Early Detection Of Cervical Cancer Research Articles

Detection of cervical cancer using deep transfer learning

Cervical cancer, the fourth most prevalent disease among females, is one of the major threats to the health of women worldwide. The early detection of cervical cancer is crucial for efficient disease management and medical care since it increases the likelihood of treating and curing the disease. Medically cervical cancer is usually diagnosed using pap test or colposcopic examination. This tests are time consuming and lack of enough, but with technological advancement and application of artificial intelligence to health care, machine learning algorithms has be giving faster and more accurate prediction of illness. This study made use of the readily available SIPAKMed dataset which includes the collection of a large image dataset of 4049 images. Due to the fact that detection of this type of cancer using medical images gives a faster and more accurate detection compared to using structured dataset comprising of various attributes related to cervical cancer. Pretrained EfficientNet-B7 was used as the detection model. The dataset went through series of preprocessing techniques like filtering using low and high pass filter, normalization using Min-Max Scalar. Label and image data were then converted to an array. The developed system was evaluated and gave an average accuracy and precision of 87% and 87% respectively, it was then compared with Graph Neural Network and Random Forest but they were both outperformed. As a result of this, EfficientNet-B7 is a very good deep learning algorithm for detecting cervical cancer using medical images. Other architectures of convolutional neural networks should be experimented and their performance should be compared with the developed system in future work, while larger dataset should be utilized as well.

Deep learning-based cervical lesion segmentation in colposcopic images

Artificial intelligence assisted cancer detection has changed the ream of diagnosis precision. This study aims to propose a segmentation network using artificial intelligence for accurately segmenting the cervix region and acetowhite lesions in cervigram images, addressing the shortage of skilled colposcopists and streamlining the training process. A computational approach is employed to develop and train a deep learning model specifically tailored for cervix region and acetowhite lesion segmentation in cervigram images. A dataset acquired in collaboration with KIDWAI memorial cancer research institute is used for building the model. Cervigram images are collected for training and validation, and a deep learning architecture is constructed and trained using annotated datasets. The segmentation network based on efficientnet architecture and atrous spatial pyramid pooling is designed to accurately identify and delineate the target regions, with performance evaluation conducted using precision, accuracy, recall, dice score, and specificity metrics. The proposed segmentation network achieves a precision of 0.7387±0.1541, accuracy of 0.9291, recall of 0.7912±0.1439, dice score of 0.7431±0.1506, and specificity of 0.9589±0.0131, indicating its reliability and robustness in segmenting cervix regions and acetowhite lesions in cervigram images. This research demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of using artificial intelligence-based computational models for cervix region and acetowhite lesion segmentation in cervigram images. It provides a foundation for further investigations into classifying cervix malignancy using AI techniques, potentially enhancing early detection and treatment of cervical cancer while addressing the shortage of skilled professionals in the field

Optimizing the Role of Cadres in Increasing the Coverage of Early Detection of Cervical Cancer in the Working Area of Dasuk Health Center

Cancer is a public health problem in the world. Cancer can threaten health both physically and psychologically and can even cause death. One of the cancers that most often causes death in women is cervical cancer. Efforts to prevent cervical cancer with the cervical cancer screening program in 2018 found estimated data on the number of cervical cancer cases in East Java Province of 27,837 which has the largest number of cervical cancer sufferers compared to other provinces. Meanwhile, 2020 experienced obstacles due to the co-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on cervical cancer screening. Based on the data results from the 2022 Dasuk Health Center Performance Assessment Report, the total target of WUS (Women of Reproductive Age) in the Dasuk Health Center Work Area is 6. 672 targets. While the number of WUS (Women of Reproductive Age) who carried out early detection of cervical cancer through the IVA method was 438 targets (0.06%). This shows that the awareness of women of childbearing age in conducting early screening for cervical cancer is still low. Identification of factors that influence the low coverage of early detection of cervical cancer in the Working Area of ​​the Dasuk Health Center with fishbone diagram analysis and identification of priority problems with ultrasound analysis shows that the problems that need to be prioritized for resolution are campaign discontinuity, people are afraid to check IVA tests, lack of public understanding of the importance IVA test examination.

