fit in main memory, for example, then a full vector operation would require disk access. The paper considers a special class of convex optimization problems which has a structure that favors coordinate descent methods. The authors exploit this structure with a method they call APPROX (accelerated, parallel, and proximal). The structure of the problem facilitates parallelism. The method is accelerated in the sense that the convergence rate is proportional to the reciprocal of the square of the iteration number, rather than the reciprocal. Proximal methods penalize large differences between iterations. The authors have added a section on applications of the results in this expanded version. This new material appeared after the original paper and illustrates the utility of the theory very well. Interestingly, the section on applications is not at the end, but is a new second section which appears before the description of the algorithm. The advantage of this is that the reader gets an early view of how the problem class maps to applications, making it easier to appreciate the paper.