Early Ventures Research Articles

Book review: Empirically Supported Therapies: Best Practice in Professional Psychology.

KEITH S. DOBSON and KENNETH D. CRAIG (Eds.) Empirically Supported Therapies: Best Practice in Professional Psychology Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998, 333 pages (ISBN 0-7619-1076-X, US$36.95, Softcover) Reviewed by DAVID R. EVANS Since 1969, when the first Banff Conference was held, the focus has continued to be on treatment and its validity. The Banff Conference was conceived as a way to bring together leaders in behaviour therapy to present and discuss their evolving behavioural treatments and the empirical support for them. In many ways the focus of this book on empirically supported therapies comes full circle to remind us of the importance of the empirical support for the therapies we employ, and the original goals of the Banff Conference. The book is divided into two sections devoted to general theoretical issues on the one hand and empirically validated treatments in specific areas on the other. The lead chapter is by Paul Crits-Christoph, a member of the APA Division 12 task force. He discusses the task force report, some of the reactions to it, and some of the future concerns and possibilities. The chapter provides a good overview for the reader and an orientation for the rest of the book. Steven C. Hayes is the author of the second chapter devoted to a consideration of political, economic, and professional forces that argue for, and at times against, the adoption of scientific practice guidelines in psychological practice. This is a significant contribution to the book because it is important that all practicing psychologists understand the external forces demanding that we work toward empirical support for all of the treatments we employ. In the third chapter, Larry E. Beutler and Mary Baker address a number of methodological issues that must be considered in the design of research to provide empirical validation for a treatment, including therapy models and patient individual differences. This chapter captures the complexity required in future empirical research compared to many of our current and early ventures. Chapter 4 by John R. Weisz provides a good overview of empirical validation studies of treatments for children and adolescents, and raises three major concerns with current studies in the area. This contribution, although devoted to children and adolescents, alerts us to the importance of developmentally related variables such as context and age-specific condition when we are designing empirical validation studies. The last chapter in the first section is by Anna Beth Doyle, who draws our attention to culture, another major factor that must be considered as empirically supported treatments are identified. The author of this chapter claims that there are almost no empirical studies assessing the effectiveness of specific treatments with minority culture clients. This suggests an important area for future research in the development of culture-specific treatments and their empirical validation. The lead chapter in the second section of the book is authored by Peter D. McLean and Kent W. Anderson, and is focused on the evolution of empirically validated treatments for depression. The authors also discuss the interplay between factors related to various therapeutic orientations and empirical findings. This chapter provides a good overview of theory, research, and future directions in the treatment of depression. In Chapter 7, Andrew Christensen and Neil S. Jacobson discuss traditional behavioural couples therapy, their integrative behavioural couples therapy, and preliminary data comparing the two approaches. They conclude their chapter with a brief overview of some of their ideas about the difficulties of executing empirical studies of therapy, particularly couples therapy. …

Disassociating the "Associated Artists": The Early Business Ventures of Louis C. Tiffany, Candace T. Wheeler, and Lockwood de Forest

Disassociating the "Associated Artists": The Early Business Ventures of Louis C. Tiffany, Candace T. Wheeler, and Lockwood de Forest

The Size of the Informal Venture Capital Market in the United Kingdom

Despite its undoubted importance to the financing of entrepreneurial ventures, there are few reliable measures of the size of the informal venture capital market. This paper reviews three methods used to generate such estimates – market-based approaches, firm-based approaches and the capture-recapture approach – and develops an alternative approach that is based on scaling up from the visible segment of this market represented by business angel networks. This methodology is applied to provide the first formal estimate of the size of the informal venture capital market in the United Kingdom. Informal venture capital investment is shown to broadly equate to the amount of institutional venture capital provided to start-up and early stage ventures. Reflecting the smaller average size of investments in the informal venture capital market, however, eight times as many businesses raise finance from business angels than from institutional venture capital funds.

