Early Region Research Articles

Label-Free Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy for Intravascular Coronary Atherosclerosis and Plaque Detection.

The rupture of atherosclerotic plaques remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The plaques have certain pathological characteristics including a fibrous cap, inflammation, and extensive lipid deposition in a lipid core. Various invasive and noninvasive imaging techniques can interrogate structural aspects of atheroma; however, the composition of the lipid core in coronary atherosclerosis and plaques cannot be accurately detected. Fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy has the capability of in vivo rapid and accurate biomarker detection as an emerging omics technology. Previous studies demonstrated that an intravascular Raman spectroscopic technique may assess and manage the therapeutic and medication strategies intraoperatively. The Raman spectral information identified plaque depositions consisting of lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters as the major components by comparing normal region and early plaque formation region with histology. By focusing on the composition of plaques, we could identify the subgroups of plaques accurately and rapidly by Raman spectroscopy. Collectively, this fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy opens up new opportunities for coronary atherosclerosis and plaque detection, which would assist optimal surgical strategy and instant postoperative decision-making. In this paper, we will review the advancement of label-free fiber-optic Raman probe spectroscopy and its applications of coronary atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic plaque detection.

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Axis of Oogenesis and Fertilization in C. elegans.

The oocyte germline of the C. elegans hermaphrodite presents a unique model to study the formation of oocytes. However, the size of the model animal and difficulties in retrieval of specific stages of the germline have obviated closer systematic studies of this process throughout the years. Here, we present a transcriptomic level analysis into the oogenesis of C. elegans hermaphrodites. We dissected a hermaphrodite gonad into seven sections corresponding to the mitotic distal region, the pachytene, the diplotene, the early diakinesis region and the 3 most proximal oocytes, and deeply sequenced the transcriptome of each of them along with that of the fertilized egg using a single-cell RNA-seq protocol. We identified specific gene expression events as well as gene splicing events in finer detail along the oocyte germline and provided novel insights into underlying mechanisms of the oogenesis process. Furthermore, through careful review of relevant research literature coupled with patterns observed in our analysis, we attempt to delineate transcripts that may serve functions in the interaction between the germline and cells of the somatic gonad. These results expand our knowledge of the transcriptomic space of the C. elegans germline and lay a foundation on which future studies of the germline can be based upon.

Implantable sensing technology for civil engineering structures

Providing crack location and stiffness variation information using practical structural health monitoring technology is highly significant for in-service structures. Inspired by the fast development of implantable devices, this paper introduced an implantable sensing technology (IST) for health monitoring of a typical concrete member known as shear wall undergoing loading progression. Two collaborative monitoring steps were developed to acquire targeted damage information at different loading stages, the one was, a cylindrical concrete implantable module (CCIM) sensor-enabled IST was applied for monitoring and imaging the early cracks of the shear wall at the initial loading stage; and the other was, a concrete implantable bar (CIB) sensor-enabled IST was employed for monitoring and assessing the damage evolution at the mid-late loading stage. Experimental results showed that these two collaborative ISTs can accurately identify the early cracking regions of the shear wall and reveal its stiffness degradation processes throughout the loading.

Tau-PET in early cortical Alzheimer brain regions in relation to mild behavioral impairment in older adults with either normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment

Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI) leverages later-life emergent and persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) to identify a high-risk group for incident dementia. Phosphorylated tau (p-tau) is a hallmark biological manifestation of Alzheimer disease (AD). We investigated associations between MBI and tau accumulation in early-stage AD cortical regions. In 442 Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment, MBI status was determined alongside corresponding p-tau and Aβ. Two meta-regions of interest were generated to represent Braak I and III neuropathological stages. Multivariable linear regression modelled the association between MBI as independent variable and tau tracer uptake as dependent variable. Among Aβ positive individuals, MBI was associated with tau uptake in Braak I (β=0.45(0.15), p<.01) and Braak III (β=0.24(0.07), p<.01) regions. In Aβ negative individuals, MBI was not associated with tau in the Braak I region (p=.11) with a negative association in Braak III (p=.01). These findings suggest MBI may be a sequela of neurodegeneration, and can be implemented as a cost-effective framework to help improve screening efficiency for AD.

