Early Immigrants Research Articles

Category traversing: early Korean immigrants eluding the U.S. state

ABSTRACT This paper explores category traversing, the process through which migrants navigate state-imposed immigration categories. In the early twentieth century, Asian migrants were categorically excluded from entering the U.S. under the Asiatic Barred Zone, while exemptions were granted to merchants, diplomats and students. Drawing on immigrant case files from the U.S. National Archives, we highlight how Korean migrants navigate student status to circumvent race-based exclusion. At ports of entry, they curated a performance to present as a student in the eyes of immigration officials, with a proper display of scholarly knowledge and financial ability. Even after entry, failure to maintain student status invited scrutiny from officials. Responding to these demands, migrants agentially traversed the categories of student and worker to remain in a country that sought to exclude them. This paper contributes to this special issue by documenting (a) how migrants perform in accordance with state-imposed categories to navigate immigration regimes and (b) how they challenge those categories by traversing them as they see fit.

Changing Triangular Relationships: A Historical Analysis of Labour Relations at a Chinese Mine in Papua New Guinea

This paper contributes to the literature on the expansion of Chinese multinational corporations (CMCs) in Papua New Guinea (PNG) by comparing the operation of a Chinese mine to that of the German New Guinea Company. I start by looking at the two economic positions (helper and merchant) performed by early Chinese immigrants to New Guinea during the colonial era and the host hostility they encountered. 1 Then, a case study of a Chinese mining company in postcolonial PNG illustrates how local employees learned to negotiate with Chinese management through unionization instead of striking. In the meantime, Chinese personnel became subject to PNG industrial regulations based on Australian standards rather than operating as a modernizing agent to educate local workers. 2 These findings suggest that, despite specific new Chinese communities becoming investors, they must dedicate resources towards comprehending local customs and legislation, given the enhanced agency of local actors.

A Latecomer’s Advantage: The Attainments of Older Child Immigrants

Childhood immigrants arrive in the United States (U.S.) at different ages, each with a distinct set of skills. Previous research emphasizes the importance of early immigration in language acquisition and its subsequent effect on education and labor market outcomes. This study investigates whether migration timing has differential effects when considering other skills, specifically initial education quality. Using U.S. data of 322,328 childhood immigrants prior to 2018, we find that delayed childhood immigration from top-scoring countries in academic testing can mitigate the disadvantages associated with language acquisition. Our results suggest that children from topscoring, non-English-speaking countries appear to benefit most from later migration. Specifically, male immigrants gain an additional 2.57 years of U.S. education, while females gain 0.33 years. These additional years of education correspond to subsequent higher wages. Our study suggests a revaluation of policies, particularly regarding “late child immigrants” arriving from high-PISAscoring countries, as those individuals may achieve higher educational and income levels than previously anticipated.

Femoral diversity in titanosaur sauropods from the Villalba de la Sierra Fm. (Central Spain): Implications for the characterization of faunal turnover in the Ibero-Armorican Late Cretaceous

The late Campanian-Maastrichtian in the Ibero-Armorican domain is rich in titanosaurian fossils. The sauropod remains exhibit a high degree of morphological variability, especially in the commonly-found appendicular elements. The phylogenetic relationships of the Ibero-Armorican titanosaurs are still uncertain but we do know that they experienced a Campanian-Maastrichtian herbivorous faunal turnover. It is probable that the small-to-medium-sized Lirainosaurinae-dominated faunas of the Campanian were replaced by late–early Maastrichtian large-bodied lithostrotian dominated faunas. In this context, the Villalba de La Sierra Formation has yielded an abundant sample of medium-to-large sized titanosaurs. In this study we analyze the morphological variability in the appendicular skeleton of the titanosaurs from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Ibero-Armorican domain. We follow previous attempts to classify the commonly-found isolated titanosaurian femora and expand the proposed methodology. The use of combined phenotypic characters and linear morphometrics can be helpful to analyze the morphological variability and diversity of the Ibero-Armorican titanosaurs. Our findings corroborate the presence of at least two exclusive morphotypes in the Lo Hueco fossil site and one exclusive morphotype in the Poyos site, as well as the presence of previously defined Lirainosaurinae across the Pyrenees during the Campanian-Maastrichtian. The Villalba de La Sierra Formation titanosaurs are also clustered with large-bodied late Maastrichtian titanosaurs. It is possible that either the large-bodied late–early Maastrichtian immigrants, with possible Gondwanan affinities, entered the Iberian Peninsula much earlier or that this group was already present at least during the Campanian-Maastrichtian transition, as the small-sized Lirainosaurinae declined.

