УКРАЇНСЬКА МЕНШИНА ХОРВАТІЇ: ІСТОРИЧНО-ДЕМОГРАФІЧНИЙ ВИМІР

B a c k g r ou nd . The article is a study of pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities (communities) in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. Relevance. At the current stage of Ukraine's development, the problem of providing adequate education to representatives of national minorities is becoming particularly urgent, since an effective approach to this problem is of great importance for main- taining harmony between different nationalities in a multinational society. The positive experience of implementing pedagogical innovations in educational institutions of EU countries aimed at the needs of national minorities is particularly important for its integration in our country. Purpose and objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities (communities) in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. To fulfill the stated goal of the research, the following objectives were set: to characterize the definition of the term "innova- tion" in educational activity; to determine pedagogical technologies used in innovative pedagogical activities; to consider peda- gogical innovations in education for national minorities in Ukraine; to analyze the peculiarities of pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities in EU countries. The research methods used in the work are the following: search based on the available methodical and scientific literature with analysis of the found material, comparison, systematization. Re su lt s . In the context of the educational activity, the term "innovation" is used in a number of important meanings. The classification of pedagogical technologies, which are most often used in the educational environment, is given. It was empha- sized that innovative educational activity in Ukraine is carried out at three levels. The spectrum of technologies, which today functions in general educational institutions in which education is conducted in the language of national minorities, is multi- format, which is connected with the introduction of new educational standards. Analyzing pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities in EU countries, some features of such countries as Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and Lithuania are listed, since their views on the issue of education of national minorities are quite diverse. C onc lu si on s . Pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities (communities) in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union were analyzed. The definition of the term "innovation" in educational activity is characterized. Technologi- cal schemes and pedagogical technologies used in innovative pedagogical activities are also defined. Pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities in Ukraine are considered. Peculiarities of pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities in such EU countries as Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and Lithuania are analyzed.

The relevance of the article is due to the reform of the legislative framework on national minorities in Ukraine, which is conditioned by European integration. The purpose of the article is to reveal the problems of identifying persons belonging to "old" minorities in Ukraine and discrimination against "new" minorities. In the course of the research, the author used the dialectical method, logical methods of analysis, synthesis, abstraction, comparative research method, forecasting method, and formal legal method. The author analyzes the provisions of the old inclusive Law of Ukraine "On National Minorities in Ukraine", the new exclusive Law of Ukraine "On National Minorities (Communities) of Ukraine", and some international treaties of Ukraine. The author identifies the problems related to the consolidation of the feature of traditional residence on the territory of Ukraine. The author analyzes the legal status of "new" minorities. It is concluded that the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On National Minorities (Communities) of Ukraine" has led to the introduction of a differentiated approach to "old" and "new" minorities in Ukraine, but the shortcomings of this Law make it impossible to determine which national minorities belong to the "old" ones. It is emphasized that the "new" minorities have been discriminated against due to the deprivation of their legal status as national minorities (communities) of Ukraine and equalization with the majority. Recommendations are made to address the identified shortcomings by removing from the concept of "national minority (community) of Ukraine" the feature of traditional residence on the territory of Ukraine and defining precise and clear features of settlements where persons belonging to national minorities (communities) traditionally reside or where they constitute a significant part of the population.

The article deals with the conceptual aspects of determining the right to self-determination of national minorities in the science of constitutional law. It is argued that the current constitutions reflect certain conceptual approaches to the subjective composition of national minorities, which requires their comprehensive consideration and scientific and practical analysis in terms of current processes of European interstate integration in the implementation of universally recognized human rights standards, principles and norms, citizen and social groups.
 The question of national minorities arose in the sixteenth century. Since the sixteenth century, their rights have been enshrined in a number of treaties. After World War I, this process is controlled by the League of Nations. In the respective treaties, national minorities were defined as ethnic religious and linguistic communities that differed in language, ethnicity and culture from the population in which they live. The complexity of the problem lies in the diversity of situations related to the existence of minorities and the concept of nationality as a whole.
 One of the most successful concepts of "minority groups", which is proposed by the famous Danish scientist Luis Wirth, has been identified. The existence of dominant minorities that do not need protection is justified. Moreover, dominant minorities are sometimes subject to serious violations of the principles of equality, non-discrimination and will of the people as enshrined in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
 Attention is drawn to the use of the term "national minority" in national legislation and it is noted that the process of defining the definition of "national minority" is only at the initial stage of formation. The law, which defines the term "national minority" at the official level, became the Law of Ukraine "On National Minorities in Ukraine", adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on June 25, 1992.