Idiosyncratic patterns of interhemispheric connectivity in the face and scene networks of the human brain

Abstract Neuroimaging studies have revealed a network of regions in both hemispheres of the human brain that respond selectively to faces. Neural models of face processing have typically focused on functional connectivity between regions in the same hemisphere (intrahemispheric), with a particular bias toward the right hemisphere. Here, we explored the role of interhemispheric connectivity using fMRI. We used three datasets to compare functional connectivity, as shown by correlations between the time-courses of neural activity of face regions during different natural viewing paradigms. We found higher correlations of neural activity between corresponding interhemispheric regions (e.g., rFFA–lFFA) than between intrahemispheric regions (e.g., rFFA–rOFA), indicating a bias towards higher interhemispheric than intrahemispheric connectivity. A similar interhemispheric bias was evident in scene-selective regions. In contrast, we did not find an interhemispheric bias in early visual regions (V1–V3), where intrahemispheric connectivity between corresponding regions was generally higher than interhemispheric connectivity. Next, we asked whether the higher interhemispheric connectivity in the face and scene networks between corresponding regions was consistent across participants. We found that the interhemispheric bias was significantly attenuated when we compared the time-course of response across participants. This shows that interhemispheric bias in connectivity between corresponding regions in the face and scene networks is specific to the individual. These findings raise the possibility that idiosyncratic variation in interhemispheric connectivity may explain individual differences in perception.

Comparison of Early Marriage Age in Bangladesh, Ghana, Iraq and Indonesia

Early marriage is marriage before the age of 18 for either boys or girls. Early marriage can be influenced by customs, beliefs and religion. Customs in some areas lead to girls marrying much older men and have occurred in parts of Indonesia, especially in rural and inland areas. This study aims to examine the socio-cultural factors that drive the incidence of early marriage. The main methods in this research are qualitative ethnography and Narrative review. From the literature review research analyzed, there are several factors that influence early marriage, namely knowledge, education, socio-culture, income, economy, social norms, parents, gender, ethnicity, age, menarche, attitudes, media exposure, premarital pregnancy, family members, religion, adulthood phenomena, employment, peer influence, poverty, parental role, stigma, region and place of residence. This can be used as a reference for midwives in providing services by searching the literature through PubMed, NCBI, and Semantic Scholar. Of the several factors that influence early marriage, studies conducted in Bangladesh, Ghana, Iraq, Indonesia and other countries show that early marriage is still a major problem for the welfare of women from these four countries. Measures that can help address the problem of early marriage include improving access and quality of education, changing social norms that support early marriage, and empowering women to make decisions.

Fossil-informed biogeographic analysis suggests Eurasian regionalization in crown Squamata during the early Jurassic.

Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) is a Triassic lineage with an extensive and complex biogeographic history, yet no large-scale study has reconstructed the ancestral range of early squamate lineages. The fossil record indicates a broadly Pangaean distribution by the end- Cretaceous, though many lineages (e.g., Paramacellodidae, Mosasauria, Polyglyphanodontia) subsequently went extinct. Thus, the origin and occupancy of extant radiations is unclear and may have been localized within Pangaea to specific plates, with potential regionalization to distinct Laurasian and Gondwanan landmasses during the Mesozoic in some groups. We used recent tectonic models to code extant and fossil squamate distributions occurring on nine discrete plates for 9,755 species, with Jurassic and Cretaceous fossil constraints from three extinct lineages. We modeled ancestral ranges for crown Squamata from an extant-only molecular phylogeny using a suite of biogeographic models accommodating different evolutionary processes and fossil-based node constraints from known Jurassic and Cretaceous localities. We hypothesized that the best-fit models would not support a full Pangaean distribution (i.e., including all areas) for the origin of crown Squamata, but would instead show regionalization to specific areas within the fragmenting supercontinent, likely in the Northern Hemisphere where most early squamate fossils have been found. Incorporating fossil data reconstructs a localized origin within Pangaea, with early regionalization of extant lineages to Eurasia and Laurasia, while Gondwanan regionalization did not occur until the middle Cretaceous for Alethinophidia, Scolecophidia, and some crown Gekkotan lineages. While the Mesozoic history of extant squamate biogeography can be summarized as a Eurasian origin with dispersal out of Laurasia into Gondwana, their Cenozoic history is complex with multiple events (including secondary and tertiary recolonizations) in several directions. As noted by previous authors, squamates have likely utilized over-land range expansion, land-bridge colonization, and trans-oceanic dispersal. Tropical Gondwana and Eurasia hold more ancient lineages than the Holarctic (Rhineuridae being a major exception), and some asymmetries in colonization (e.g., to North America from Eurasia during the Cenozoic through Beringia) deserve additional study. Future studies that incorporate fossil branches, rather than as node constraints, into the reconstruction can be used to explore this history further.

