Earlier Paper Research Articles

A note on “Some dual hesitant fuzzy Hamacher aggregation operators and their applications to multiple attribute decision making”

As dual hesitant fuzzy sets can express the uncertainty of data efficiently, the aggregation of dual hesitant fuzzy information plays an important role in both theory and application. However, some existing dual hesitant fuzzy aggregation operators are not rigorous enough actually. In this note, we show that some theorems in an earlier paper by Ju et al. [1] (Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 27 (2014) 2481–2495) are not correct, i.e., the dual hesitant fuzzy Hamacher weighted averaging operator (DHFHWA) and some other aggregation operators proposed by Ju et al. don’t satisfy idempotency and boundedness. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to make researchers aware of that some aggregation operators in literature [1] are flawed and limited for many applications.

On singular limits of finite Hilbert transform operators on multi‐intervals

AbstractIn this paper, we study the small‐ spectral asymptotics of an integral operator defined on two multi‐intervals and , when the multi‐intervals touch each other (but their interiors are disjoint). The operator is closely related to the multi‐interval finite Hilbert transform (FHT). This case can be viewed as a singular limit of self‐adjoint Hilbert–Schmidt integral operators with so‐called integrable kernels, where the limiting operator is still bounded, but has a continuous spectral component. The regular case when , and is of the Hilbert–Schmidt class, was studied in an earlier paper by the authors. The main assumption in this paper is that is a single interval (although part of our analysis is valid in a more general situation). We show that the eigenvalues of , if they exist, do not accumulate at . Combined with the results in an earlier paper by the authors, this implies that , the subspace of discontinuity (the span of all eigenfunctions) of , is finite dimensional and consists of functions that are smooth in the interiors of and . We also obtain an approximation to the kernel of the unitary transformation that diagonalizes , and obtain a precise estimate of the exponential instability of inverting . Our work is based on the method of Riemann–Hilbert problem and the nonlinear steepest descent method of Deift and Zhou.

The fast reduced QMC matrix–vector product

We study the approximation of integrals of the form ∫Df(x⊤A)dμ(x), where the measure μ is of product form and A is a matrix, by quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) rules N−1∑k=0N−1f(xk⊤A). We are interested in cases where the main computational cost in the approximation arises from calculating the products xk⊤A. We design QMC rules for which the computation of xk⊤A, k=0,1,…,N−1, can be done in a fast way, and for which the approximation error of the QMC rule is similar to the standard QMC error. We do not require that the matrix A has any particular structure.Problems of this form arise in some important applications in statistics and uncertainty quantification. For instance, this approach can be used when approximating the expected value of some function with a multivariate normal random variable with some given covariance matrix, or when approximating the expected value of the solution of a PDE with random coefficients.The speed-up of the computation time of our approach is sometimes better and sometimes worse than the fast QMC matrix–vector product from [Josef Dick, Frances Y. Kuo, Quoc T. Le Gia, and Christoph Schwab, Fast QMC Matrix-Vector Multiplication, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 37 (2015), no. 3, A1436–A1450]. As in that paper, our approach applies to lattice point sets and polynomial lattice point sets, but also applies to digital nets (we are currently not aware of any approach which allows one to apply the fast QMC matrix–vector paper from the aforementioned paper of Dick, Kuo, Le Gia, and Schwab to digital nets).The method in this paper does not make use of the fast Fourier transform, instead we use repeated values in the quadrature points to derive a significant reduction in the computation time. Such a situation naturally arises from the reduced CBC construction of lattice rules and polynomial lattice rules. The reduced CBC construction has been shown to reduce the computation time for the CBC construction. Here we show that it can additionally be used to also reduce the computation time of the underlying QMC rule. One advantage of the present approach is that it can be combined with random (digital) shifts, whereas this does not apply to the fast QMC matrix–vector product from the earlier paper of Dick, Kuo, Le Gia, and Schwab.