Social Support Among Adolescents Across Immigrant Generations: A Mixed-Methods Study

The present mixed methods study explored perceived differences in social support across three immigrant generations of early adolescents residing in Canada. A total of 960 first-generation ( n = 249, M age = 13.02, σ = .69, 54.2% girls), second-generation ( n = 327, M age = 12.88, σ = .69, 57.5% girls) and third-plus-generation ( n = 384, M age = 12.81, σ = .69, 57.3% girls) early adolescent immigrants completed the self-reported Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale, and 16 of them participated in individual interviews on social support. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA), in which we controlled for sex, mother tongue, and socioeconomic status (SES), showed that second-generation early adolescents perceived significantly less social support from their mother, teachers, school personnel, and classmates compared to their first- and/or third-plus-generation counterparts. Our mixed methods analysis revealed that these second-generation youth perceived several barriers to social support, such as an unsatisfactory quality of their relationships with these sources, a negative attitude from these sources, their limited availability or involvement, and their ineffectiveness in providing certain types of support. These findings highlight the importance of better understanding the unique challenges facing second-generation early adolescents in order to provide social support adapted to their needs.

CROSS-WORLD NARRATIVES AND TRAVELS: RECONSTRUCTING THE HISTORY OF EARLY SYRIAN-AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS

Narratives of travel are part of world literature and cultural history. Scholarly research on migrant narratives and literature is a subfield of intercultural studies and comparative literature which allow cultures to bond and interact. Written histories of Arab Americans start with the Foundational Period (1880-1920) which revolves around the early immigrants from Historical Syria. This period is one of the least documented eras which is still difficult to reconstruct due to its many gaps and various obstacles. This paper examines the strategies and approaches used by Philip Hitti, the founder of Arabic Studies in the United States, who established the master models and approaches for the study of the Syro-Lebanese immigrant community. This model is based on locating alternative sources that include ̶ in addition to official sources and written accounts ̶ folksongs, literary texts, popular stories, and personal memories. It makes use of them to reconstruct the history of this community, which is characterized by its rich popular culture and long tradition of story-telling. There may be polemics and prejudices in presenting the wealth of the oral and cultural tradition of Historical Syria’s communities in the mainstream popular and official narratives about Arabs and Muslims. When presented with scholarly research and comparative perspectives, immigrants’ narratives can have a valuable contribution to world literature on immigration.

Ross-Border Trade Malaysia-Indonesia: Involvement of Buton Early Immigrants

Border trade in Sabah has occurred for centuries, extending back to pre-colonial times, and has progressed into economic integration, according to academia. In international relations, such border trade is defined as bottom-up border trade since it occurs naturally between two communities based on demand and supply rather than state involvement. This paper aims to discover cross-border trade practitioners beyond the border communities. This qualitative study adopts an inductive research strategy with unstructured interviews with four informants. This study found that early immigrants from Buton who migrated from Southeast Sulawesi to Sabah in the 1970s and early 2000s played an important role in maintaining and connecting border communities and consumers. Migrants carry out cross-border trading in Sabah between Indonesia and Malaysia. Border trade subsequently became not only a source of income for border communities but also a necessity for the survival of early immigrants, who until recently relied on border trading activities for commodity trading activities in the host country.

The Transmission, Establishment and Cross-cultural Integration of Chinese Medicine in the Mainstream Healthcare, through the Eyes of a Generation of Visionaries and Pioneers

Abstract It has historically been very difficult to trace the history of the westward transmission of Chinese medicine through the accounts of its protagonists. Many of the early scholars such as Jack Worsley, Dick Van Buren, and Joe Goodman were reluctant to divulge information about the source of their knowledge, or their professional qualifications. Others, such as John Shen and Hong Yuan-bain were early 20th century immigrants who transmitted highly personalized versions of acupuncture and Chinese medicine to select disciples. Eventually, a new class of scholars appeared, including names such as Ted Kaptchuk, Peter Deadman, Nigel Wiseman, William Morris, Peter Eckman, John McDonald, Charles Buck, and the late Giovanni Maciocia who looked for answers back in China, developed translation methodologies and terminology, compiled the main textbooks currently in use at TCM colleges, overcame enormous scholastic adversity, developed courses and pursued the regulation and accreditation of TCM in various countries. This special issue synopsizes the path towards the global acculturation of TCM over the last 50 years, the main protagonists, the enormous accomplishments they have achieved for the profession, their philosophy, their clinical perspectives and visions for the future.