Direct numerical simulations of first-mode oblique breakdown in a supersonic boundary layer under wall transpiration

Complete first-mode oblique breakdowns under wall transpirations in a Mach 2 flat-plate boundary layer are investigated by direct numerical simulations. The parameters of oblique waves are determined by linear stability analysis, while air transpiration is modeled by a wall-injection boundary condition. Wall transpiration with various blowing ratios is imposed at two distinct streamwise regions to assess its effects. When wall transpiration is located in the linear and early nonlinear region, the transition shifts upstream with increasing blowing ratios. This promotion effect arises from the destabilization of the oblique mode, steady vortex mode and higher-harmonic modes. Wall transpiration also leads to reduced skin friction and heat transfer in the transpiration and downstream turbulent regions. Through integral analysis, the impacts of transpiration on the generation mechanisms of skin friction and heat transfer are gained. The reduced skin friction and heat transfer in the transpiration region are mainly attributed to the amplified negative contributions from mean convection. In the turbulent region, the reduction of skin friction can be attributed to the heightened negative contributions from mean convection and the diminished positive contributions from turbulent convection. Concurrently, heat transfer experiences a decrease as a consequence of reduced positive contributions from spatial development and augmented negative contributions from mean convection. When wall transpiration is located in the late nonlinear region, its impacts resemble those observed when transpiration is located in the linear and early nonlinear region. However, the transition-promoting effect weakens, and the heat-transfer reduction effect becomes more pronounced.

Genetic variant of the sheep E2F8 gene and its associations with litter size

The economic efficiency of sheep breeding, aiming to enhance productivity, is a focal point for improvement of sheep breeding. Recent studies highlight the involvement of the Early Region 2 Binding Factor transcription factor 8 (E2F8) gene in female reproduction. Our group’s recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) emphasizes the potential impact of the E2F8 gene on prolificacy traits in Australian White sheep (AUW). Herein, the purpose of this study was to assess the correlation of the E2F8 gene with litter size in AUW sheep breed. This work encompassed 659 AUW sheep, subject to genotyping through PCR-based genotyping technology. Furthermore, the results of PCR-based genotyping showed significant associations between the P1-del-32bp bp InDel and the fourth and fifth parities litter size in AUW sheep; the litter size of those with genotype ID were superior compared to those with DD and II genotypes. Thus, these results indicate that the P1-del-32bp InDel within the E2F8 gene can be useful in marker-assisted selection (MAS) in sheep.

Whole genome analysis, thermal and UV-tolerance of Lactococcus phage BIM BV-114 isolated from cheese brine

Lactococcus phages that belong to the genus Ceduovirus are among the three most frequently isolated phage groups infecting Lactococcus lactis starter strains in dairy plants. In this study, we characterized virulent Lactococcus phage BIM BV-114 isolated from industrial cheese brine in Belarus and identified as Ceduovirus. The bacteriophage demonstrated a relatively short lytic cycle (latent period of 23 ± 5 min, lysis time of 90 ± 5 min), high thermal stability (inactivation after 7 min at 95 °C in skimmed milk) and tolerance to UV radiation (inactivation time – 15 min), indicating adaptation for better persistence in dairy facilities. The genome of the phage BIM BV-114 (21 499 bp; 37 putative open reading frames) has a similar organization to that of other Ceduovirus phages. RLf1_00140 and RLf_00050 gene products, found in the early genes region, may be involved in the sensitivity of phage to the lactococcal abortive infection mechanisms AbiV and AbiQ, respectively. Furthermore, nucleotide deletion, observed in the middle region of the gene encoding putative tape measure protein (RLf1_00300), is possibly responsible for increased thermal tolerance of phage BIM BV-114. Together, these findings will contribute to a better knowledge of virulent Lactococcus phages and the development of effective methods of their control for dairy technologies.