The study and application of brain tumors classification based on artificial intelligence

The application of AI in the medical field has been increasingly popular due to its ability to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of diagnoses. A plurality of individuals employs diverse techniques and refine existing methods in order to achieve greater precision. This paper provides an overview of the methodology utilized in early research papers for brain tumors classification. This includes the input of datasets, preprocessing, model building, training and testing, evaluation, and application. In addition, this paper presents four models used in early research, including the Artificial neural network (ANN) which mimics the organization and operation of neural networks in living organisms by processing information through interconnected nodes or neurons. Another model is k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), an instance-based learning algorithm that labels new data points by comparing them to the K closest labeled data points in the training dataset. The third model is Visual Geometry Group-16 (VGG-16), a 16-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that is highly regarded for its simplicity and effectiveness and is one of the top-performing CNN models used by VGG. Lastly, GN-AlexNet is a hybrid learning mode that combines the GoogleNet structure with the AlexNet model. The remainder of the article explains the utilization of this AI in three application scenarios, namely as an assistant for doctors, patients, and insurance companies. Moreover, the paper highlights potential challenges that may arise in both the present and future, such as patient mistrust and the emergence of new models like Vision Transformer (ViT) that could potentially outperform CNNs.

A New Perspective on the Natural Resource Curse

Early papers found empirical support for a natural resource curse—the notion that exporting natural resources is detrimental to economic growth. Later papers, using reportedly improved econometric models and data, largely reversed these early findings by estimating that natural resources improve economic performance. However, this changing coefficient on natural resource dependence over time may not only be a function of model or data quality. Masked by this evolution in the economics literature is the possibility that the fundamental relationship between natural resources and economic performance has changed over the past several decades. This paper sheds a new perspective on the substantial resource curse literature by repeatedly estimating a single econometric model on data that evolve over time. The coefficient on natural resource dependence is estimated to steadily increases with the passage of time from a value that is negative and significant (for 1970, the basis for much of the early literature) to a positive and significant value a few decades later. Whatever natural resource estimated initially with data from 1970 seems to have evolved into a resource blessing over time.

On System of Root Vectors of Perturbed Regular Second-Order Differential Operator Not Possessing Basis Property

This article delves into the spectral problem associated with a multiple differentiation operator that features an integral perturbation of boundary conditions of one specific type, namely, regular but not strengthened regular. The integral perturbation is characterized by the function px, which belongs to the space L20,1. The concept of problems involving integral perturbations of boundary conditions has been the subject of previous studies, and the spectral properties of such problems have been examined in various early papers. What sets the problem under consideration apart is that the system of eigenfunctions for the unperturbed problem (when px≡0) lacks the property of forming a basis. To address this, a characteristic determinant for the spectral problem has been constructed. It has been established that the set of functions px, for which the system of eigenfunctions of the perturbed problem does not constitute an unconditional basis in L20,1, is dense within the space L20,1. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the adjoint operator shares a similar structure.

Thinking About Sum Scores Yet Again, Maybe the Last Time, We Don't Know, Oh No . . .: A Comment on.

The relative advantages and disadvantages of sum scores and estimated factor scores are issues of concern for substantive research in psychology. Recently, while championing estimated factor scores over sum scores, McNeish offered a trenchant rejoinder to an article by Widaman and Revelle, which had critiqued an earlier paper by McNeish and Wolf. In the recent contribution, McNeish misrepresented a number of claims by Widaman and Revelle, rendering moot his criticisms of Widaman and Revelle. Notably, McNeish chose to avoid confronting a key strength of sum scores stressed by Widaman and Revelle-the greater comparability of results across studies if sum scores are used. Instead, McNeish pivoted to present a host of simulation studies to identify relative strengths of estimated factor scores. Here, we review our prior claims and, in the process, deflect purported criticisms by McNeish. We discuss briefly issues related to simulated data and empirical data that provide evidence of strengths of each type of score. In doing so, we identified a second strength of sum scores: superior cross-validation of results across independent samples of empirical data, at least for samples of moderate size. We close with consideration of four general issues concerning sum scores and estimated factor scores that highlight the contrasts between positions offered by McNeish and by us, issues of importance when pursuing applied research in our field.