The article identifies and discloses the problems of national minorities living on the territory of the Istrian peninsula with access to the Adriatic Sea and the region Venezia Giulia. It must be stressed that the population of Istria just over the past century four times "changed citizenship", having been in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia- FPRY (later - the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - SFRY), and, finally, the People`s and the Socialist Republic of Croatia. It is shown that all of these political changes in different periods strongly influenced mentality of the population, especially in matters relating to the treatment of national minorities. Consequently, the composite structure of the population of Istria and Venezia Giulia with time has undergone profound changes: Latinized ethnolinguistic group assimilated by Slavic population, but subsequently was different from the Slovenes and Croats. Before the First World War, these territories were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and there lived the Italians, Croats and Slovenes. After the war and the collapse of the empire the region became part of the Kingdom of Italy. New problems arose at the end of the Second World War, when most of the Istria and Venezia Giulia was under the control of the newly established Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. As a result, after the break-up of the federation of Yugoslavia and the formation of autonomous and independent states - former republics including Croatia, the status of national minorities have separate national and cultural groups, where Italians as an autochthonous national minorities enjoyed the status of the privileged minority.

The research aims at presenting and exploring the mechanisms for protection of the rights of national minorities (based on the example of Ukrainian minority) in the Warmia and Mazury Region of the Republic of Poland. The research hypothesis is based on the statement that in fact the protection of rights of national minorities at the level of the Warmia and Mazury Region could be treated as a model, and thus implemented in other regions in Poland, or even in other countries facing the problems related to the protection of national and ethnic minorities. The main research problems are addressed within the questions: how is Ukrainian minority distributed in the studied region?; What are the state and local government institutions working for national minorities in the studied region of Poland?; What activities do these institutions undertake to ensure equal treatment of national minorities and provision for their rights?; How are these activities assessed by organizations/representatives of the Ukrainian national minority? The leading research method was the institutional and legal one. The research also contained the interviewing method as well as the focus group interview. Obtained results of the study confirmed the research hypothesis. It turned out that the Warmia and Mazury Region has created an effective institutional environment for the development of national minorities, including the Ukrainian one. It was possible thanks to the activity of the only Polish Plenipotentiary of the Marshal for national minorities and also the only National and Ethnic Minorities Committee of the Regional Council in Poland.

This article focuses on the critical issue of enhancing the educational process for national minorities in Ukraine by drawing upon the Romanian experience. An in-depth analysis of recent research and publications on this subject is conducted, along with an exploration of the existing problems within the educational process of national minorities in Ukraine. The primary objective of this article is to examine the potential of leveraging the Romanian experience to improve the educational process of national minorities in Ukraine. To accomplish this goal, the article sets forth several tasks: analyzing Romania's experience in education for national minorities; identifying the main trends and issues within the Ukrainian education system for national minorities; and suggesting ways to enhance the educational process of national minorities in Ukraine by utilizing the Romanian experience. The scientific paper ultimately concludes that the adoption of the Romanian experience can significantly benefit the improvement of the educational process for national minorities in Ukraine. Key areas where the Romanian experience can be applied include native language teaching, raising the qualifications of teaching staff, creating the necessary infrastructure and material and technical base, developing support programs for national minorities, and more. By implementing these strategies, the educational process for national minorities in Ukraine can be enriched, providing better opportunities and outcomes for these communities. One significant aspect of the Romanian experience is its emphasis on native language teaching, which has been shown to foster a stronger connection to cultural heritage and improve overall educational outcomes. By applying these methods in Ukraine, the educational process for national minorities could be enhanced, helping students to better understand their cultural identity and promoting social cohesion. Moreover, the Romanian experience highlights the importance of investing in the professional development of teaching staff, ensuring that educators have the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively teach diverse student populations. By raising the qualifications of teaching staff in Ukraine, the educational process for national minorities can be significantly improved. Creating the necessary infrastructure and material and technical base is another crucial aspect of the Romanian experience that can be applied in Ukraine. By developing and maintaining appropriate facilities and resources, the educational process for national minorities can be better supported, ensuring that students have access to the tools and resources they need to succeed. Additionally, the development of support programs tailored to the specific needs of national minorities is vital. By implementing such programs, the educational process for national minorities in Ukraine can be further strengthened, enabling these communities to thrive and contribute to the overall success of the country. In conclusion, the Romanian experience provides valuable insights and strategies that can be employed to improve the educational process for national minorities in Ukraine. By focusing on native language teaching, raising the qualifications of teaching staff, creating the necessary infrastructure and material and technical base, and developing support programs for national minorities, Ukraine can work towards providing an inclusive and effective education system for all its citizens.