19세기 말, 초기 미국 이민자들의 이민 결정에 미친 기독교 인식

19세기 말, 초기 미국 이민자들의 이민 결정에 미친 기독교 인식

The Low-Back-Merger Shift: Evidence from MENA Americans in the Upper Midwest and southern California

Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) Americans are an understudied speech community in sociolinguistics. In terms of racial classification and identification, MENA Americans have been legally and historically classified as white but are not socially perceived as white (Beydoun, 2013, 2015). While early immigrants from MENA regions to the US were mostly Christians, ever since 1947, the majority of immigrants from MENA regions to the US have been from Muslim backgrounds (Orfalea, 2006); this demographic change can result in more ethnic visibility for MENA Americans in the US (cf., e.g., Shryock & Lin, 2009, for a discussion of ethnic visibility of MENA Americans in southeastern Michigan). Higher ethnic visibility can in turn lead to certain linguistic performances on the part of MENA Americans. Several studies have looked at the interaction of ethnic identity/visibility and local vowel patterns such as the merging of the low back vowels (the vowels in THOUGHT and LOT1). For example, Hall–Lew (2009) showed that Asian Americans in San Francisco took part in the low back vowel merger and high back vowel fronting, which both index local meanings being part of the California Vowel Shift (Eckert, 2008). Going beyond one particular locality, Wong and Hall–Lew (2014) demonstrated clear influence of local dialect on the speech of Asian Americans in two different localities, with Asian Americans from NYC having distinct low back vowels and those from San Francisco merged low back vowels. Comparing the speech of three different ethnic groups in the multicultural context of Toronto, Hoffman and Walker (2010) explored two features of the Canadian Vowel Shift: the retraction of TRAP and the lowering and retraction of DRESS. Their findings showed that while Chinese Canadians disfavored these two patterns, British/Irish and Italian Canadians favored them. In another study in the context of California English, Cardoso et al. (2016) looked at subclasses of the TRAP vowel in the speech of Chinese Americans and white Americans of San Francisco. They found that the nasal split of TRAP (it being raised when followed by a nasal consonant, and being retracted and lowered when followed by an oral consonant) was more advanced for white speakers than the Chinese group. Cardoso et al. (2016) associated the observed difference to the social meaning of the TRAP nasal split in California indexing white or non-Chicanx social personae.

Racism in the United States in the 21st Century: An analysis of the South Asian community

This study aims to discuss the hate crimes and instances of racism against the Sikh and Muslim communities from South Asia in America after the post-9/11 period and the strategies that the South Asian community has adopted to fight back the Racism in America against them. The history of racism in America was established with the advent of enslaved Black people from Africa in the 18th century. In the 1960s, Black Africans launched the civil rights movement to reclaim their civil rights and they won. But racism was not eliminated from America against them. The immigration act of 1960 paved the way for the immigration of different communities in America. The South Asian community also grew because of this act. The earliest immigrants came from India in 1960s, immigrants from Pakistan in 1980 and, in 2000 the immigrants from Bangladesh. This study includes Desk Research and the secondary sources. It is argued in this research that the incident of 9/11 has increased racial discrimination among the South Asia diaspora in America, due to which they are being subjected to hate crimes. It is the need of time to counter such incidents in USA if it is further promoted the negative image of USA will increase in Asian specially the Muslim countries.

Bells in the Western Cape of South-Africa

Due to its historical position as the earliest settlement, the Western Cape became the home of many heritage sites, including the home of many bells of historical interest tied to the home countries of its early immigrants. South Africa was fortunate to escape the ravages of the European wars where many bells were lost, and often rare bells are still found in the Western Cape. From 2008 onwards the authors systematically traced the location of bells, and over the last fourteen years visited and documented 500+ bells. These were visited in their current locations, measured acoustically and physically (where possible), photographed, and inventoried in a digital library at Stellenbosch University. In this paper an overview is given of the more interesting bells in the inventory, discussed in their ties to the historical development of the Western Cape. These bells are found at mission stations, churches, farms, public buildings, and originate from a variety of countries and founders.

Isotopic sourcing reveals changing subsistence, cultural diversity and biological correlates with palaeodiet in fourth- to seventh-century AD Bavaria

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios (δ13C, δ15N) in bone collagen of archaeological skeletal finds are indicators of the protein sources in individuals’ basic diet. Isotopic sourcing allows us to quantify the biomass contribution of major dietary components and to differentiate between the source contribution of various animal species (domesticates, game). We re-evaluated previously published isotopic signatures in skeletons from three burial sites in Bavaria, dated from Late Antiquity to Early Mediaeval times (Erding-Klettham, Erding-Altenerding, Straubing-Bajuwarenstraße) by use of a mixing model. The result is a more detailed reconstruction, supported by contextual evidence, of both early subsistence economies and individual dietary preferences. We were able to confirm relationships between non-local dietary behaviour and foreign cultural influences (grave goods and artificial cranial modification) that have previously been suggested by the burial context and DNA analyses and that are plausibly explained by migration events. Moreover, we differentiated early and late immigrants from each other, requiring a re-evaluation of the earlier interpretation of exogamy. In addition, individual dietary preferences indicate even more migration events and social stratifications that could not previously be identified by the archaeological evidence alone.