Abstract 404: LINE-1 retrotransposition promotes chromosomal translocations through RNA-templated DNA repair in human cancers

Abstract Introduction: Approximately 50% of human cancers have somatic integrations of long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1; also known as L1). L1 is a retrotransposon that copies itself through RNA and integrates into new genomic loci. Although L1 sequences comprise approximately 17% of the human genome, only 100-150 L1 loci have retained the ability to retrotranspose. These full-length, retrotransposition-competent L1s are typically repressed in human somatic cells, but there is evidence of their significant reactivation in human cancers. Therefore, L1 overexpression is a hallmark of many human cancers, particularly in highly malignant tumor types such as breast, ovarian, pancreatic, esophageal, lung, head-and-neck, colon, prostate, and liver cancers. Results: In many cancers, chromosomal translocations are fundamental pathogenetic events initiated by the generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposition events have been implicated in chromosomal rearrangements associated with most human cancers, the frequency and mechanisms by which L1 is involved in these rearrangements, including chromosomal translocations, remain poorly characterized. By combining high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing (HTGTS) and two sequencing techniques to detect L1 insertion sites (PolyA-seq and CELTICS-seq), we demonstrated that the presence of an active human L1 retrotransposition significantly increases the frequency of chromosomal translocations. By identifying L1-dependent translocation hotspots in HEK293T cells we highlight the requirement for the L1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and the crucial role of pre-existing DNA DSBs in promoting L1-mediated chromosomal translocations. L1-dependent translocation hotspots showed a marked preference for transcription end sites (TES) of active genes, early replication timing regions, and accessible chromatin regions. Therefore, while cancer genome analysis provides a static view of chromosomal rearrangements based on canonical L1 integrations, our functional studies reveal an unanticipated predominance of chromosomal translocations facilitated by non-canonical L1 retrotransposition via RNA-templated repair of existing DSBs, largely expanding our knowledge on the mechanism by which L1 retrotransposition induces genomic instability in human cancers. Citation Format: Jianli Tao, Luca Alessandri, Carlos Mendez-Dorantes, Kathleen H. Burns, Qi Wang, Roberto Chiarle. LINE-1 retrotransposition promotes chromosomal translocations through RNA-templated DNA repair in human cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 404.

Exploring Spectral Uncertainty on the Surface of Brass Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The shot-to-shot measurement uncertainty restricts the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technically, to a certain extent. In order to further deepen the understanding of spectral stability, in this paper, the effects of the laser’s focus depth, the delay of the spectrometer, and the position of the spectrum collection on the spectral stability were carefully researched. Moreover, the dynamic characteristics of plasma were studied at different laser focusing depths. Research has found that the morphological changes of plasma are relatively stable, without significant changes, despite varying depths of laser focus on the sample surface. In addition, it was found that stable elemental emission spectra can always be obtained in the early plasma aggregation region.

Electronic and optical properties of pyrochlore Re2Ti2O7 (Re = Sm and Eu) from first-principles

Rare-earth titanate oxides are believed to be prospective functional materials for photocatalytic and photoluminescent applications because of their excellent optical properties and thermal stability of their physical properties. However, the relationships between optical properties and photoelectron trapping mechanisms are unclear. Herein, the structure, electronic, and optical properties of pyrochlore-structure Re2Ti2O7 (Re = Sm and Eu) were investigated using the first-principles approach with the Hubbard parameter U (GGA + U). The calculated bandgap is 2.5 eV for Sm2Ti2O7 and 2.4 eV for Eu2Ti2O7, which is in good agreement with the experimental observation. The results indicate that the strongly localized f states at the top of valence band are charge-trapping sites for photoexcitation of Re2Ti2O7, where electrons can absorb photon energy and transfer from the valence band to the conduction band, resulting in the photocatalytic and/or fluorescent effects in the visible and early UV regions. The important optical parameters, dielectric function ε(ω), refractive index n(ω), extinction coefficient k(ω), reflectivity R(ω), absorption coefficient I(ω), optical conductivity σ(ω), and electron energy-loss L(ω) were studied in detail, indicating that these optical parameters of Sm2Ti2O7 and Eu2Ti2O7 are insensitive to the ultra-violet (UV) radiation, but both Sm2Ti2O7 and Eu2Ti2O7 exhibit excellent optical properties in the visible and early UV regions. This work provides a clear understanding on the photoelectron trapping mechanism of pyrochlore-structure Re2Ti2O7, which will help to improve the photocatalytic and photoluminescent performance of Re2Ti2O7 and broaden their applications.