Symmetric mechanism design: Comment

In an earlier paper published in this journal, Azrieli and Jain (2018) claim that a social choice function (SCF) is symmetrically implementable in a dominant strategy equilibrium only if the SCF is symmetric. This result crucially relies on their notion of dominant strategy, which is used in the game theory literature and is stronger than the one traditionally used in the mechanism design literature. We discuss the limitation of using their notion in mechanism design and provide a set of characterizations of symmetric mechanism design using the (weaker) standard notion that differ from their findings.

Dichotomy and Measures on Limit Sets of Anosov Groups

Abstract Let $G$ be a connected semisimple real algebraic group. For a Zariski dense Anosov subgroup $\Gamma <G$, we show that a $\Gamma $-conformal measure is supported on the limit set of $\Gamma $ if and only if its dimension is $\Gamma $-critical. This implies the uniqueness of a $\Gamma $-conformal measure for each critical dimension, answering the question posed in our earlier paper with Edwards [13]. We obtain this by proving a higher rank analogue of the Hopf–Tsuji–Sullivan dichotomy for the maximal diagonal action. Other applications include an analogue of the Ahlfors measure conjecture for Anosov subgroups.

The signed graphs with two eigenvalues unequal to ±1

We complete the determination of the signed graphs for which the adjacency matrix has all but at most two eigenvalues equal to ±1. The unsigned graphs and the disconnected, the bipartite and the complete signed graphs with this property have already been determined in two earlier papers. Here we deal with the remaining cases.

Gender homophily: In-group citation preferences and the gender disadvantage

Based on an extensive sample of articles in the life sciences, we find that gender homophily in forward citations is substantial: compared to men-led articles (i.e., those with men as either the first or last author), women-led articles receive fewer forward citations from subsequent men-led articles and more forward citations from subsequent women-led articles. This occurs across life science fields with varying gender ratios. Forward citations flow differentially to papers led by women versus men for a variety of reasons, including the detailed field and scientific concepts covered in the articles, the journals in which they are published, article length, authors' research experience, and the size of the author team. After accounting for this extensive set of factors, we find some forward citations appear to be driven by gender citation homophily – that is, gender alignment between citing and cited authors. This pattern greatly disadvantages women in fields where they are underrepresented, leading to a gender citation gap, compared to more gender-balanced fields, where the gap is shrinking. We also find that articles written by more recent cohorts of scientists are subject to less gender citation homophily than earlier cohorts. Investigation into potential pathways by which gender citation homophily operates suggests it stems from gendered specialization in research niches and, to a lesser extent, from gender homophily in professional connections among scientists, as opposed to from direct discrimination against unknown authors based on gender inferred from their names. Since gender homophily in citations impedes gender-indifferent knowledge flow in most fields, its adverse impact on science likely includes not only slowing women's careers but also creating a less efficient diffusion of knowledge and recombination of work from earlier papers into newer work.

FIGO good practice recommendations: Bundle of care to reduce neonatal mortality and improve outcomes after preterm and term delivery.

An integrated approach is lacking for the management of childbirth and newborn care, even though their codependence is critical for improving maternal and newborn outcomes. FIGO's Prep-for-Labor rapid triage methods for women arriving at a clinical facility are addressed in earlier papers in this Supplement, but do not include newborn care. Immediate postpartum rapid triage using established Apgar score helps determine whether standard of care can be followed on site with available staff/tools. If not, newborn transfer alone or with the mother to a higher-level center as soon as feasible may be required. Updated newborn management tools with special emphasis on pragmatic steps that are applicable for any clinical setting including low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are presented in this article. Given that more than 80% of newborn care can be managed at the birthing facility, transfer to a higher-level center for care is required only in selected cases. Management steps for healthy newborns are described and the actions needed for those requiring resuscitation are summarized. The simple noninvasive kangaroo mother care approach-universally applicable for both term and preterm newborns-is associated with a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality. Kangaroo mother care involves continuous maternal skin-to skin contact from birth, exclusive breastfeeding, and home support after discharge. Hence, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and acquired infections are frequently prevented. It is anticipated that implementing simple noninvasive management steps will have a substantial positive impact on improving maternal and newborn outcomes.