Flemish Immigration and Geoffrey of Monmouth's De gestis Britonum

Flemish Immigration and Geoffrey of Monmouth's <i>De gestis Britonum</i>

The History of Galilee, 1538–1949: Mysticism, Modernization, and War by Matthew M. Silver (review)

Reviewed by: The History of Galilee, 1538–1949: Mysticism, Modernization, and War by Matthew M. Silver Lawrence Frizzell The History of Galilee, 1538–1949: Mysticism, Modernization, and War. By Matthew M. Silver. (Lanham: Lexington Books. 2022 Pp. ix, 391. $125.00. ISBN 978-1-7936-4942-3.) The two-volume History of Galilee begins with the period 47 BC to 1260 AD: From Josephus and Jesus to the Crusades (Lexington Books, 2021) and the volume under review. The author, a professor of Jewish history and world history at the Max Stern Yezreel Valley College and the University of Haifa, presents this work "based on principles of liberal humanism and inter-faith dialogue" (p. 5). This volume moves from sixteenth-century Kabbalistic mysticism in Safed to "the 1948 events known as Israel's War of Independence or the Palestinian Nakba" (p. 1). Silver notes "… Galilee's history attains singular import in world history as the place where monotheism multiplied" (p. 1). The prominence of Galilee in Jewish thought relates to the centers of study developed after the disastrous result of two revolts against the Romans. Unable to return to Jerusalem, Jewish scholars founded academies in Galilee. In medieval Spain the life of Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai (Rashbi), a hero of the second revolt (132–135 AD), was idealized. Scholars in the mystical traditions of Judaism looked to Rashbi as their hero. As healer and martyr he was portrayed in ways that seem to provide an equivalent to Jesus of Nazareth. Tracing Jewish mystical teachings to this period, the Zohar (Book of Splendor) was attributed to him. With their imagined background of Galilee, Spanish Jewish mystics prepared for Jews exiled from Spain to return to the area where Rashbi was buried. In the Sixteenth century the mystical traditions developed by Isaac Luria, linked with Joseph Karo's Set Table of Jewish Law, exercised enormous influence on Jews of Europe. The chapter "Ottoman Galilee" begins with the rule of a Druze prince Emir Fakhr al-Din about 1622. He paid tribute to the Ottoman empire but, facing its army and navy, he fled to Florence under Medici auspices. He dreamed of leading a crusade to recover his dominance in Palestine. The Franciscans are mentioned in this context, for the only time in this book. Captured by the Ottomans, Fakhr al-Din was executed in 1635. Orthodox Jews from eastern Europe and from within the Ottoman Empire became immigrants to Safed and Tiberias. They included members of Hasidic communities, followers of the Baal Shem Tov. Chapter 3, "The Quest for Historical Galilee," portrays the increasingly secular images of Jesus in his home region. Silver reviews the works of David F. Strauss, Ernest Renan, and Albert Schweitzer's evaluation of this quest. Silver includes Abraham Geiger, founder of Reform Judaism, and Heinrich Graetz, for whom Jesus was a country yokel pitted against the sophisticated teachers in Jerusalem. The review of the last century moves from Joseph Klausner's 1922 "biography" of Jesus to Richard Horsley and John Hanson's Bandits, Prophets and Messiahs (1985) and Reza Aslan's Zealot (2013). Silver follows Horsley to question "[t]he pertinence of [End Page 387] Zealotry to the specific period of Jesus's life in Galilee, its impetus, and its scope" (p. 201). In contrast to European gentiles, "Americans have had a manifest tendency to see the Holy Land, its past and ongoing development, through their own American frames" (p. 202). Silver reviews the Protestant "lives of Jesus" in the nineteenth century and then looks at "the American pilgrimage scene in Israel today" (p. 204). Protestants are not impressed with the traditional shrines (in the hands of Orthodox and Catholic clergy) but seek "the fifth Gospel in Galilee" (p. 210), where these pilgrims feel most at home (p. 228). Chapter 4, "Zionist Pioneering Galilee," describes the migration of Jews, especially from Eastern Europe, with return to the land to develop its agricultural potential, with less emphasis on piety than earlier immigrants had. Chapter 5, "The Fight for Galilee, 1948," begins with mini-biographies of a prominent Arab fighter, Fawzi al-Qawuqii, a native of Tripoli and leader of the Arab Liberation Army, and a Jewish native of Galilee...