Evaluation of a novel vaginal cells self‐sampling device for human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening: A clinical trial assessing reliability and acceptability

AbstractCervical cancer is a significant public health concern, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries where resources for prevention and treatment are limited. Routine screening, such as the Papanicolaou test (Pap smears) and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, plays a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. However, the participation rate in cervical cancer screening programs remains below optimal levels due to various factors. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and acceptability of the HygeiaTouch Self Sampling Kit for Women in collecting vaginal samples for HPV typing, comparing the results with samples collected by physicians. The study included 1210 women aged 21–65 from three medical centers in Taiwan. The findings indicated that the self‐sampling kit was as effective as physician‐collected specimens in terms of obtaining valid samples and identifying HPV. The agreement between the two methods was 88%, with a κ value of 0.75. Furthermore, the study assessed the mechanical characteristics of the self‐sampling applicator through tensile, bending, and torque tests, and determined that it was safe for intravaginal use. Additionally, the study evaluated the safety and satisfaction of self‐sampling and found a low rate of adverse events (0.7%) and high levels of satisfaction (over 90%) among participants. Overall, we demonstrated that the HygeiaTouch Self Sampling Kit for Women is a reliable and acceptable device for HPV testing and cervical screening, providing a convenient, safe, and effective alternative for women.

Predictive modeling and web-based tool for cervical cancer risk assessment: A comparative study of machine learning models

In today's digital era, the rapid growth of databases presents significant challenges in data management. In order to address this, we have developed and designed CHAMP (Cervical Health Assessment using machine learning for Prediction), which is a user interface tool that can effectively and efficiently handle cervical cancer databases to detect patterns for future prediction diagnosis. CHAMP employs various machine learning algorithms which include XGBoost, SVM, Naive Bayes, AdaBoost, Decision Tree, and K-Nearest Neighbors in order to predict cervical cancer accurately. Moreover, this tool also designates to evaluate and optimize processes, to retrieve the significantly augmented algorithm for predicting cervical cancer. Although, the developed user interface tool was implemented in Python 3.9.0 using Flask, which provides a personalized and intuitive platform for pattern detection. The current study approach contributes to the accurate prediction and early detection of cervical cancer by leveraging the power of machine learning algorithms and comprehensive validation tools, which aim to provide learned decision-making.•CHAMP is a user interface tool which is designed for the detection of patterns for future diagnosis and prognosis of cervical cancer.•Various machine learning algorithms are employed for accurate prediction.•This tool provides personalized and intuitive data analysis which enables informed decision-making in healthcare.

Awareness and Practice regarding Early Detection and Prevention of Breast and Cervical Cancers among Women of Kudumbashree Units

Awareness and Practice regarding Early Detection and Prevention of Breast and Cervical Cancers among Women of Kudumbashree Units

Correlation between high-risk HPV infection and p16/Ki-67 abnormalities in Pap samples in a South Eastern Europe cohort.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths amongst women worldwide. CC represents a major global healthcare issue, and Romania ranks the worst in mortality rates amongst EU countries. However, the early detection of CC can be lifesaving. To understand the testing process undergone by women in Romania, we performed a retrospective study, and investigated a cohort of 83 785 cervical cases from Romanian women aged 15-70, obtained in private-based opportunistic screening. We examined the correlation between Pap smear results, human papilloma virus (HPV) genotyping, and the expression of cell cycle markers p16 and Ki-67. Analysis of Pap results revealed approximately 10% abnormal cases, of which high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesionsconstituted 4.9%. HPV genotyping of 12 185 cases with available Pap results unveiled a range of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types associated with cervical abnormalities. Notably, 26% of hrHPV-positive cases showed no observable abnormalities. In a subset of cases with abnormal Pap and a type of hrHPV, P16/Ki-67 double-staining was also positive. This study suggests the importance of an integrated diagnostic algorithm that should consider the HPV genotype, Pap smear, and p16/Ki-67 staining. This algorithm should enhance the CC screening accuracy and its management strategies, particularly in those regions with a high disease burden, such as Romania.