ECMS-NET:A multi-task model for early endometrial cancer MRI sequences classification and segmentation of key tumor structures

Endometrial cancer, one of the three major malignant tumors of the female genitalia, has seen an increase in incidence in recent years. The 5-year survival rate for early endometrial cancer is approximately 80% to 90%. In clinical practice, the accurate segmentation of endometrial cancer tumors is crucial for assessing the extent of hyperplasia and guiding treatment decisions. Developing a deep learning (DL)-based tumor segmentation method for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sequences in cases of Endometrial Cancer (EC) can significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of this process. We proposed an multi-task framework: ECMS-Net. We established a classification model based on the Transformer algorithm to discern images containing tumors within the sequence and U2-Net segmentation model was trained to perform automated and precise segmentation of early endometrial cancer tumor regions. Our results show that we have firstly proposed a sequence classification method and achieved an accuracy of 0.985 and this is the best result of the study so far, followed by a tumor segmentation maxF1 value of 0.970, which highlights the excellent performance of our proposed method. The entire experimental process aligns closely with the demands of the clinical imaging department, promising to enhance the efficiency of medical professionals, alleviate workload stress, and better cater to the requirements of the medical field.

Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare sarcoma

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous neoplasm that accounts for less than 1% of all primary cutaneous neoplasms.1 A trabecular carcinoma was first described by Toker in 1972. It was named Merkel cell because it expresses Merkel cell markers, which are still being discussed. Regional incidences range from 0.1 to 0.88 / 100,000 person-years, but they are higher in countries like New Zealand and Australia.2 The majority of MCC cases (80%) are caused by Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) clonal integration into the host genome. In the remaining 20% of cases, UV mutations are responsible, and prolonged UV exposure is a factor.3,4 MCPyV early regions contain large and small T antigens, which have been shown to drive tumorigenesis. These proteins may play a role in MCC as well. Cells express a truncated form of LT protein that cannot replicate the virus but retains the domain that inhibits Retinoblastoma (Rb), the tumour suppressor.

Novel lambdapapillomavirus in northern sea otters Enhydra lutris kenyoni, associated with oral hyperplastic nodules.

A novel papillomavirus (PV) associated with hyperplastic nodules scattered over the muco-cutaneous border of the oral cavity of a dead, wild, subadult northern sea otter Enhydra lutris kenyoni (NSO) in 2004 in Homer, Alaska, USA, was genetically characterized. Primers for the amplification of 2 large overlapping DNA fragments that contained the complete genome of the NSO PV were designed. Sanger methodology generated sequences from which new specific primers were designed for the primer-walking approach. The NSO PV genome consists of 8085 nucleotides and contains an early region composed of E6, E7, E1, and E2 open reading frames (ORFs), an E4 ORF (contained within E2) lacking an in-frame proximal ATG start codon, an unusually long (907 nucleotide) stretch lacking any ORFs, a late region that contains the capsid genes L2 and L1, and a non-coding regulatory region (ncRR). This NSO PV has been tentatively named Enhydra lutris kenyoni PV2 (ElkPV2). Pairwise and multiple sequence alignments of the complete L1 ORF nucleotides and concatenated E1-E2-L1 amino acid sequences showed that the NSO PV is a novel PV, phylogenetically most closely related to southern sea otter PV1. The carboxy end of the E6 oncoprotein does not contain the PDZ-binding motif with a strong correlation with oncogenicity, suggesting a low-risk PV, which is in agreement with histopathological findings. However, the ElkPV2 E7 oncoprotein does contain the retinoblastoma (pRb) binding domain LXCXE (LQCYE in ElkPV2), associated with oncogenicity in some high-risk PVs. Further studies on the prevalence and clinical significance of ElkPV2 infections in NSO are needed.

Speech patterns during memory recall relates to early tau burden across adulthood.