Eleonora Jenko (1879-1959), married Groyer from the year 1907, was promoted as the first Slovenian physician at the Women's Medical Institute in St. Peterburg on February 14, 1907. She studied in Russia, because her parents felt sympathetic towards Russian nation, and because women in Austro-Hungarian Empire were not allowed to continue their education at Gymnasiums or at the Universities. Her obtained diploma could not be nostrified in AustroHungarian Empire; she only received the recognition of its equivalency. She could only perform her professional medical work in the former region of Kranjska (Krain) and at the Austrian coast (Kustenland). She was the first female physician who opened an independent medical practice in Opatija. At the beginning of the Great War she returned to Ljubljana and practiced as a physician in Grosuplje. She was not entitled to sign her name as a Doctor, as her diploma has not yet been nostrified. In order to nostrificate her diploma in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes she had to take the exams in Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine at the Zagreb Medical Faculty. On June 15, 1921 she was promoted again, and the same year she opened her medical practice as the first female physician in Ljubljana. She worked her whole life as an independent physician, as all her applications for the public office were rejected.

Actuality. The technology of socio-cultural design has got a wide range of applications to every segment of the internationalization of the state in which we live. The study of issues relates to activities in the field of development of national minorities and communities in Ukraine which takes a lot of time since the Independence adoption in Ukraine. Multilateralism and multiculturalism in Ukraine make it possible to offer us a new system of activity and development in the cultural sector and bring the state's cultural policy to a new level. Purpose and methods . The aim of the article is to develop a system of management and organizational complex of socio-cultural design in the internal environment of activities of national minorities. The methodology of the research is based on the principle of cultural-historical and analytical approaches, which allow to highlight the socio-cultural process of the environment of national minorities in Ukraine. Used methods: evolutionary, comparativehistorical, functional. Results. The main results of the study are to identify the peculiarities and specifics of the formation of the system of socio-cultural design of Ukraine in the context of the development and activities of national minorities in Ukraine. Conclusions and discussion. The scientific novelty of the results is to highlight the main issues of governance in Ukraine's national minorities and how to deal with them. The proposed set of management measures will allow for the settlement and control free project activities in the socio-cultural sphere at the state and regional levels, the settlement and establishment of the legislative and regulatory framework of Ukraine on issues of development and activity of national minorities and improvement of conditions for their life.

This paper provides a study case of the First World War Croatian Major General Otmar Babić. It investigates the post-First World War national identity construction and shifting state loyalties of this Austro-Hungarian high-ranking military official in three different state regimes: the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Independent State of Croatia. In view of the limited scope of this paper, the presented preliminary findings are narrowly focused on the text – on Otmar Babić’s statements in various types of narrations. His personal records are treated as narrations that belong to the historization of warfare experience – a military history from below. Therefore, this micro-level sociological study has analyzed developed discourse and discursive practices reflected in the correspondence between Major General Babić and state institutions, and his private, more intimate, writings expressed in poetry. Otmar Babic’s statements have been analyzed and treated as social representations expressed in discourse about the impact of the First World War on his life. Foucauldian discourse analysis applied as methodology has therefore, enabled to do qualitative sociological research into the shifting nature of Otmar Babić’s identity construction in different state regimes, as well as into his shifting state loyalties after the First World War when he was retired. Otmar Babić’s case provides a subjective account of the military past and post-war life and represents a source of First World War history from a personal perspective and a true testimony to the long lost Croatian cultural memory.

