Early Departures Research Articles

Social Context and Early Disposition Departures: An Examination of Disparity in Immigration Sentencing Across U.S. District Courts

In the 1990s, the United States Attorneys’ Offices implemented programs to make sentencing for immigration offenses more efficient by designating a number of “Fast-Track” districts. In 2012, these programs were expanded to all federal districts. Using data from multiple sources including federal sentencing data from 2015 to 2016 and community-level variables from the American Community Survey, this study examines how individual and district-level characteristics affect receipt and magnitude of early disposition departures. Findings suggest Hispanic population, Republican Control, and original fast-track district predict early disposition departure receipt and sentence length. District-level characteristics can influence when and how these departures are used.

Analisis Persiapan Yang Kurang Maksimal Pada Virtual Charity Concert

This research discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the preparation and implementation of Virtual Charity Concerts in Indonesia. Despite the rapid progress of music development in Indonesia, the COVID-19 pandemic forced a change in the format of music performances. The government imposed Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) in March 2020, turning music events virtual. This research focuses on the Virtual Charity Concert organized by the Student Association of the Social Welfare Study Program of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The analysis uses a dynamic system approach and Anylogic simulation to overcome constraints in supply chain management (SCM). The results showed delays in the delivery of stage equipment due to obstacles such as traffic jams and bad weather. Through literature studies, interviews, and simulations, the research came up with the best scenario by organizing early vendor departures and improving the efficiency of event preparation. This research concludes that the application of a dynamic system model helped improve the planning of the Virtual Charity Concert event amidst the challenges of the pandemic, creating a more effective and on-schedule event lineup. This research contributes to the understanding of virtual event management in the era of social distancing, providing insights in dealing with the uncertainty of the pandemic impact.

Tracing the career trajectories of architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) women leaders

This study delves into the professional trajectories of 20 women leaders Vice President (VP) and above in the U.S. Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector. These accomplished women, carefully selected from Engineering News Record’s (ENR's) Top 400 firms, shared their personal stories, discussing both triumphs and challenges influencing their journey to senior corporate positions. This collection of experiences provides valuable insights to identify the root causes of women’s underrepresentation in the industry. Moreover, this investigation aims to create a career roadmap that supports early and mid-career women in their pursuit of success within AEC. Success factors contributing to these women’s rise include a supportive partner, receiving early mentoring and possessing a genuine passion for their projects. Companies seeking to stand out and benefit from innovative outcomes that diversity offers should consider implementing diversity programs and fostering the growth of women throughout their careers. This may involve actively recruiting young women and providing funding for Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) programs and scholarships for pre-college girls. Identified initiatives hold the potential to increase the number of women entering the industry and reduce the rate of early departures, thus helping to close the workforce shortage gap in the construction sector.

Typologies of Early School Leavers from Secondary Education: A Review Study

The goal of this review study was to map the current state of knowledge of early school leaving typologies (ISCED 3) and to provide an overview of the findings. Using systematic mapping, ten texts published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2021 were identified and analyzed. Although the researchers applied different theoretical concepts, five significant, recurring, and distinguishable types of early departures were identified in these studies. The interest in this specific area has been growing in recent years and the number of qualitative research studies on the phenomenon is also increasing. At the same time, however, there is not enough knowledge convincingly explaining the circumstances leading to early school leaving for the individuals in the largest group – the quiet type.

Sensory Loss and its Association with Different Types of Departures from the Labor Force Among Older Adults in the US.

To investigate the association between sensory loss and the timing and type of self-reported departures from the labor force, via retirement or disability, we used data from the Health and Retirement Study, cycles 2004-2018. Based on self-reported sensory loss, we classified individuals into four groups: no sensory loss, hearing loss only, vision loss only, and dual sensory loss (vision and hearing loss). We assumed that older adults could leave the labor force either by retirement or due to disability. Because once one type of exit is observed the other type cannot be observed, we implemented a competing risk approach to estimate the instantaneous rate of departure (sub-distribution hazard rate) for leaving the labor force due to disability, treating retirement as a competing risk, and for departures via retirement, with disability as the competing risk. We found that compared to older adults with no sensory loss, adults with vision loss are at a higher risk for leaving the labor force via disability (when treating retirement as a competing risk). Compared to no sensory loss, hearing loss was associated with a higher risk for retirement in models treating disability as a competing risk. Given the differences between disability and retirement benefits (before and after retirement age), policies intended to keep people with sensory loss from early labor force departures, such as accommodations in the workplace and/or hearing and vision care coverage, might contribute to better retiring conditions and healthy aging among older adults with sensory loss.