Early cognitive decline may manifest in subtle differences in speech. We examined 238 cognitively unimpaired adults from the Framingham Heart Study (32-75 years) who completed amyloid and tau PET imaging. Speech patterns during delayed recall of a story memory task were quantified via five speech markers, and their associations with global amyloid status and regional tau signal were examined. Total utterance time, number of between-utterance pauses, speech rate, and percentage of unique words significantly correlated with delayed recall score although the shared variance was low (2%-15%). Delayed recall score was not significantly different between β-amyoid-positive (Aβ+) and -negative (Aβ-) groups and was not associated with regional tau signal. However, longer and more between-utterance pauses, and slower speech rate were associated with increased tau signal across medial temporal and early neocortical regions. Subtle speech changes during memory recall may reflect cognitive impairment associated with early Alzheimer's disease pathology. Speech during delayed memory recall relates to tau PET signal across adulthood. Delayed memory recall score was not associated with tau PET signal. Speech shows greater sensitivity to detecting subtle cognitive changes associated with early tau accumulation. Our cohort spans adulthood, while most PET imaging studies focus on older adults.

Association between occlusion location, net water uptake and ischemic lesion growth in large vessel anterior circulation strokes

Ischemic lesion net water uptake (NWU) represents a quantitative imaging biomarker for cerebral edema in acute ischemic stroke. Data on NWU for distinct occlusion locations remain scarce, but might help to improve the prognostic value of NWU. In this retrospective multicenter cohort study, we compared NWU between patients with proximal large vessel occlusion (pLVO; ICA or proximal M1) and distal large vessel occlusion (dLVO; distal M1 or M2). NWU was quantified by densitometric measurements of the early ischemic region. Arterial collateral status was assessed using the Maas scale. Regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between occlusion location, NWU and ischemic lesion growth. A total of 685 patients met inclusion criteria. Early ischemic lesion NWU was higher in patients with pLVO compared with dLVO (7.7% vs 3.9%, P < .001). The relationship between occlusion location and NWU was partially mediated by arterial collateral status. NWU was associated with absolute ischemic lesion growth between admission and follow-up imaging (β estimate, 5.50, 95% CI, 3.81–7.19, P < .001). This study establishes a framework for the relationship between occlusion location, arterial collateral status, early ischemic lesion NWU and ischemic lesion growth. Future prognostic thresholds for NWU might be optimized by adjusting for the occlusion location.

Elevated tau in the piriform cortex in Alzheimer's but not Parkinson's disease using PET-MR.

Olfactory dysfunction can be an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used tau positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance (PET-MR) to analyze a key region of the olfactory circuit, the piriform cortex, in comparison to the adjacent medial temporal lobe. Using co-registered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 18F-PI-2620 tau PET-MR scans in 94 older adults, we computed tau uptake in the piriform-periamygdaloid cortex, amygdala, entorhinal-perirhinal cortices, and hippocampus. We found an ordinal cross-sectional increase in piriform cortex tau uptake with increasing disease severity (amyloid-negative controls, amyloid-positive controls, mild cognitive impairment [MCI] and AD), comparable to entorhinal-perirhinal cortex. Amyloid-positive controls showed significantly greater tau uptake than amyloid-negative controls. Negative correlations were present between memory performance and piriform uptake. Piriform uptake was not elevated in cognitively unimpaired Parkinson's disease. Cross-sectionally, there is an early increase in tau uptake in the piriform cortex in AD but not in Parkinson's disease. Positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance (PET-MR) analysis of the piriform cortex sheds light on its role as a potential early region affected by neurodegenerative disorders underlying olfactory dysfunction.Uptake of tau tracer was elevated in the piriform cortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) but not in Parkinson's disease (PD).Memory performance was worse with greater piriform uptake.

PREDICTING RAINFALL IN MAINPAT USING THE BPN METHOD

Climate change is a major concern on a global scale. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the causes of historical fluctuations in rainfall. While late monsoon and post monsoon regions will see notable fluctuations in rainfall amounts, pre-monsoon and early monsoon regions will become drier in the future. Rain prediction is a particularly difficult task for meteorologists. Numerous models have been used in recent years to evaluate and precisely predict rainfall. In this context, climate records can be quite useful. Long-term data retention can improve our ability to forecast rainfall. This study presents the modeling and rainfall prediction throughout Mainpat using statistical techniques, specifically the Modified ANN model and linear regression. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), India, supplied the rainfall data for the last 31 years. This Mainpat surface-based rain gauge collected rainfall data from metrological sites between 1991 and 2024. It has been established how much rain falls each month and year. To assess the accuracy of the data, the average, median, correlation coefficients, and standard deviation were computed for every station. When the quantity of rainfall predicted by the model was contrasted with the amount recorded by rain gauges at different sites, it was discovered that the model's rainfall forecast produced accurate results.