Early Termination Of Breastfeeding Research Articles

Predictors of breastfeeding duration on mothers who return to work: a systematic review

Introduction: the idea of continuing breastfeeding and work raises conflicting demands on the mother. Work correlates with early termination of breastfeeding and full-time work is associated with a shorter duration of breastfeeding than working part time. Objective: we aimed to systematically explore literature relating to factors related to breastfeeding duration in mothers returning to work. Materials and Methods: this research uses systematic review where systematic review is carried out following a combination of selected reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis. Results: many selected articles were found related to factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding in breastfeeding mothers who returned to work. Discussions: delaying return to work until at least 15 weeks postpartum indicates a long duration of breastfeeding (at least 6 months). Part-time work is also positively related to the duration of feeding. Conclusions: employment and early return to work, support from social environment, perception of milk production, higher maternal occupational and education, household income, delaying return to work at least 15 weeks postpartum, working part time and longer maternity leave are predictors of breastfeeding duration on mother return to work.

Effect of nursing teaching protocol on mastitis prognosis: quasi-experimental research design

Background Mastitis is a problematic issue because it may lead to many complications as early termination of breastfeeding, formation of breast abscess, deformity of breast tissue, and recurrence. Nursing management is conducted to deepen patients’ understanding of the diseases, enhancing self-care ability, and establishing healthy living habits. Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a nursing teaching protocol on mastitis prognosis. Design A quasi-experimental research design was utilized. Setting The study was conducted in the breast unit in general surgery department at Main Assiut University Hospital. Sample A convenient sample of sixty adult female patients diagnosed with mastitis was included. Toolss Four tools used I: An interview questionnaire sheet, II: Mastitis self-care practices, III: Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and IV: Mastitis prognosis sheet. Results The mean age of both study and control groups was (37.57±9.01, 38.30±9.24 respectively). (60.0% and 50.0% respectively) of both groups had lactational mastitis. There was statistically significant improvement in study group’s level of knowledge and self-care practices at follow up. Moreover, (63.3%, 70.0% respectively) of both groups had severe pain at base line. However, at follow up (66.7%,) of study group didn’t have any pain and cured completely. while (40.0%) of control still having severe pain, (33.3%) discontinued breast feeding and (20.0%) converted into breast abscess. Conclusion Implementation of a nursing teaching protocol had a positive outcome on mastitis prognosis. Recommendation Distribution of a mastitis teaching protocol for patients with mastitis to improve prognosis.

Breast milk jaundice affects breastfeeding: From the perspective of intestinal flora and SCFAs-GPR41/43.

Breast milk jaundice (BMJ) is one of the main factors leading to interruption or early termination of breastfeeding. Interrupting breastfeeding to treat BMJ may increase the adverse consequences for infant growth and disease prevention. The Intestinal flora and metabolites are increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target in BMJ. First, dysbacteriosis can lead to a decrease in the metabolite short-chain fatty acids. At the same time, SCFA can act on specific G protein-coupled receptors 41 and 43 (GPR41/43), and a decrease in SCFA downregulates the GPR41/43 pathway, leading to a diminished inhibition of intestinal inflammation. In addition, intestinal inflammation leads to a decrease in intestinal motility and a large amount of bilirubin enters the enterohepatic circulation. Ultimately, these changes will result in the development of BMJ. In this review, we will describe the underlying pathogenetic mechanism of the intestinal flora effects on BMJ.

Modern patterns of eating behavior in children

Background. Nowadays, increasingly greater attention is paid to the problem of nutrition as a key factor in influencing a child’s health and development. Eating disorders can be observed already in early childhood, from the newborn period. Purpose: to study the modern patterns of eating behavior in children taking into account the age aspect. Material and methods. One hundred and thirty-eight children aged 6 months to 12 years were examined. The examination was anonymous and involved the use of the original questionnaire for parents, which consisted of 70 questions. Results. During the study, the peculiarities of eating behavior in children of different age were evaluated. In the newborn period, 5 main types of eating behavior were analyzed, which differed by the breastfeeding act, and there was a connection with the further development of functional digestive disorders. In infants, 3 main groups of eating disorders have been detected: regime disorders, functional gastrointestinal disorders, early termination of breastfeeding. Eating habits within the first 1,000 days were characterized by naughtiness in a third of children, the use of entertainment during meals, refusal to eat at the proper time. In older children, the general characteristics of the diet, family food habits and taste preferences, as well as the family’s cultural and educational level had a considerable influence on the formation of eating behavior. Conclusions. The identification of modern nutritional patterns, taking into account the age aspect and the set of factors affecting the formation, development and occurrence of eating behavior deviations, allows timely preventing the development of pathological conditions and determining the further approaches to the formation of healthy eating habits.