Prevalence of genital high-risk human papillomavirus infections and associated factors among women living with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda

BackgroundWomen living with HIV are at risk for cervical dysplasia and cancer worldwide. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that testing for high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection be incorporated into cervical cancer screening programs using molecular nucleic acid tests (NATs) but this has not previously been done in Uganda. The country’s coverage for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) screening remains low at less than 10% for women aged 25–49 years. This study determined the genital prevalence of hrHPV infection and the associated factors among women living with HIV in Uganda.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 15 selected health facilities among participants who were on Antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participants who consented to participate were instructed on how to collect their own high vaginal swabs using a cervical brush for HPV molecular testing (HPV DNA or HPV RNA) and their demographics data was collected using a standard questionnaire. Laboratory diagnosis for HPV molecular testing was done using Gene xpert machines and Hologic Aptima Machine. Modified Poisson regression analysis was conducted to determine the associated factors.ResultsThis study involved 5856 HIV positive participants on ART. A total of 2006 out of 5856 (34.3%) participants had high risk HPV infections. HPV infections by genotypes were: HPV16 317(15.8%), HPV 18/45 308 (15.4%) and other high-risk HPV 1381 (68.8%). The independent factors associated with all hrHPV were parity, education level, having more than one partner, and engaging in early sex. Smoking was associated with HPV 16, HPV 18/45 and other hrHPV. Age was associated with all hrHPV, marital status with HPV 16, and occupation with HPV 16.ConclusionsThe prevalence of genital high-risk HPV infections among HIV positive women attending ART clinics in public facilities in Uganda was high. Other hrHPV genotype was the commonest compared to 18/45 and HPV 16. The integration of cervical cancer screening in ART programmes remains paramount to support the early detection of cervical cancer and Non-invasive self-collected urine and vaginal sampling for cervical cancer screening present an opportunity.

Deep Learning-based Ensemble Approach for Conventional Pap Smear Image Classification

Cervical cancer screening allows the early signs of precancerous abnormalities in the cervix before they develop into invasive cancer. The Pap Smear is a widely used screening for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. In many remote areas, the number of cytologists available to interpret pap smear screening tests is insufficient. This lack of personnel makes the test interpretation very time-consuming. To address this, deep learning techniques have been employed to detect cervical cancer cells and support cytologists. Therefore, an integrative approach with deep learning models and the ensemble techniques such as the maximum occurrence and the maximum probability score of cervical cells was proposed. The multi-cell assessment of the Pap smear slide allowed aggregate predictions of single cervical cell images using the proposed method. The classification results between pre-trained deep learning models and the proposed method were compared. In the experimental results, the proposed method can achieve an accuracy score of more than 97%, while the best pre-trained deep learning model can attain an accuracy score of more than 85%. Hence, the proposed method may have the potential to assist physicians or cytologists in the classification of cervical cell types for Pap Smear images.

Early detection of cervical and breast cancer: representations of primary care nurses

To analyze the practices of early detection of cervical and breast cancer performed by nurses in primary health care in Baixada Litorânea/RJ/Brazil. Qualitative, descriptive study; carried out with 43 nurses; data obtained through a self-completed form on socioprofessional profile; Focus groups, whose text corpus was prepared with IRaMuTeQ software for analysis through the Descending Hierarchical Classification guided by the Theory of Social Representation. Presented in two classes: Tensions between demands for early detection of cervical and breast cancer and nurses' professional practice; and Between public policies and daily practice: contents, meanings and attitudes. The nurses' representations showed practices permeated by scientific knowledge and common sense that consider their professional experience. Doubts and questions about the current guidelines reveal obstacles to effective care. We emphasize the need for permanent reconstruction of this knowledge with the teams and women.

Are National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program Recipients Providing Services in Counties Heavily Burdened by Breast and Cervical Cancer?