Sensitivity to user mischaracterizations in electric vehicle charging

In this paper, we consider electric vehicle charging facilities that offer various levels of service for varying prices such that rational users choose a level of service that minimizes the total cost to themselves including an opportunity cost that incorporates users' value of time. In this setting, we study the sensitivity of the expected occupancy at the facility to mischaracterizations of user profiles and uncharacterized heterogeneity. For user profile mischaracterizations, we first provide a fundamental upper bound for the difference between the expected occupancy under any two different distributions on a user's impatience (i.e., value of time) that only depends on the minimum and maximum charging rate offered by the charging facility. Next, we consider the case when a user's impatience is a discrete random variable and study the sensitivity of the expected occupancy to the probability masses and attained values of the random variable. We show that the expected occupancy varies linearly with respect to the probability masses and is piecewise constant with respect to the attained values. Furthermore, we study the effects on the expected occupancy from the occurrence of heterogeneous user populations. In particular, we quantify the effect on the expected occupancy from the existence of sub-populations that may only select a subset of the offered service levels. Lastly, we quantify the variability of early departures on the expected occupancy. These results demonstrate how the facility operator might design prices such that the expected occupancy does not vary much under small changes in the distribution of a user's impatience, variable and limited user service needs, or uncharacterized early departure, quantities which are generally difficult to characterize accurately from data. We further demonstrate our results via examples.

Collective behaviour: Jackdaws vote to leave with their voice

Making a decision as a group requires not only choosing where to go but also when to go. A new study provides experimental evidence that, in jackdaws, vocalisations facilitate synchronous early morning departures from communal roosts.

Cultivating Accountability: Transforming Small Businesses in USA through Structured Attendance Management

This paper examines the various impacts of a lack of accountability on small businesses. It specifically focuses on decreased productivity, poor work quality, low employee morale and engagement, increased turnover, communication challenges, and resource wastage. Furthermore, it explores the implementation of an attendance point system as a quantitative measure to improve punctuality and regular attendance. It addresses anomalies such as late arrivals, early departures, long breaks, absences, and no-call no-shows. The study emphasizes the importance of establishing a culture of accountability and implementing structured attendance management to foster a positive work environment and enhance operational efficiency

Microscopic and macroscopic simulation of early freight train departures

In Sweden and other countries it is not an uncommon practice that freight trains depart more or less on-demand instead of strictly following a pre-planned timetable. However, the systematic effects of freight trains departing late or (in particular) early has long been a contested issue. Although some microscopic simulation tools currently have the capability to evaluate the effect of freight trains departing before schedule, it has yet not been established how macroscopic simulation tools, capable of fast simulation of nation-wide networks, can manage such tasks. This paper uses a case study on a line between two large freight yards in Sweden to investigate how the results of microscopic and macroscopic simulation, represented by two modern simulation tools, differ when it comes to this particular problem. The main findings are that both the microscopic and the macroscopic tools replicated the empirical punctuality fairly well. Furthermore, allowing early departures of freight trains increased overall freight train punctuality while the passenger train punctuality decreased slightly, as determined by both tools. The results are encouraging, but further studies are needed to determine if macroscopic simulation is on-par with microscopic simulation.

Resignation as Promotion? Executive Turnover and Early Departures in the Argentine Congress, 1983–2017

When (and why) do legislators quit their jobs? Previous answers to this question have focused on retirements. Looking at voluntary resignations instead, in this article we argue that leaving Congress to assume an elected (executive) office or a position in the (sub)national bureaucracy may be a career‐advancing move motivated by progressive ambition. We document this claim with data from Argentina, where roughly 12% of elected deputies leave voluntarily before their term ends, but rarely become unemployed. Consistent with expectations, we show that resignations tend to follow instances of executive alternation at the (sub)national level, and are driven by legislators placed at the top of party lists as well as those elected in midterm years.