The introduction of complementary foods in children. Practical questions

The article presents data characterizing the features and timing of the introduction of complementary foods to children of the first year of life living in the Belgorod region. The purpose of the study was to study the features of feeding children in the first year of life living in the Belgorod region, and to evaluate the success of the implementation of the “National Program for Optimizing the Feeding of Children in the First Year of Life” in pediatric practice. Methods. Subject to the principles of voluntariness and confidentiality, interviews were conducted with 348 women with young children (the first two years of life) born at 38-41 weeks of gestation with an Apgar score of at least 8 points. To conduct the study, a questionnaire was developed that allows retrospectively assessing the duration of breastfeeding and the timing of the introduction of complementary foods. Results. When assessing the nutrition of children in the first year of life, the following problems were identified: early termination of breastfeeding (before the child reaches the age of 3 months) - in 29.8% of cases, violation of the timing of the introduction of complementary foods (earlier than 4 months and later than 6 months - 22% children), the rules for the introduction of complementary foods (52.7%) and the range of selected products. The main source of information for young parents about complementary foods, the timing and methods of its introduction were: in 60.1% - medical workers, in 12.9% - the opinion and advice of relatives, friends and acquaintances, in 3.2% - the exchange of information with other parents with children of the same age, in 18.1% - information contained on the Internet. Research results. The results of the study show the need for further work on the active implementation of the existing recommendations in the practice of pediatricians, aimed at implementing the principles of breastfeeding support to increase the duration of lactation, on the timeliness of the introduction of complementary foods, the implementation of the rules for the introduction and selection of the range of introduced food products.

Factors that Influence Obesogenic Infant Feeding Practices: Findings from an Urban Community in Malaysia

Introduction: Feeding practices in the first year of life is crucial for an optimum physical and mental development of a child. Early feeding practices that include breastfeeding practices and complementary feeding practices mold a lifetime eating habit that is linked with future obesity. However, these feeding practices are influenced by many factors. This study explored the factors influencing obesogenic feeding practices during the first year of life. This study reports the qualitative findings from a larger study that was conducted in two health clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: An in depth interview using a grounded theory approach was used to obtain findings that involved ten mothers. Interviews were coded and arranged in themes to generate a model that explains the factors that influence obesogenic feeding practices among the infants in the study population. Results: Practices linked to obesogenic feeding practices in the study participants were early termination of breastfeeding, early introduction to complementary food and introduction to sugar. Themes that emerged from this finding include, infants’ influence such as: refusal to breastfeed, maternal influence such as ; perceived milk insufficiency, maternal knowledge and perception, religious practice and external influences such as: influence of family and friends and lack of family support. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of inclusion of family members and public in intervention programs that target to promote healthy and appropriate infant feeding.

Relationship Between the Rates of Breast Milk Production of Preterm Mothers in the First Week Post-Delivery and Continuation of Breastfeeding Through Discharge

BackgroundMothers of preterm infants born between 26- and 35-weeks’ gestation often report challenges with maintaining a pumping schedule and experience perceptions of low milk supply, both of which may contribute to early termination of breastfeeding within the first few weeks.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the amount of expressed milk volumes in the first 2 weeks after delivery and infant’s continuing to receive mother’s milk at hospital discharge. These results were part of a larger study that examined multiple maternal variables that may impact the amount of milk volumes and continuation of breastfeeding in the preterm infant admitted to the NICU.MethodsMothers of infants (N = 37) in the NICU were recruited for this correlational, longitudinal study. Data was collected at 24–48 hours post-delivery, at 2 weeks, at 4 weeks from mothers participating in the study and from infant chart reviews.Results/OutcomesMothers who reported higher expressed milk volumes at 3 days post-delivery had consistently higher volumes of expressed breast milk and a higher percentage of continued breastfeeding at hospital discharge. There was no statistically significant relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy scores, socio-demographic variables, or pumping frequency and the percentage of infants receiving breast milk at hospital discharge. Overall, 76.4% of the infants enrolled in the study were receiving 100% of their intake with fortified mother’s milk at hospital discharge.Discussion/Implications for PracticeThe use of a breast pump log in the first 2 weeks to monitor milk volumes may assist in predicting mothers who are at risk of lower milk supply and early discontinuation of breastfeeding.

Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants.

Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants.

Early Cessation of Breastfeeding and Determinants: Time to Event Analysis.