A Global Perspective on the Upper Branch of the Hadley Cell

Abstract The global perspective presented here is built on earlier papers discussing the dynamics of the upper branch of the Hadley cell in the two solsticial seasons. The role of the tropics is made explicit in a conceptual model that is presented and evaluated. The fluctuation of deep tropical convection in longitude and time is seen as crucial. The filamentary outflows from such convective events move westward and across the equator deep into the winter hemisphere. The horizontal tilt of the cross-equatorial flow implies a significant upper-tropospheric flux of westerly momentum from the winter tropics to the summer hemisphere. These properties are related to the cross-equatorial propagation of wave activity triggered by deep tropical convection in the summer hemisphere. The filaments carry with them near-equatorial values of absolute vorticity and potential vorticity. After turning anticyclonically, some filaments move eastward and poleward to the equatorial edge of the winter subtropical jet. There is strong evidence they can interact with the eddies on this jet and enhance their poleward westerly momentum flux. In the global perspective, tropical and extratropical systems and the interaction between them are all important for the dynamics of the upper branch of the Hadley cell. significance statement The Hadley cell is the large-scale overturning in the atmosphere with air in the upper troposphere moving from the equatorial region to near 30° in the winter hemisphere. In the standard view it is midlatitude weather systems that are responsible for removing angular momentum from this upper branch of the Hadley cell. Here it is proposed that tropical systems and their interaction with the midlatitude systems are also important. Insight into the role of the tropics in the dynamics of the Hadley cell can be obtained by considering it as the sum of many events of active deep convection occurring in different longitudes and at different times.

Baseball and Bioethics Revisited: The Pitch Clock and Age Discrimination in a Timeless Pastime.

In this essay, the author reflects on a decade's old essay on baseball and bioethics inspired by a conversation with the late David Thomasma. In a reprise of his earlier paper, Fins worries that modernity has come to baseball with the advent of the pitch clock and that this innovation brings age discrimination to a timeless pastime.

Revisiting source versus sink limitations of wheat yield during grain filling

AbstractTo further increase wheat (Triticum spp.) yield, we need to understand whether it is source or sink limited. Earlier papers suggested that wheat yield is source limited in modern cultivars, including during the grain‐filling stage. Many recent papers support this interpretation, showing that yield is strongly related to environmental conditions that affect source capacity. In contrast to this, other authors working on source–sink manipulations have concluded that wheat yield is only or predominantly sink limited during grain filling. The objective of this forum paper was to examine this contrasting literature and revisit the assumptions and the interpretation of the results. We found that the arguments for a major sink limitation to wheat yield during grain filling arose from a common approach to quantitatively assess the degree of source–sink limitations, based on relativizing the change in grain weight (in response to source–sink manipulations) to the estimated change in source availability per grain. We show that the estimated changes in source availability with source manipulations are often overestimated in the literature, thus underestimating source limitations. Most importantly, we discuss why relativizing the change in grain weight to the estimated change in source availability biases the interpretation of source versus sink limitations. We conclude that wheat yield is mostly source limited during grain filling, and thus strongly dependent on environmental (including agronomic) conditions. A new model to interpret wheat yield limitations is proposed, describing yield as source limited during the whole crop cycle, including during grain filling.