La résignation des abbés et prieurs : vieillesse, infirmité et indiscipline chez les chanoines réguliers et les bénédictins anglais (xiie-xive siècle)

During the Middle Ages old or infirm abbots and priors, whether regular canons or Benedictines, could ask their bishop to relieve them of their charge. This procedure, which is part of the arsenal of measures foreseen by the Church in cases of incapacity to fulfil the duties of one’s office or as a means of rewarding deserving elderly prelates, could also serve to remove from office those who were condemned for a grievous fault. In England, if resignation is already well known in the 11th and 12th century, we have more detailed knowledge in the 13th century due to increased documentation. Old age, sickness, infirmity, and even merit were legitimate reasons for abandoning a charge; undisciplined behaviour, for the deposition of a prelate. These procedures were soon abused: early departures without a true motive, forced resignations. The attribution of pensions and provisions for the maintenance of old abbots and priors weighed on the finances of communities when departures were too closely spaced. The old prelates were provided with special living conditions, including their own apartments, servants and various provisions. The pension, systematic with the regular canons, becomes widespread with the Benedictines in the 14th century. Some remain in their institution, others change communities and even orders; delinquent prelates are often sent far away, and sometimes remain the source of grave disorders for years to come.

Nursing staff's instrument for change-of-shift reporting - SBAR (Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation): validation and application.

to validate and apply a change-of-shift instrument using the SBAR (Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation) tool. methodological study for the validation of an instrument. It was validated by ten judges from the area of nursing teaching and care and applied in a surgical gastroenterology ward by 11 nursing technicians in February 2019. The analyses considered descriptive statistics. the judges analyzed the instrument with a content validity index of 91.7% and made suggestions, which led to the second version of the instrument. The participants reported that the predominant modality of shift handover is oral, in the nursing room, lasting six to ten minutes. Most pay attention during shift change, mention that delays and early departures interfere in the activity and believe that the instrument provides the necessary information and is viable. the instrument built was validated, and its application proved relevant, as it was considered necessary and feasible.

Hardware-software solution for personnel identification for accounting of working hours in a construction organization

The efficiency of the construction process largely depends on the possibility of reducing costs at all stages. The simplest and most understandable way of saving is the use of methods and models of lean production in such elements as labor productivity, time tracking, reduction in material consumption, rational use of equipment. With the participation of the authors of the article, a system for assessing anomalies in production was developed for one of the construction organizations, which allows, in particular, to monitor the beginning and end of a work shift, the time spent on a specific task, an employee’s late arrival and early departures from work. One of the important elements of the system is a solution related to personnel identification - recognition of faces and images from the lens of the built-in camera of a stationary hardware device, which was named “Infokiosk”. The article describes the methods used to form the solution. The results are presented in the form of an implemented software and hardware solution.

Statistical analysis of departure deviations from shunting yards: Case study from Swedish railways

Departure deviations from shunting yards impact the reliability of rail freight services and the punctuality of a railway network. Therefore, the statistical analysis of these deviations are necessary for improving the operation of trains in mixed-traffic networks. In our paper, we conduct a detailed statistical analysis of departure deviations considering individual shunting yards characteristics. We use a large freight train delay dataset comprising 250,000 departures over seven years for the two largest shunting yards in Sweden, comparable to other medium-sized shunting yards in Europe. To find the probability distribution of departure deviations, we compare four distribution functions including the exponential, the log-normal, the gamma, and the Weibull according to the maximum likelihood estimates and results of the Anderson-Darling goodness of fit test. In our experiments, we show that the log-normal distribution fits best for delayed departures across both shunting yards, and for early departures at one of them, whereas the gamma distribution fits best for early departures at the other yard. For the temporal delay distribution, we find that fluctuations in the network usage impact the percentage of delayed departures across hours and weekdays, but not across months or years. In addition, we find that freight trains are mostly delayed in the winter. In the case of hourly delayed departures, we demonstrate that a shunting yard involved with domestic traffic showed a negative correlation between delayed departures and the network usage, whereas an international shunting yard did not, which indicates individuality in shunting yard operations impact shunting yard-network interactions. Our findings mainly contribute to better understanding of departure deviations from shunting yards, thus enhancing the operations and capacity utilization of shunting yards. Moreover, delay distributions can be beneficial in handling delays in traffic management models as well as enhancing the outputs of freight train simulation models.