Background The onset of breastfeeding has a high success rate in most countries, but the time for termination of breastfeeding varies between countries. Objective This survey was aimed to determine the effective factors on the early termination of breastfeeding. Methods This study was conducted in 2018, in Iran. About 410 mothers were enrolled in the study. All considered factors were evaluated as factors influencing the continuity of breastfeeding. Survival analysis was used to analyze data. Results The mean age of the mothers was equal to 29.48 ± 5.8 years. The frequency of termination of breastfeeding before the first 2 years was equal to 34%. The mean of breastfeeding duration was equal to 21.49 ± 5.3 months. The percentage of infants who had been breastfed for 24 months was equal to 65.8%. An infant's birth weight (2500–4000 gr) (hazard ratio: 0.54), neonatal birth order (hazard ratio: 0.69), neonatal pathologic jaundice (hazard ratio: 1.52), starting time of using complementary food (hazard ratio: 2.45), using pacifier (hazard ratio: 2.82), and the status of using artificial milk (hazard ratio: 3.29) were significantly associated with cessation of breastfeeding before 24 months of age. The probability of termination of breastfeeding at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age was reported by 6%, 8%, 15%, and 34%, respectively. Conclusions There were notifiable variations in breastfeeding rates both in national and international levels. Nevertheless, in this study, the mean of breastfeeding duration was longer compared to a number of countries and previous national studies.

On the Relationship between Social Support and Early Breastfeeding Termination

On the Relationship between Social Support and Early Breastfeeding Termination

Breastfeeding termination and its determinants in Bangladesh: current status data modelling

ABSTRACT Breastfeeding duration has been linked to maternal and child health. Current-status (or interval-censored) data offers a more reliable measure of duration and cessation of breastfeeding than approaches that rely on recall, due to high percentage of ‘heaping’. The present study explores the determinants of breastfeeding termination within the first three years of life in Bangladesh using the Cox proportional hazards model. Data were drawn from two rounds of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys 2011 and 2014. Results showed that secondary or higher educated mothers (hazard ratio, [HR] 1.7), mothers from wealthier families (HR 1.4), and relatively over-nourished mothers (HR 1.2) were at higher risk of breastfeeding termination. Breastfeeding termination was also associated with contraceptive use, exposure to family planning programme in media and place of residence. Pooled data also suggests that early breastfeeding termination is increasing in Bangladesh. The findings have implications for policy makers in shaping public information campaigns on breastfeeding.

Establishment of lactation at the early stages, risk factors and prevention of hypogalactia

According to the literature, hypogalactia is the most common cause of early termination of breast-feeding. The article describes the risk factors for the development of hypogalactia in the first days after birth, such as cesarean section, motherchild separation, and the low frequency of newborn feeding in the first day of life. In addition, the use of formulas without medical indications, especially in the first days after birth, when the success lactation is being established, is the most common cause of termination of breastfeeding due to hypogalactia. Medical indications for supplementary feeding, as well as ways of feeding with a formula that would not suppress the mother’s own lactation, are discussed in detail in the article on the basis of the guidelines of the American Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Particular attention is paid to the main factors of the establishment of natural lactation: early application to the breast during the first hour of life, prolonged skin-toskin contact between mother and child, frequent feeding upon request of the child, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Cardiovascular Disease in American Indian and Alaska Native Youth: Unique Risk Factors and Areas of Scholarly Need.

In August 2016, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a scientific forum with 18 investigators active in the field of population health disparities. The purpose was to discuss heart, lung, and sleep disorders in children and adolescents of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN)

Epidural Labor Analgesia-Fentanyl Dose and Breastfeeding Success: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Breastfeeding is an important public health concern. High cumulative doses of epidural fentanyl administered for labor analgesia have been reported to be associated with early termination of breastfeeding. We tested the hypothesis that breastfeeding success is adversely influenced by the cumulative epidural fentanyl dose administered for labor analgesia. The study was a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of parous women at greater than 38 weeks gestation who planned to breastfeed, had successfully breastfed a prior infant, and who received neuraxial labor analgesia. Participants were randomized to receive one of three epidural maintenance solutions for labor analgesia (bupivacaine 1 mg/ml, bupivacaine 0.8 mg/ml with fentanyl 1 μg/ml, or bupivacaine 0.625 mg/ml with fentanyl 2 μg/ml). The primary outcome was the proportion of women breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum. Maternal and umbilical venous blood fentanyl and bupivacaine concentration at delivery were measured. A total of 345 women were randomized and 305 had complete data for analysis. The frequency of breastfeeding at 6 weeks was 97, 98, and 94% in the groups receiving epidural fentanyl 0, 1, and 2 μg/ml, respectively (P = 0.34). The cumulative fentanyl dose (difference: 37 μg [95% CI of the difference, -58 to 79 μg], P = 0.28) and maternal and umbilical cord venous fentanyl and bupivacaine concentrations did not differ between women who discontinued breastfeeding and those who were still breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum. Labor epidural solutions containing fentanyl concentrations as high as 2 μg/ml do not appear to influence breastfeeding rates at 6 weeks postpartum.

Determinants of early initiation, exclusiveness, and duration of breastfeeding in Uganda.

Breastfeeding practices in Uganda are contrary to the best practice recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Only six in 10 Ugandan children below the age of six months are exclusively breastfed. This paper investigated the determinants of breastfeeding practices in Uganda. Using the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) of 2006, we employed probit and Cox's regression techniques as well as the Kaplan-Meier survival functions during the analysis. On average, 56% and 46% initiated breastfeeding in the first hour and practised exclusive breastfeeding respectively while 25%, 50%, and 75% terminated breastfeeding at 18, 24, and 26 months respectively. The mean number of months of breastfeeding was 14.1, and the maximum was 40. Hospital delivery increased the probability of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding by 4-5% (p < 0.01) and 7-8% (p < 0.01) respectively. Prenatal care increased the probability of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding by 6-7% (p < 0.05) and 5-7% (p < 0.05) respectively. Birth intervals less than 24 months increased the risk of early termination of breastfeeding by 19% (p < 0.01). Hospital delivery and prenatal care should be made a priority, and mothers should be encouraged to adopt higher birth intervals.

Perceptions, concerns, and influence of growth charts among low‐income mothers (627.3)

Perceptions, concerns, and influence of growth charts among low‐income mothers Juhee Kim &amp;amp; Hema Chagarlamudi, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC Growth charts (GC) information is widely used in pediatric clinics and WIC program to monitor infancy growth and development. However, relatively less information is available on the use and importance of GC among mothers and their influence on infant feeding decisions in relation to obesity prevention. The aim of this study was to assess mothers’ perception and concerns about the GC and their impact on breastfeeding rate. Participants were mother‐infant dyads enrolled in an eastern Illinois WIC office (n=106). Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses with covariates of age, sex, race, and birth weight were performed. 66.0% of mothers reported that a pediatrician introduced the GC while 51.9% reported that WIC staff introduced the GC. 88.7% of mothers said their provider showed them where their child falls on the GC, but 74.8% reported that they are not concerned about their child’s weight on the GC. 90.9% of mothers reported that their provider clearly explained the GC. 31.7% of mothers reported GC influenced their feeding practices. 29.3% of mothers had early termination of breastfeeding (&lt;3 mo). Among mothers who stopped breastfeeding before 3 mo, 95.0% reported that they clearly understood the GC. 34.0% of mothers who said GC did not influence their feeding practices had early termination of breastfeeding while 21.7% of those influenced by the GC did (OR=1.58 CI=0.45‐5.54). 35.0% of mothers who were concerned with their child’s weight status had early termination of breastfeeding while 27.8% of those who were not concerned did (OR = 1.64 CI=0.49‐5.64). Most health care providers introduced GC but most mothers did not consider GC as important in their feeding practices or concerning. There is no relationship between GC and breastfeeding rate.Grant Funding Source: National Research Foundation of Korea Grant (NRF‐2011‐330‐B00190), INSPIRE University of Illinois)

Effects of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact on severe latch-on problems in older infants: a randomized trial

BackgroundInfants with latch-on problems cause stress for parents and staff, often resulting in early termination of breastfeeding. Healthy newborns experiencing skin-to-skin contact at birth are pre-programmed to find the mother’s breast. This study investigates if skin-to-skin contact between mothers with older infants having severe latching on problems would resolve the problem.MethodsMother-infant pairs with severe latch-on problems, that were not resolved during screening procedures at two maternity hospitals in Stockholm 1998–2004, were randomly assigned to skin-to-skin contact (experimental group) or not (control group) during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding counseling was given to both groups according to a standard model. Participants were unaware of their treatment group. Objectives were to compare treatment groups concerning the proportion of infants regularly latching on, the time from intervention to regular latching on and maternal emotions and pain before and during breastfeeding.ResultsOn hundred and three mother-infant pairs with severe latch-on problems 1–16 weeks postpartum were randomly assigned and analyzed. There was no significant difference between the groups in the proportion of infants starting regular latching-on (75% experimental group, vs. 86% control group). Experimental group infants, who latched on, had a significantly shorter median time from start of intervention to regular latching on than control infants, 2.0 weeks (Q1 = 1.0, Q3 = 3.7) vs. 4.7 weeks (Q1 = 2.0, Q3 = 8.0), (p-value = 0.020). However, more infants in the experimental group (94%), with a history of “strong reaction” during “hands-on latch intervention”, latched-on within 3 weeks compared to 33% in the control infants (Fisher Exact test p-value = 0.0001). Mothers in the experimental group (n = 53) had a more positive breastfeeding experience according to the Breastfeeding Emotional Scale during the intervention than mothers in the control group (n = 50) (p-value = 0.022).ConclusionsSkin-to-skin contact during breastfeeding seems to immediately enhance maternal positive feelings and shorten the time it takes to resolve severe latch-on problems in the infants who started to latch. An underlying mechanism may be that skin-to-skin contact with the mother during breastfeeding may calm infants with earlier strong reaction to “hands on latch intervention” and relieve the stress which may have blocked the infant’s inborn biological program to find the breast and latch on.Trial registrationKarolinska Clinical Trial Registration number CT20100055

Feeding practice among 6–36 months old in Tanzania and Uganda: Reliability and relationship with early childhood caries, ECC

Objective. To assess the reproducibility of caregivers' responses to dietary recall from birth and 24-h dietary recall with respect to infants' intake of sugared snacks and to assess whether those assessment methods provide comparable results for groups of infants. Re-test reliability and clinical covariates of time to first exposure of sugared snacks and time to termination of breastfeeding were also examined. It was hypothesized that time to first exposure/termination would vary according to socio-demographic profile and ECC. Method. Interviews and clinical oral examinations were carried out in Kampala and Manyara, including 1221 and 816 child–caregiver pairs. Reproducibility was assessed using Cohen's kappa and Intra Class Correlation Coefficient, ICC. Adjusted Cox regression was used to model time to first exposure of sugared snacks and time to termination of breastfeeding. Results. Cohen's kappa for intake of sugar items ranged from 0.40–1.0, with no differences observed between average intakes at test–re-test. Mean sugar score based on 24-h recall increased significantly by increasing quartiles of the sugar score based on recall from birth. Cox regression revealed that the odds ratio, OR, for early exposure to various sugared snacks and the ORs for early termination of breastfeeding were significantly smaller in infants with than without ECC. Conclusion. Fair-to-good reproducibility was established. Infant's sugar consumption emerge as early as 6 months of age. Survival of any breastfeeding and non-exposure to sugared snacks was most prolonged among infants with ECC. This has implications for interventions needed to improve feeding habits of infants and toddlers.

Early Predictors of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Among American Indian Children

American Indian (AI) children have the highest rates of obesity among ethnic groups in the United States, and rates continue to increase. This study was designed to examine the effects of prenatal and early postnatal factors on AI children's body mass index (BMI) trajectories, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk markers during early childhood. We screened 471 AI children (ages 5-8) from three Wisconsin tribes. Screenings included anthropometric and body fat measures and non-fasting lipid and glucose via fingerstick blood samples. Tribal records from Women Infants and Children (WIC) programs and clinic charts provided data on children's BMI trajectories, maternal prenatal factors, and the early postnatal feeding environment. Forty-seven percent of children were overweight or obese. Analysis of growth trajectories showed that children's BMI category was largely determined within the 1 year of life. Significant predictors of children's BMI category at age 1 included macrosomia (OR 4.38), excess gestational weight gain (OR 1.64) and early termination of breastfeeding (OR 1.66). Children who were overweight/obese at age 1 had greater odds of being overweight (OR 3.42) or obese (OR 3.36), and having unhealthy levels of body fat (OR 2.95) and LDL cholesterol (OR 1.64) at ages 5-8. Children's BMI category is determined in the early post-natal environment, within the 1 year of life, by factors including excess gestational weight gain and early termination of breastfeeding. In turn, children's BMI category at age 1 predicts the emergence of cardiovascular risk markers in early childhood.

BREAST FEEDING

Objective: To identify the factors, causing the early termination of breast feeding i.e. from birth to six months of age. Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: Outpatient Department of Ziauddin Medical University, Kemari Campus, Karachi. Period: June 2008 to December. 2008. Methods: A structured questionnaire was put to mothers of children up to two years of age attending the outpatient department of pediatrics. Results: Significant associations existed between the early termination of breast feeding and family income, family structure (nuclear vs. extended), mode of delivery ,delayed in initiation of breast feeding early weaning and antenatal counseling with a p-value of &lt;0.05. Conclusions: Provision of adequate prenatal counseling, early initiation, proper economical and environmental support, backup and encouragement are key factors associated with prolonged breast feeding among women.