Relationship Between Spectral Data from an Aerial Image and Soil Organic Matter and Phosphorus Levels

Early ventures into site-specific management involved fertilizer management decisions based on soil chemical properties characterized by some form of grid sampling. This is both labor and capital intensive and practitioners quickly began investigating other methods to get a measure of spatial variability. Aerial photographs, which were mainly used to evaluate and assess crop status, allow for the collection of whole-field data at relatively low cost. Our objective is to determine what relationships exist between aerial spectral data and intensive grid soil test results and whether this information can be used to improve future soil sampling strategies. Soil-test organic matter (OM) and Bray-1 P concentrations were measured on soil samples taken using an alternating 12.2- by 24.4-m grid in late March 1994 from a quarter section under center pivot irrigation. Spectral data were collected in the spring of 1996 prior to planting using a multispectral network of digital cameras. Correlations of brightness values from the blue, green, and NIR bands with both OM and Bray-1 P were significant, but relatively low. Normality tests revealed that brightness values for the spectral data sets were generally evenly distributed while those of the soil test OM and Bray-1 P were positively skewed. Many of the very high soil-test data values were due to past management. When those values were removed from the database, greater correlations between spectral data and soil test data were obtained. These results substantiated that aerial imagery can be used to improve sampling strategies, but it must be used in conjunction with existing knowledge and past management histories.

Contemporary Sociology: A Quarter Century of Book Reviews

In beginning, knowledge was spread by spoken word, then later by written manuscripts, and with invention of movable type and printing press late 15th century, increasingly by mass-produced printed page. After Gutenberg, information and ideas now portable, could migrate back and forth while scholars remained place. They were thus delivered from many of constraints of time and distance that had previously restricted access to intellectual trove housed established centers of learning. By early 18th century, according to Alvin Kernan, Gutenberg's heirs had transformed the more advanced countries of Europe from oral into print societies, reordering entire social world. The abundant harvest of publications often dismayed defenders of orthodoxy. Alexander Pope's mock spokesman, Martin Scriblerus, says about The Dunciad that in those days, when (after providence had permitted Invention of Printing as a scourge for sins of learned) Paper also became so cheap, and printers so numerous, that a deluge of authors cover'd land (Kernan, 1989:9, 11). The faculty of University of Paris, alarmed by dangers imposed by uncertified intruders, regularly warned students against unsupervised reading privacy of their rooms for fear that absence of mature guidance they might be seduced into error and heresy. The review was established as a genre, and criticism as a profession, response to this perceived crisis of abundance. By 1831, Thomas Carlyle, writing Edinburgh Review, most successful of these early ventures, complained that Far is it from us to disparage our own craft, whereby we

A breakthrough in the quality of seismic data from the fold belt of Papua New Guinea

BP and other operators have been exploring for hydrocarbons in the Papuan Fold Belt for 70 years. From the earliest ventures it was evident that the broad, elevated surface anticlines were indicative of similar structures at depth. Geologic field‐work confirmed the surface structures and allowed cross‐sections of the subsurface to be generated by extrapolation to depth. This approach has become the paradigm for exploration in the fold belt. It has allowed exploratory drilling to proceed with some significant success.

Voyages in Print: English Travel to America, 1576-1624.

List of illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Early ventures: writing under the Gilbert and Ralegh patents 2. Ralegh's discoveries: the two voyages to Guiana 3. Mastering words: the Jamestown colonists and John Smith 4. The 'great prose epic': Hakluyt's Voyages Notes Bibliography Index.

Revisioning Reading Assessment: Remembering to Learn from the Legacy of Reading Tests

e have witnessed recently the emergence of a new vision of reading assessment. That vision, created out of a disenchantment with standardized achievement tests, has been fueled by factors such as current research on language, literacy, and cognitive development (Chittenden 1987); a waning faith in behaviorism and the emergence of a new paradigm (Heshusius 1989); and an explicit recognition of the politicization of educational assessment (Shannon 1993). The drive to create statewide measures that were alternatives to standardized tests began somewhat tentatively with efforts in Illinois (Valencia and Pearson 1987) and Wisconsin (Wixson, Peters, Weber, and Roeber 1987). Although these early ventures still retained multiple choice questions, they introduced new elements, concepts such as the activation of schema in preparation for reading, the inclusion of some openended response questions, and an increase in the length of texts. Such elements have been advocated in the research and theoretical literature for some time; given that standardized testing permeates the educational culture of the United States, however, initial moves to “revision” reading assessment were quite significant. More recent efforts have moved toward making the text in reading assessments more like the reading of the real world and less like an artifact that exists nowhere else but in school. Several different terms are used for this new kind of reading assessment: portfolio assessment, performance-based assessment, and authentic assessment (see, for example, Brandt 1993; Gough