Education Support System Using Indoor Position Information and Physical Activity

In this paper, we propose an education support system that offers two functions: attendance management and advance notification. Attendance management is paramount in the field of education as the attendance of a large number of students needs to be accurately checked in a short time. The proposed system uses Wi-Fi indoor positioning to quickly and accurately determine a student’s indoor location. This system can manage attendance as well as late entries and early departures. Advance notification function prompts students to move from their current location to their destination. The proposed system uses a user’s physical activity and indoor position. This system measures the travel time between classrooms using the user’s smartphone. Based on the collected travel time and the current position of the student, a notification of the start of travel is made at an optimal advance notification time. This prevents students from being late for lectures.

Earlier and slower or later and faster: Spring migration pace linked to departure time in a Neotropical migrant songbird.

Migratory birds travel vast distances and the timing of migratory flights can affect survival and the ability to reproduce. For Neotropical migrant songbirds, early spring departure from wintering sites, early arrival to the breeding grounds and higher reproductive success have been related to the use of suitable habitats and environmental conditions during the non-breeding season. However, how migratory strategies are shaped by winter habitat choice is largely unknown due to the general inability to track birds from specific wintering habitats to stopovers or breeding destinations. We assessed how winter habitat (native forest vs. shade-grown coffee plantations) relates to spring departure date and migration pace in Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus. We also determined the effect of departure date and total migration duration on the arrival date of birds detected near or within their breeding range. We used a novel application of Motus radiotelemetry arrays to track individuals from their wintering grounds in the Andes of South America along their migratory journey to North America. We found variation in migratory strategies between habitats, with birds wintering in native forest departing later than birds in coffee. We present isotopic evidence for native forest being of higher quality than shade-coffee for Swainson's Thrush and hypothesize that moister conditions in forest, as shown by stable isotope (δ13 C) analysis of thrush whole blood, provides favourable pre-migratory conditions allowing birds to delay departure from wintering grounds. Habitat, between-site and -year variation in departure date, suggests that birds made facultative adjustments to winter habitat quality and environmental conditions. Independent of habitat, birds that departed later migrated faster and this pattern was maintained along the migration route (n=44). Migrating earlier and slower or later and faster was unlikely to result in significant differences in arrival time to breeding destinations. Our findings reveal underappreciated complexity in migratory decisions by long-distance migrants that contrast with the current paradigm of earlier departures and arrival from optimal habitats. The next step is to understand the relative fitness benefits of early versus late schedules or whether each strategy is an equally good response to experienced conditions.

Workplace stress and discrimination effects on the physical and depressive symptoms of underrepresented minority faculty.

Evidence-based research and interventions to address systemic institutional racism have never been more urgent. Yet, underrepresented minority (URM) professionals in research institutions who primarily produce that evidence have remained abysmally low for decades. This unique study of URM university professors assesses factors-vocational strain, role overload, discrimination, coping strategies-that contribute to health and well-being, research productivity, and ultimately their retention in high impact research positions. We administered a web-based survey assessing demographics, workplace stressors, perceived discrimination, life events, coping strategies, and physical and depressive symptoms. Study participants include 404 faculty of whom 254 are African Americans, 99 are Mexican Americans, and 51 are Puerto Ricans. Hierarchical regression analyses were employed to assess the associations between workplace stress, coping strategies, and symptoms. Results show that perceived discrimination, vocational strain, role overload, and life events directly affected physical symptoms, with self-care (p < 0.001) moderating these effects. Vocational strain and life events had direct effects on depressive symptoms with self-care (p < 0.05) and social support (p < 0.001) moderating these effects. Findings inform health care providers and university leaders about work stress and health conditions that may explain early morbidity and premature departures of URM faculty, and proffer institutional interventions to retain these faculty.

Are there indicators for children and adolescents who prematurely end their stays in residential care?