The inverse of a symmetric nonnegative matrix can be copositive

Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ symmetric matrix. We first show that if $A$ and its pseudoinverse are strictly copositive, then $A$ is positive semidefinite, which extends a similar result of Han and Mangasarian. Suppose $A$ is invertible, as well as being symmetric. We showed in an earlier paper that if $A^{-1}$ is nonnegative with $n$ zero diagonal entries, then $A$ can be copositive (for instance, this happens with the Horn matrix), and when $A$ is copositive, it cannot be of form $P+N$, where $P$ is positive semidefinite and $N$ is nonnegative and symmetric. Here, we show that if $A^{-1}$ is nonnegative with $n-1$ zero diagonal entries and one positive diagonal entry, then $A$ can be of the form $P+N$, and we show how to construct $A$. We also show that if $A^{-1}$ is nonnegative with one zero diagonal entry and $n-1$ positive diagonal entries, then $A$ cannot be copositive.

Inclusive education policies – objects of observance, omission, and obfuscation: ten years on …

ABSTRACT This article draws upon a critical policy analysis approach to examine the state of inclusive education policy in Global North settings over the past decade. Building on an earlier paper on this topic ten years ago, this updated article seeks to explore whether and how inclusion and inclusive education have been understood in varied international, national and sub-national policy settings over time. While it might be anticipated that schooling systems should be more aware and proactive in supporting inclusion within their policies, our findings reveal mixed results. At times, there appears to have been regression in some settings, stagnation in others, as well as moderate progress in other settings in relation to support and advocacy for inclusion in educational policies. In an era of increased attention to a range of issues of inclusion more broadly over the past decade (e.g. marriage equality, gender fluidity, Black Lives Matter, #StopAsianHate), our article cautions against assuming that such movements have somehow led to a more ‘inclusive’ conception of students’ identities and wellbeing in schooling policy. Whether and how teachers can be expected to be more inclusive in their practices in such a variegated policy environment is an area for continued inquiry.

How averaging individual curves transforms their shape: Mathematical analyses with application to learning and forgetting curves

This paper demonstrates how averaging over individual learning and forgetting curves gives rise to transformed averaged curves. In an earlier paper (Murre and Chessa, 2011), we already showed that averaging over exponential functions tends to give a power function. The present paper expands on the analyses with exponential functions. Also, it is shown that averaging over power functions tends to give a log power function. Moreover, a general proof is given how averaging over logarithmic functions retains that shape in a specific manner. The analyses assume that the learning rate has a specific statistical distribution, such as a beta, gamma, uniform, or half-normal distribution. Shifting these distributions to the right, so that there are no low learning rates (censoring), is analyzed as well and some general results are given. Finally, geometric averaging is analyzed, and its limits are discussed in remedying averaging artefacts.

Mutating signed -exceptional sequences

AbstractWe establish some properties of $\tau$ -exceptional sequences for finite-dimensional algebras. In an earlier paper, we established a bijection between the set of ordered support $\tau$ -tilting modules and the set of complete signed $\tau$ -exceptional sequences. We describe the action of the symmetric group on the latter induced by its natural action on the former. Similarly, we describe the effect on a $\tau$ -exceptional sequence obtained by mutating the corresponding ordered support $\tau$ -tilting module via a construction of Adachi-Iyama-Reiten.

Outlier detection in cylindrical data based on Mahalanobis distance

Cylindrical data are bivariate data formed from the combination of circular and linear variables. Identifying outliers is a crucial step in any data analysis work. This paper proposes a new distribution-free procedure to detect outliers in cylindrical data using the Mahalanobis distance concept. The use of Mahalanobis distance incorporates the correlation between the components of the cylindrical distribution, which had not been accounted for in the earlier papers on outlier detection in cylindrical data. The threshold for declaring an observation to be an outlier can be obtained via parametric or non-parametric bootstrap, depending on whether the underlying distribution is known or unknown. The performance of the proposed method is examined via extensive simulations from the Johnson-Wehrly distribution. The proposed method is applied to two real datasets, and the outliers are identified in those datasets.