“Excellence / Access” and “Nation / Community”

Like the work produced within the ambit of the Canadian Popular Theatre Alliance, Australian community theatre had its origins in the radical theatre of the 1960s and 1970s. The two most productive and influential groupings were those formed within and around the Australian Performing Group (APG) in Melbourne, formed in the late 1960s, and the Popular Theatre Troupe (PTT) in Brisbane, formed in the early 1970s. The initial nucleus of the APG was a group of activists from the most radical of the university campuses, Monash University, which, through avid reading of The Drama Review, threw together an odd, and not always happy, amalgam of US agitprop, Grotowski, and a concern with popular performance styles, to produce a broadly left-wing theatre which veered between the populist and the avant-garde. The Popular Theatre Troupe drew much of its original inspiration from the work of British director and animateur Albert Hunt, who was invited to Brisbane and assisted in establishing the venture. Hunt’s work gave the early ventures of the PTT a style built around large scale outdoor events of a participatory nature, although the company eventually moved towards a small nucleus performing touring agitprop shows. In the case of both companies, their legacies lie at least as much in the energy they generated around their edges as in the shows they produced: alumni of both were important in establishing many of the community theatre companies which began to appear towards the end of the 1970s.

Letters to the Editor

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Dear Sir: P. Prioreschi's interesting discussion of the evidence for the ubiquity of neolithic trephining (Perspectives 34:296 ff.) was certainly a novel approach to the inferred rationale for such early ventures in cranial surgery. And entertaining. Unfortunately, his explanatory hypothesis suffers from an all-too-common fatal a priori assumption: the implicit notion that neolithic man possessed only an infantile or at best a neotenic mentality. That idea is not supported by any evidence whatsoever. Neolithic humans passed the most severe of intelligence tests. They survived! With nothing more formidable than their brains to aid their pathetically fragile bodies, they endured the rigors of ice ages and worse. A test that the vast majority of present-day Homo sapkns would demonstrably flunk. Phrases such as "the breath of life" are known from mankind's very earliest written records. Surely, that observation didn'tjust spring to mind because we happened to learn to write and thus leave a record of our intelligence. Surely, thousands of generations of preliterate hunters knew that, if their prey was still breathing, it was still alive and possibly still dangerous. Certainly none but the most infantile or defective of our own era would confuse typical unconsciousness with death. Signs of real death were just as unmistakable, and assuredly a whole lot more familiar, to Neolithic peoples. Heartbeat aside, open, unresponsive eyes; no respiration; postmortem lividity; rigor mortis; then stink and decay were without question all very familiar attributes to early hunting societies. It may be that they confused unconsciousness with sleep. We might do the same. But it strains credulity beyond the breaking point to suggest that Neolithic folks confused mere unconsciousness with death. Both female great apes and cetaceans have been reported supporting the bodies of their infant dead until death was unmistakable. But that is the opposite "error," mistaking death for unconsciousness. And if the infant really is unconscious , instead of dead, that has survival value. It seems reasonable to assume our Neolithic parents were at least that clever. As for the hypothesis of raising the "dead" through trephining, from the pespective of contemporary superstitions and literature concerning the dead and the "living dead" (the "undead"), granting Neolithics intelligence not too different from our own, we can as easily conclude that postmortem trephining was done to ensure the dead stayed dead as to believe the motive was resurrection . Permission to reprint a letter printed in this section may be obtained only from the author. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 35, 2 ¦ Winter 1992 311 A wholly scientific answer to all the whys of neolithic trephining remains, simply: We don't know. D. B. Tyler POB 6017, Albany Station Berkeley, California 94706-601 7 Dear Sir: Dr. Tyler's criticism is interesting but unfortunately suffers from an all-toocommon , fatal a priori assumption: the implicit notion that Neolithic man operated according to modern paradigms. It appears that Tyler's main objection concerns Neolithic criteria of death. According to him, Neolithic man would have no problem at all in diagnosing death because of the presence of "open, unresponsive eyes" and the absence of respiration and heartbeats. Tyler also mentions "postmortem lividity; rigor mortis . . . stink, and decay" but these are, of course, late phenomena that have nothing to do with our discussion. Undoubtedly Tyler is aware that a person who has fainted has eyes (often open) that do not follow movement (I assume this is the meaning of "open, unresponsive eyes"—surely he does not mean pupillary rigidity). Concerning absence of respiration, Tyler undoubtedly knows how difficult it sometimes is to detect very shallow respiratory movements and how, in the not too distant past, mirrors were put in front of the mouth of presumably dead patients to be sure that they were not breathing. Pulse, in an unconscious patient, is often detected only after careful palpation ofarteries other than the radial, and heartbeats are sometimes difficult to detect even with a good stethoscope. The fear of being buried alive, so common in our society until quite recently, was, in fact, based on the possibility of death's being misdiagnosed. These points, however, are of marginal importance because they are elements of...