Alignment of National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) clinical services with the spatial distribution of breast and cervical cancer burden is essential to maximizing programmatic impact and addressing cancer disparities. This study identified spatial clustering of breast and cervical cancer burden scores and assessed whether and to what extent NBCCEDP clinical services were associated with clusters for the 5-year period, 2015-2019. We examined burden scores for spatial clustering using Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) tests in GeoDA. We then used t-tests to compare the NBCCEDP 5-year average percentage of eligible women served clinical breast and cervical cancer services between hotspot (high burden) and coolspot clusters. There was statistically significant spatial clustering in the pattern of breast and cervical cancer burden scores across counties, with hotspot clusters mostly observed in the Southern region, Idaho and Nevada. For both breast and cervical cancer, higher percentages of eligible women received breast and cervical cancer clinical services in coolspot clusters compared to hotspot clusters during each year from 2015-2019. NBCCEDP clinical services can help reduce breast and cervical cancer burden. Yet, during 2015-2019, increased service delivery was not aligned with the spatial distribution of counties with greater breast and cervical cancer burdens. NBCCEDP recipients may improve their impact on breast and cervical cancer burden by prioritizing and consistently increasing service delivery in cancer burden hotspot clusters if they have not already maximized their resources in these areas.

High-risk HPV prevalence and vaccination coverage among Indigenous women in the Colombian Amazon: Implications for cervical cancer prevention. Cross-sectional study.

Cervical cancer, primarily caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) transmission through sexual contact, necessitates comprehensive strategies to combat its impact on women's health. Yet, certain underserved populations, such as low socioeconomic and ethnic minority groups, encounter barriers in accessing timely interventions and early diagnosis. This cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of assessing HPV prevalence, genotype distribution, and co-infections among 280 adult women residing in a Colombian Indigenous Reserve within the Amazon region. The research adhered to a community-centric approach that respected cultural norms, native languages, and Indigenous authorities' permission. The study revealed an overall HPV infection prevalence of 31.1% (n = 87, 95% CI 25.7-36.8), with 22.5% (n = 63, 95% CI 17.7-27.8) of women infected by at least one high-risk HPV genotype and 15.0% (n = 42, 95% CI 11-19.7) infected by at least one LR genotype. These results align with the findings of other Colombian studies. Notable high-frequency genotypes included 16, 52, 66, 56, and 68, with the most common combinations being [66-52] and [66-58]. The study also assessed the prevalence of HPV vaccination, revealing a rate of 22.9%, lower than the national average. In vaccinated women, the prevalence of genotypes 16 and 18 was significantly reduced, as anticipated. Importantly, it was observed that 57.1% of all high-risk HPV infections could have been prevented with the use of the nonavalent vaccine. These findings underscore the critical need to enhance adherence to early cervical cancer detection and monitor positive cases to evaluate high-risk HPV persistence. Efforts should be directed toward continuing vaccination coverage against high-risk HPV 16 and 18 with the quadrivalent vaccine, while also striving to make the nonavalent vaccine accessible for inclusion in large-scale public health programs. Additionally, the study did not identify a specific pattern of co-infection. The study emphasizes the significance of adopting a locally tailored epidemiological approach to guide and promote cervical cancer prevention efforts in Indigenous communities.

PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER WITH VIDEO MEDIA FOR POSYANDU CADRES

Cervical cancer is one of the malignancies of the female reproductive organs with a long pathophysiology. Early detection with Visual Acetate Inspection (VIA) and Pap Smear can prevent poor prognosis. However, the evaluation of the coverage of the achievement of the program is still low. The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of primary prevention education on cervical cancer using video media to increase the knowledge of posyandu cadres. Type of experimental research categorical paired. The sample was 56 posyandu cadres who were selected by purposive sampling. Knowledge data collection was done with pretest and posttest questionnaires. Data analysis was performed with Wilcoxon (ρ=0.005). The results showed an increase in the median value of knowledge pretest 65.00 to the posttest median of 85.00. Video media effectively increases the knowledge of posyandu cadres about the early detection of cervical cancer (ρ=0.000). Health education with video media proved effective in increasing the knowledge of posyandu cadres about the primary prevention of cervical cancer. It is hoped that this study can contribute to improving the ability of human resources in promotive efforts through interactive media-based health promotion.

Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu Rumah Tangga dalam Pencegahan Kanker Servik

Cervical cancer caused by HPV (human papillomavirus) usually attacks women aged between 35 and 55 years and ranks second as the type of cancer most commonly experienced by Indonesian women. Early detection of cervical cancer is done with the visual acetic acid test (IVA). The aim of this research was to determine the knowledge and attitudes of housewives in preventing cervical cancer in the Pringrejo Village area. This research used a cross-sectional method with the Kolmogorov Smirnov reliability test with a sample size of 100 respondents. Both tests were calculated using SPSS version 17 for Windows. The results of the research show that age, education, economic status and knowledge influence the attitudes and behavior of housewives regarding cervical cancer with a p value for each characteristic <0.10. In the results, job characteristics have no relationship with the attitude of housewives in preventing cervical cancer because the p value is > 0.10. With this research, it is hoped that health workers can provide clear information about cervical cancer to the wider community, especially housewives.

The Effect of Health Education Using Audiovisuals on The Knowledge of Adolescent Girls about Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

Cancer is a non-communicable disease with the second-largest death rate in the world. Breast cancer is one of the main diseases treated by palliative care services. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the world. Early detection is a very important first step to find out early the presence of tumors or lumps in the breast to reduce the death rate due to cancer. The advantage of early detection of breast cancer is beneficial to increase the chances of life expectancy in women with breast cancer. Almost 85% of disorders or lumps are found by the patient through proper examination. In addition, BSE is the easiest, fastest, cheapest, and simplest method that can detect breast cancer early. Knowing the Effect of Health Education Using Audio Visual Media on Adolescent Girls' Knowledge about BSE at SMAN 10 Tangerang Regency Banten 2023. The research design used was quasi-experimental research with a one-group pretest-posttest design approach. The population used in this study was class X adolescent girls at SMAN 10 Tangerang Regency totaling 155 people. The number of samples taken was 30 samples obtained through the Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis was done by Paired T Test. The results of univariate analysis before conducting health education using audio-visual video exposure were 10.67, while the average knowledge of adolescent girls increased after health education to 15.60. The results of bivariate analysis with paired sample t-test P value = 0.001 means that there is an effect of counseling with audiovisual media on increasing the knowledge of adolescent girls about breast self-examination. Using audiovisual media to increase knowledge about breast self-examination (BSE) for early detection of cervical cancer.

The Relationship of Delivery Method and Family Planning History with Via Examination Results (Visual Inspection of Acetic Acid)”

VIA (Visual Acetic Acid Inspection) is a type of examination to detect cervical cancer. There are several factors that can cause positive VIA results and every couple of childbearing age (PUS) should carry out early detection of cervical cancer once a year, one of which is through an VIA examination. However, unfortunately there are still many couples of childbearing age who have not done so and when the examination is carried out, some of the results are positive and are even in an advanced stage. The Objective of this study was to determine the relationship between delivery method and birth control history with the results of VIA examination (visual inspection of acetic acid).
 This type of observational analytic research, cross-sectional design. The research population was all couple of childbearing age (PUS) in Malang Regency. The inclusion criteria were carrying out a VIA examination at the Polowijen Malang Community Health Center and having given birth. The sample consisted of 34 respondents. The research was carried out on November 8 2023. Data was collected by conducting interviews about birth methods and family planning history as well as conducting VIA examinations. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. There is no relationship between the method of delivery and the results of the VIA examination which is statistically significant with a P value = 0.223. Vaginal delivery does not always cause cervical injury which is needed by HPV to penetrate the transformation zone which can gradually lead to precancerous lesions or positive VIA results. There is no relationship between history of family planning use and VIA examination results which is statistically significant with p value = 0.994. Women who have never used hormonal or non-hormonal contraception can also experience precancerous lesions or positive VIA examination results.