Abstract A significant number of children and adolescents living in residential care facilities in Germany end their stays in such institutions earlier than planned. There is a variety of risk factors for these premature departures. So far, it has not been established whether children and adolescents exhibit observable and measurable signs that would indicate that they intend to end their stay early. The study analyzed data from 680 children and adolescents residing in youth welfare institutions with an eye toward identifying indicators that preceded such unplanned early departures. Approximately 15.6% of those children and adolescents in the study left the residential care facility on their own volition; overall, 46.5% of stays ended earlier than planned. Those children and adolescents who left their respective institutions prematurely rated their quality of life lower in the months before their unplanned departure and also reported less satisfying relationships with their caregivers and peers than other children and adolescents. Additionally, these children and adolescents felt less of a sense of belonging to the care facility, were more dissatisfied with the opportunities for participation and the transparency in the institution than others, and exhibited more mental health issues. These results demonstrate that unplanned early departures from residential care facilities are often preceded by indicators related to social integration and quality of life. The study discusses implications for dealing with such indicators and recommendations for lowering the number of unplanned premature departures from residential care facilities in the youth welfare system.

A quasi-experimental approach using telemetry to assess migration-strategy-specific differences in the decision-making processes at stopover

BackgroundMigrant birds travel between their breeding areas and wintering grounds by alternating energetically and physiologically demanding flights with periods of rest and fuelling, so-called stopovers. An important intrinsic factor influencing the decision to resume migration is the amount of energy stores available for the next flight. Correlative studies with free-flying birds and experimental studies with caged birds have shown that the amount of energy stores affects the day-to-day, within-day and the directional decision of departure. The methodological advantages of both the correlative and experimental approach are combined when radio-tagging many individuals on the same day and subsequently determining the departure decisions at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Making use of such a quasi-experimental approach with an automated radio-tracking system at stopover, we studied the effect of energy stores on departure decisions and whether they vary between species of different migration strategies experiencing contrasting time constraints. For this, we chose a long-distance migrant, the common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), and a medium-distance migrant, the European robin (Erithacus rubecula), because the former has to travel at relatively higher speed to reach its wintering ground in a reasonable time at the expense of relatively higher energetic costs for travelling than the latter.ResultsCommon redstarts with higher energy stores were more likely to resume migration than their conspecifics with lower energy stores, whereas this pattern was absent in the European robins. The amount of energy stores significantly affected the timing of departure within the day, with large energy stores yielding early departures in both species. Departure directions from the stopover site during the first night after capture were oriented towards the seasonally appropriate direction but were not affected by variation in energy stores.ConclusionsWe demonstrate the importance of variation in energy stores on the departure decisions and that it may affect species with different migration strategies dissimilarly in autumn. Nevertheless, knowledge of other intrinsic factors, such as feeding conditions, health status and physiological consequences of previous flights, is additionally required to better understand the departure decisions of migrants, as this is the key to providing an overall assessment of the decision-making process.

Western Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus from nearby breeding areas migrate along comparable loops, but on contrasting schedules in the West African\u2013Eurasian flyway

Much of our knowledge about migratory behaviour comes from single-population tracking studies. Some such studies had a considerable impact on migration research at large. However, it is often unclear how representative such studies are for other populations, even of the same species. We compared migration corridors and schedules of GPS-tracked adult Western Marsh Harriers (Circus aeruginosus) from two nearby breeding areas within the West African–Eurasian flyway: the Low Countries (LC, N = 6) and southern Sweden (SW, N = 4). Assuming the migration patterns revealed by decade-old satellite-tracking of SW harriers are representative for the species, we expected LC harriers to make a narrow loop migration involving a western spring detour out of Africa, but according to an earlier schedule tuned to the earlier onset of spring in the Low Countries. In autumn, LC harriers migrated significantly further west than SW harriers all the way to their common non-breeding range. In spring, both groups detoured westward across the Sahara, as expected, and diverged towards their breeding areas after reaching mainland Europe. LC harriers migrated slightly earlier than SW harriers in autumn. However, LC harriers unexpectedly left their non-breeding sites up to a month before SW harriers, after which they made long stop-overs in northwest Africa. Late-departing SW harriers forewent these stop-overs, and thus caught up with LC harriers in northwest Africa, so that both groups reached their breeding areas simultaneously. While we anticipated strong overlap between LC and SW migration corridors in spring, we failed to anticipate the earlier and more variable spring departures of LC harriers. Early spring departures did not result in earlier arrivals by LC harriers. Instead, we suspect they departed early to escape faster deteriorating foraging conditions at their non-breeding sites. Such environmental modulation of migratory behaviour may complicate generalization of migration patterns in other birds.