Falconry as a Slovenian physical exercise movement followed national events on European soil in the 19th and the first part of the 20th century. The formation of the Kingdom of Italy as well as the German Empire influenced the development of the creative character among the Slavic peoples. Also, the Serbian revolution, autonomy and final independence after the Berlin Congress, further strengthened the national consciousness of all enslaved Slavs. From the end of the 19th century, the Czech Falcon training system was accepted in the Kingdom of Serbia. Falcons from the Kingdom of Serbia established cooperation with Serbian falconry societies from the region. They organized falconry events (landings) in the Kingdom of Serbia, where Serbian falcons from outside the Kingdom of Serbia often took part. Also, falcons from the Kingdom of Serbia often participated in the events (flights) of Serbian falcons organized outside the Kingdom of Serbia. Sokol celebrations were places of joint work, organization and further planning. Physical exercise in Serbian falcon performances was not an isolated activity, but was often realized with choral performances, recitations, historical and spiritual lectures. The annexation crisis further united the Serbian falconry of the Kingdom of Serbia with Serbian falconry from the region. Additional external burdens on the Kingdom of Serbia as a free Slavic kingdom reflected on the unifying forces of complete Serbian physical exercise. The acceptance of the Serbian people into the Association of Slovenian Falconry is an indication of the Serbs' desire for joint action within the framework of overall falconry. Through their decades of work, their mutual relationship as well as their participation in the Great War, the falcons of the Kingdom of Serbia and the Serbian falcons from the region made a significant contribution to the unification of the Serbian and other Slavic peoples into a common South Slavic kingdom-Yugoslavia. The goal of this research is to search for the relationship between Falcons from the Kingdom of Serbia and Serbian falconry from the region. The historical method was used in the research.

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, formed after the World War I, was predominantly an agrarian country. One of the most important issues in the state was the implementation of agrarian reform. It was a complex state measure with important social, economic and political impact. The implementation of the agrarian reform in the area of Backa and Banat (located at the territory of northern Serbia, called Voivodina) was partially influenced by foreign policy relations between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with neighboring countries - Hungary and Romania. A considerable factor of those relationship was a possibility for national minorities to opt for citizenship of one of these states. According to the agrarian laws passed after the commencement of the implementation of agrarian reform (in September 1920) in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes estates owned by foreign national had to be expropriated regardless of the acreage if the owner had not lived in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after the war and the estate was abandoned or let on lease. Therefore, landowners Hungarians protested against the division of their land in the process of agrarian reform in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, claiming that it violates the Trianon Treaty. Based on data from archives from the relevant archival founds in the Archives of Voivodina the paper presents an interesting case of expropriation of large estate in the territory of Backa which was owned by a Hungarian citizen.

The article presents the essence, meaning and types of interactive teaching methods, as well as highlights the problems of teaching the languages of national minorities in Ukraine. All nations have the right to self-determination. By virtue of this right, they are free to establish their political status and freely ensure their economic, social and cultural development. In addition, in order to achieve their goals, all people are free to dispose their natural resources and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising from international economic cooperation applied on the principle of mutual benefit and international law. No nation can in any case be deprived of its means of subsistence. This article is devoted to the problem of using interactive methods in teaching languages of national minorities in Ukraine. The advantages of using such methods and the peculiarities of their introduction into the educational process are substantiated. Definitions of the general concept are given and features of a choice of certain interactive methods are described. Particular attention is paid to the classification of interactive teaching methods. For Ukraine, as for any polyethnic state, the issue of national minorities is permanently relevant and requires constant study and analysis. The formation of Ukraine as an independent state put on the agenda both theoretical and practical tasks - to develop its own concept of national policy. The peculiarity of the situation was the need to simultaneously find optimal ways to develop the titular nation and national minorities.

The aim of this paper is to attempt to present challenges faced by the Russian minority residing in Ukraine from the Polish perspective. The presence of national minorities in various countries throughout the world is not an isolated phenomenon. However, looking at problems that they must face shows that national minorities do not have it easy anywhere. Union laws and other national and international regulations on the one hand emphasize care for minorities and their rights. On the other hand, a lot of challenges can be observed that minorities need to address depending on many different factors. This is an important element of cultural security of representatives of individual minorities but also of the cultural security of the majority. The basic issue discussed in the paper is current challenges faced by the largest national minority in Poland’s neighbour. It tries to present both the historical context and the identity determinants associated with language or religion. The Crimea context has also become an important aspect, which is crucial to perceiving the Russian minority in Ukraine. The presented contexts are modern challenges that the Russians in Ukraine need to tackle in the face of cultural security of the state in which they are currently located and their own cultural security. The scholarly novelty of the paper involves looking at the issue of the Russian minority in Ukraine from the Polish perspective. The specific feature of this article consists in a presentation of i.a. an analysis of statistical data and opinions on the Russians residing in Ukraine but seen from the perspective of Poland as their neighbour. Conclusions. The specific situation occurring in Ukraine has shown that Ukraine’s national identity cannot be based on solely ethnic contexts. Ukraine’s identity needs to be looked at from a broader perspective, going deeper into territorial and civil criteria. It is them that determine and will continue to determine Ukraine’s self. The numbers of the Russian minority in Ukraine still impact the latter’s identity. Therefore, it needs to be observed and explored to understand and better shape relations between the majority and the minority. The context of cultural security, the aim of which is to examine the country’s future in the context of its coherent functioning, is also not unimportant.

Ethnic communities in Ukraine are vulnerable in socio-economic and politically challenging conditions. National minorities today face two problems of survival: 1) maintaining consolidation; 2) deepening integration into Ukrainian society. In such a situation, an important instrumental role is played by civil society institutions, such as civic organizations representing the public interest of national minorities at the institutional level. They have real resource potential, which in the conditions of decentralization and increasing the effectiveness of relations with the state can minimize the risks of socially consolidating component of Ukrainian society. There is a need for the readiness of public organizations of national minorities to fulfill the social and management mission. One such promising step could be the process of institutional rebranding of public organizations of national minorities.The purpose of the article is to analyze the procedure of institutional rebranding of public organizations of national minorities in Ukraine. The study is aimed at a motivational action that brings together citizens who are ready for public interaction with other subjects of social and administrative relations and interested in representing the image of the national minority in the country. Institutional rebranding aims to change public perceptions of public organizations as public organizations as institutions engaging in public activity rather than socially profitable ones. They are updating the social purpose of NGOs. After all, the main tasks of modern institutional re-branding of public organizations are to enhance the social uniqueness of the public institute, to strengthen the role and importance of the organization in civil society, as well as to attract it to a wide range of citizens who increase their social responsibility in a mono-national and nation-wide environment. We propose to follow the impact of institutional rebranding of public organizations of national minorities with the help of several important principles: 1) perception of the political regime; 2) regulatory regulation of activity; 3) the nature of interethnic coexistence; 4) strengthening social and consolidating role.We are aware of the fact that in Ukraine the level of effective authority of the "third sector" is rather mediocre, and in the context of public interaction between state and non-governmental institutions a priority model of cooperation has not yet been developed. Moreover, socio-economic circumstances make it difficult to change existing perceptions of NGOs. Therefore, institutional rebranding is new, but extremely relevant, especially for public organizations of national minorities, a method of public positioning in the current conditions of development of the state and civil society.

The end of the First World War contributed to the fall of the Austrian-Hungarian dualist state and to the rising of new nations in the center of Europe. In this context, through the Paris’s Peace Treaty, new frontiers were shaped, concluding in the separation of Banat region between Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.In 1919 the Banat region was claimed both by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania, which generated a very complex issue, debated and solved by the greatest diplomats of the time. The Banat region had a diverse multiethnic population, being claimed both by the Romania and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, equally winners in the First World War, fact that made this issue more difficult.The representatives of the major political powers analyzed the Banat situation in February 1919 and came up with a series of proposals which produced the dissatisfaction of both Romanian and Serb diplomacy. Setting new borders between Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was solved in August 10, 1920, when the Sevres Treaty was signed, but its implementation has lasted several years and ended in 1924. Due to the new border lines, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes included more then 70 000 Romanians.The historical resolutions of Paris regarding the frontiers between Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes made the Diocese of Arad to engage in a series of activities due to the fact that several orthodox parishes laid beyond the Romanian frontiers. Such an example are the eight villages of Comloș Deanery with 15203 of Romanians. In this context Diocese of Arad, represented by Bishop Ioan I. Papp, consistorial secretary Vasile Goldiș, and many other political and cultural personalities stood up and engage in Banat’s issue. Mihai Păcăţean, Dean of Comloș and Arad’s Diocese official, elaborated several reports describing the situation following the implementation of the decisions taken in Paris. He highlighted the fact that the orthodox’s parishes outside the Romanian frontiers were isolated having serious communication problems because even the Post stopped working. Following the Paris decisions of the Great Powers, the Bishop of Arad, Ioan I. Papp, and several Arad’s Diocese officials took actions both politically and religiously, by signing memoranda and reports to the Ruling Council and to Metropolitan of Sibiu aiming to allow the Romanians beyond the borders to form their own structures.In December 3/16, 1919, Bishop of Arad, Ioan I. Papp, wrote a letter to the “Most Venerable Metropolitan Consistory of Sibiu”, emphasizing the fact that the solving the Romanians issue in Serbia can only be done diplomatically “through the country’s government after hearing the opinion of the national-religious congress”. During the same period, Mihai Păcăţean asked the Ruling Council to financially intervene aiming to improve the life style of the Romanian priests from the Serbian Banat.