Handling Early Detection of Cervical Cancer on the Motivation of Women of Childbearing Age to Perform VIA Examinations in the Work Area of the Community Health Center

The incidence of cervical cancer in Indonesia in 2011 reached 100 per 100,000 population per year and the spread appears to be accumulating in Java and Bali. This figure is estimated to continue to increase by 25% in the next 10 years if preventive measures are not taken. Cervical cancer ranks second among all cancers in women with an incidence rate of 9.7 % and a death rate of 9.3% of all cancers in women in the world. Early detection of cervical cancer is an innovative breakthrough in health development to reduce mortality and morbidity due to cervical cancer. The aim is to determine the effect of health education regarding early detection of cervical ca on the motivation of women of childbearing age to undergo VIA examinations in the Antang Community Health Center working area. This type of research is research using an analytical survey method with a cross sectional study approach. With a population of 197 people and a sample size of 30 people with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. Data analysis was carried out using the Mc.Nemar Test. The results of the statistical test research on all respondents using the Mc. Nemar test obtained a p value of 0.000<p value 0.05. HO is rejected Ha is accepted, then there is an influence of Health Education regarding Early Detection of Cervical Ca on Women of Childbearing Age Carrying out IVA Examinations in the Antang Health Center Work Area.

Nucleus Cell Segmentation on Pap Smear Image Using Bradley Modification Algorithm

Early detection of cervical cancer can help patients obtain the best treatment through various means. In general, computer-aided diagnosis has a high impact on the accuracy, reliability, and convenience of cervical cancer. However, several limitations have been faced through the design process in detecting or classifying the cells, such as variation of image features and low-image resolution. Moreover, shape indifference is one of the limitations in terms of image processing scope. The metrics used to measure the size and shape of the cells have not been developed to distinguish the differences between the shape of the objects. This paper focused on the detection and segmentation of the nucleus cell region in Pap smear images based on Bradley local thresholding. The proposed method evolved several steps, such as color adjustment, k-means, and a Bradley modification algorithm. Based on image quality assessment (IQA), the numerical evaluation results indicate that the proposed approach has segmented a full area of the nucleus cell region significantly and efficiently compared to the original Bradley algorithm. We obtained F-measure (98.62%), sensitivity (99.13%), and accuracy (97.96%). It has also been proven that the proposed method can effectively address the issue of low contrast and black noise. Hence, the proposed method differs from the previous research in terms of color disproportion adjustment and the modification of Bradleys algorithm for Pap smear image convenience.

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme (PTP) regarding the knowledge on early detection and prevention of cervical cancer among nursing students in selected nursing colleges of Ujjain, M.P.

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme (PTP) regarding the knowledge on early detection and prevention of cervical cancer among nursing students in selected nursing colleges of Ujjain, M.P.

Successful Routine Cervical Cancer Screening Facilitated by Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy for a Woman With Developmental Disability and a History of Trauma: Case Report

Background: Women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) are not getting routine cervical cancer screens at the recommended frequency, limiting opportunities for early detection and treatment of cervical cancer. Pelvic floor physical therapy plans of care can be used to successfully address this health care disparity. Case Description: This is the case of a patient who had diagnoses of developmental delay, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit disorder, unilateral hearing loss, and a history of trauma. The patient was referred by her primary care physician after a halted first pelvic examination due to tension of the patient's pelvic floor and her overall discomfort and dissociation from the session. Clinical findings revealed pelvic floor tension. Interventions were employed over the course of 18 sessions. Outcomes: Sessions focused on education, positioning, relaxation, and graded vaginal dilator insertion while keeping the patient engaged to prevent dissociation. The patient showed minimal clinically important differences on the Patient-Specific Functional Scale, met the short- and long-term goals including undergoing a pain-free pelvic examination, and had a significantly decreased pelvic floor resting tone. Discussion: For patients with I/DD, pelvic floor physical therapy can be a valuable tool to help them undergo a successful and pain-free routine cervical cancer screen. It may take longer than typical plans of care, but the outcomes justify the length of the intervention. Practices that promote self-determination are a key to success. Informed consent was obtained and signed by the patient's medical guardian. Video Abstract: Supplemental Digital Content available at: http://links.lww.com/JWHPT/A128