The origins of engraved marine shell cups, copper repoussé plates, and ritual centers: disentangling early Cahokia symbolism from post–AD 1200 SECC iconography

ABSTRACT The development of Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) iconography has been posited to have had its origins in pre–AD 1200 Greater Cahokia. The recovery of fragments of an engraved shell cup, a few engraved pottery sherds, and copper residue from Mound 34 at Cahokia as well as two regional rock-art sites are said to confirm that the early Braden art style had a Cahokian heritage. Furthermore, on this basis, the origin, production, and distribution of engraved shell cups and copper repoussé plates have been attributed to Cahokian artisans. Here the archaeological context and chronology of this evidence is reexamined and found to be problematic—it does not support Cahokia origins for engraved shell cups and copper repoussé plates. The small amount of early Braden materials attributed to Cahokia are better explained as byproducts of the demonstrable presence of early Caddo immigrants and influences in the American Bottom. The skewed distribution and early chronology of Mississippian engraved shell cups and copper repoussé plates confirm they are likely products of Spiro-influenced ritual practitioners. The production and accumulation of such ritual paraphernalia at Spiro can most reasonably be attributed to the site's rise as a sacred place and central locus for regional pilgrimages.

Review: Elaine Black Yoneda: Jewish Immigration, Labor Activism, and Japanese American Exclusion and Incarceration, by Rachel Schreiber

Review: <i>Elaine Black Yoneda: Jewish Immigration, Labor Activism, and Japanese American Exclusion and Incarceration</i>, by Rachel Schreiber

Introduction: Assimilation, integration or transnationalism? An overview of theories of migrant incorporation

Introduction: Assimilation, integration or transnationalism? An overview of theories of migrant incorporation

УКРАЇНСЬКА МЕНШИНА ХОРВАТІЇ: ІСТОРИЧНО-ДЕМОГРАФІЧНИЙ ВИМІР

Throughout the history of the existence of the Rusyn-Ukrainian diaspora in Croatia, several important demographic trends can be traced. One particular characteristic of migrants from Ukrainian lands to the South Slavic territories was the presence of a dual ethnonym: the early wave immigrants brought with them a Rusyn identity, while the subsequent ones carried a Ukrainian identity. As a result, descendants of the Rusyn migration have maintained a certain degree of separateness from the Ukrainians, which complicates the preservation of this minority. The demographic indicators of the Ukrainian community have been influenced by the policies of various governments (Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Royal and Socialist Yugoslavia, the Republic of Croatia) and military conflicts throughout the 20th to the early 21st century (World Wars, the Serbian-Croatian War, Russian aggression against Ukraine). Determining the exact number of migrants was challenging until population censuses were conducted in Austria-Hungary. Until the 1930s, there was a relatively sharp increase in the number of the Rusyns and the Ukrainians in Croatia: prior to the First World War, thanks to targeted agrarian policies of the Austro-Hungarian government, and during the time of the first Yugoslavia, due to the arrival of Ukrainians as part of Russian White emigration. The period from the 1930s to the 1970s saw a relative stagnation in the size of this minority. Demographic losses during the Second World War were compensated by the resettlement of Rusyn-Ukrainian population from other Yugoslavian republics. Starting from the 1970s, we have observed a steady decline in the Rusyn-Ukrainian diaspora. This process was further complicated by the consequences of the Serbian-Croatian War of 1991–1995, divisions within the Rusyn-Ukrainian organizations, and globalization processes, which resulted in the assimilation of these small ethnic groups. At the same time, the demographic crisis was mitigated by a favorable policy of the Croatian government towards national minorities, which provided relatively generous funding while simultaneously dividing the Rusyns and the Ukrainians. As a result of these negative factors, the Rusyn and Ukrainian minorities in Croatia faced the risk of disappearance in the coming decades. However, the full-scale aggression of Russia against Ukraine led to a significant wave of refugees, some tens of thousands of whom settled in Croatia. This expands the possibilities for preserving the Ukrainian community by integrating the newly arrived individuals into the cultural and social life of the minority. However, nothing has changed for the Rusyns, and their path to overcoming depopulation and assimilation is seen through consolidation with the Ukrainians.

Interrogating the Myths of Education: Dorothy Bryant'sElla Price's JournalandMiss Giardino

Interrogating the Myths of Education: Dorothy Bryant's<i>Ella Price's Journal</i>and<i>Miss Giardino</i>