Early Phoenician Presence in the Mediterranean Islands: A Reappraisal

The genesis of the Phoenicians and the nature of their earliest ventures overseas are two controversial issues that lack satisfactory archaeological data. The working hypothesis of this paper is that Phoenician colonial activities had started in the early 12th century B.C. and were already well established by the end of the 10th century B.C. Reevaluation of both old and new discoveries indicates that a long but steady process initiated by Levantine diaspora on Cyprus was followed, i.a., by permanent Phoenician posts on Crete in order to expand their trade routes beyond the Aegean as far as Sardinia in the west.*

Art and Ambiguity: The Politics of Friedrich Engels

In writing an intellectual biography of Friedrich Engels, I hypothesized that a careful examination of his youthful oeuvre would help to explain certain puzzles and inconsistencies in his later life. My investigation of this period exposed two areas of ambiguity: First, in considering his early ventures into art, and his youthful opinions about it, the biographer confronts inherent ambiguities of interpretation. Second, modern readers necessarily experience ambiguities in their own reactions when they examine some of the romantic imagery used by the young Engels, as it is now evocative of fascism, rather than democracy, as he intended. In conclusion I list the political questions raised by my study.

Applied Geography and Area Research in Nazi Society; Central Place Theory and Planning, 1933 to 1945

The earliest ventures in applied geography and area research were developed during the Weimar Republic. In 1933 the first theoretical study appeared: the central place theory by Walter Christaller. Under National Socialism good research conditions existed for social scientists (at least, those who were not persecuted, exiled, or murdered) who wanted to implement their theories. Law and central planning organizations provided the political and institutional basis for scientific research. Power struggles and conflicts concerning competence between different institutions headed by Hitler, Himmler, and Rosenberg afforded scientists freedom to develop new approaches and conduct research within the control imposed by a central organization. Walter Christaller, who was too old for a university career, worked in such institutions under Himmler. His personal and political biography is imbued with paradoxes: a former member of the Social Democratic Party, he switched to the Nazi Party in 1940, in 1945 to the Communist Party, and once again to the Social Democratic Party in 1959. However, these events merely hint at the complex nature of the political context in which Christaller and other scientists worked from 1933 to 1945. This paper is an attempt to illuminate the ‘reactionary modernism’ of the Nazi State, drawing from archival material and recent historical studies on social science in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s.

Pictures for the People: Knight's "Penny Magazine", an Early Venture into Popular Art Education

The history of non-institutional art education has not been a central concern in studies of nineteenth-century British art education. This paper examines the first successful effort to popularize knowledge about art: an inexpensive, masscirculation pictorial miscellany, The Penny Magazine (1832-1845). Representative illustrations from this magazine show that its editor and publisher, Charles Knight, planned his art education program partly as an attempt to socialize the English worker. But other textual and pictorial evidence shows that Knight's greater concern was to democratize art by making its imagery, history, and theory affordable and comprehensible to all. His magazine thus formed an early link between high culture and popular experience.

TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND ENTREPRENEURIAL SPINOFFS

ABSTRACT The paper notes the rationale for industrial policy supporting early phase technical ventures and deplores the relative lack of policy attention to entrepreneurship. It recognizes that incubator organizations form highly important elements in an entrepreneurially productive environment, identifies Ottawa's main incubators, and argues the need to make universities and government laboratories better incubators.

Videotex: Return engagement: Undaunted by unsuccessful ventures, U.S. corporate giants are planning new investments to give the technology a second chance

Some of the mistakes made in earlier ventures are discussed. These included undue attention to high-resolution graphics and reliance upon dedicated videotex terminals. New videotex ventures will seek to avoid these errors by striving for flexible technology emphasizing interactive services, exploiting the personal computer, and taking advantage of the small-business market. Descriptions are given of some of the new services that will soon be available.

In the land of the war canoes

Edward Sheriff Curtis was a man of genius: pioneer photographer, author, and motion-picture maker. In 1914, he made a full-length f i lm--the first of its k indabout the aboriginal life of the Kwakiutl, a spectacular maritime people of the Northwest Coast, vastly different from the tribes of the mountains and the plains. Titled In the Land of the Head-Hunters, the film had a short burst of critical glory and then, for unknown reasons, faded from sight. Between 1967 and 1974 we restored the Curtis motion picture, edited the original footage, added a second track, and changed the title to In the Land of the War Canoes. During production, Edward August Schwinke, one of Curtis's chief assistants, made his own private record of the filming. With a 1903 Eastman Kodak camera, Schwinke shot Edward Curtis behind his movie camera; George Hunter, megaphone in hand, directing the actors; and the actors themse lves , re laxing be tween takes. Schwinke's photographs, combined with prints made from frames of the film itself and Curtis's own photographs of the Kwakiutl, offer an exciting view of an early ethnographic film venture.

Health Departments in a National Health Service: An American Perspective

ments. Major issues confronting health departments are presented, as well as suggestions for the future. Since colonial times, public medical services in America mirrored the British system-they were a part of poor relief and began with a charitable flavor which still persists. There were three varieties of early govemmental approaches to care for the general population: 1. The public hospital system under local, state, and federal auspices growing out of the "pesthouse" for conmunicable disease isolation, the insane asylum" for controlling those considered mentally ill, and the "sick ward" in the poorhouse. 2. The "free dispensary" of the eighteenth century designed to dispense free drugs. The Philadelphia Dispensary founded in 1786 was the first of its kind in the United States, followed by the New York Dispensary in 1791, and the Boston Dispensary in 1796. These facilities ministered to the sick poor and provided home visits. 3. Systems of public care including home, office, hospital, and custodial services for special groups, e.g., the aged, children, and the blind (1). In these early ventures, physicians' care was provided by assigned individuals and financed by monthly salary, contract, or fees, usually given to the lowest bidder. Tax-supported care required strict economy. Physicians in community service were expected to conserve funds. The poor were expected to serve involuntarily as the objects of teaching beginning in 181o at Harvard College (2).

Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships

This review focuses on interpersonal and informal affective between adults. Such relationships, as we conceive of them, are those which are generally thought to be voluntary and sustained largely because the partners find interaction pleasurable. The bondedness of affective relationships is prosai­ cally illustrated in the following statement culled from an interview with a college student: ... I adore her. When I'm with her, I look at her constantly .... We are united together. Three elements integral to describing close are re­ flected in this young man's pronouncement: a favorable attitude (I adore her), as evidenced in affection, respect, liking, or love; behavioral involvement (I look at her constantly), as manifested in affiliative action; and joint belongingness (We are united together), a relational force indicative of perceived mutual identity. Weak involvement would be shown by indifference, a failure to seek out the other, and the absence of joint bonds. Interpersonal attraction, as defined by social psychologists, refers to the first of the three elements-attitudinal positivity. Although theory and research on inter­ personal attraction is a recent social psychological concern, the subject has given rise to a great deal of empirical work. Naturalistic settings were the locus for Moreno's (222) early ventures into sociometry, for Festinger, Schachter & Back's

Some Early Ventures in the Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen

Some Early Ventures in the Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen