Abstract
Lactational infective mastitis (LIM) was previously thought to occur due to trapped milkcausing inadequate milk drainageand consequent infection. However, advances in genome sequencing techniques have shown thatthe abundance of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacilli species, and Bifidobacterium species in the breast milk of lactating women play a key role in thedevelopment of LIM. Recent discoveries have revealed that the breast milkmicrobiome is composed of bacteria and other microorganisms, which are seeded through multiplepathways and are influenced by maternal factors. An imbalance in the microbial abundance inbreast milk can lead to LIM. Given that this infection can cause earlytermination of breastfeeding, it is imperative to discuss prevention and treatment options. Theobjective of this review is to highlight the pathogens involved in LIM affecting human mothers, routes of bacterial transfer, and contributing factors that may influencechanges in the composition of the milk microbiota, as well as propose preventative and curativetreatment options.
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