Early Culture Period Research Articles

Effect of intestinal microbiota on adaptation to overcrowding stress in grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂).

Density is an important aquaculture parameter. When the pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂) is farmed intensively, it could lead to a degradation in genetic resources and an increase in disease outbreaks. The composition of the intestinal microbiota plays a key role in creating a specific intestinal microecosystem, which is essential for the survival, growth, and immune response of the host under environmental stress like overcrowding. This study utilized 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis techniques to investigate the differences in intestinal microbial community stability of grouper under different stocking time and density pressure conditions. The research results showed that compared to the low-density group, the high-density group of groupers experienced an increase in mortality rate and feed coefficient in the early stages of culture, while the weight gain rate decreased. Differential analysis of intestinal microbial communities revealed significant differences in the gut microbiota of grouper between different density groups after 10 days of culture, but no significant differences were observed after 20 days of culture. At the same time, intestinal histopathology showed that the high-density group of groupers exhibited a reduction in intestinal villi length and thickness of the intestinal wall after 10 days of culture. However, the intergroup differences had reduced after 20 days of culture. Furthermore, high density cultivation upregulated the expression of inflammatory factors like IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-6 in the intestinal tract of groupers after 10 days of culture. However, after 20 days of culture, the expression levels of intestinal inflammatory factors in both the high-density and low-density groups of groupers were significantly reduced, and the differences between the intergroup diminished. Through correlation analysis of differential metabolites and species in the intestine, multiple metabolites significantly upregulated and associated with the upregulation of the Staphylococcus genus were identified in the intestinal tract of groupers after 20 days of high-density cultivation. The selected four associated metabolites (including creatine, fosinopril, 4-aminobutyric acid, and guanidinopropanoic acid) were validated to significantly reduce the expression of cellular inflammatory factors using the self-established grouper head kidney (HK) cell line. In conclusion, density pressure in the early culture period could affect the stability of the intestinal microbial environment of grouper. As aquaculture time increases, the intestinal microbial community of grouper drives the body's anti-inflammatory response and enhanced its adaptation to density pressure by regulating own structure and secretion of metabolites.

Networked Cluster Formation via Trigonal Lipid Modules for Augmented Ex Vivo NK Cell Priming.

Current cytokine-based natural killer (NK) cell priming techniques have exhibited limitations such as the deactivation of biological signaling molecules and subsequent insufficient maturation of the cell population during mass cultivation processes. In this study, we developed an amphiphilic trigonal 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (DSPE) lipid-polyethylene glycol (PEG) material to assemble NK cell clusters via multiple hydrophobic lipid insertions into cellular membranes. Our lipid conjugate-mediated ex vivo NK cell priming sufficiently augmented the structural modulation of clusters, facilitated diffusional signal exchanges, and finally activated NK cell population with the clusters. Without any inhibition in diffusional signal exchanges and intrinsic proliferative efficacy of NK cells, effectively prime NK cell clusters produced increased interferon-gamma, especially in the early culture periods. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that our novel lipid conjugates could serve as a promising alternative for future NK cell mass production.

Barrows in the forest-steppe between the Dniester and Southern Bug, Ukraine. Initial results of comprehensive research

The article presents the preliminary results of research by a Polish-Ukrainian team who in 2018-2023 worked on the project of comprehensive exploration of barrows situated in the forest-steppe between the Southern Bug and Dniester in modern Ukraine. There, two major stages of erecting and using barrows were distinguished for the 3rd and 1st millennia BC. Two barrows discussed herein, explored as part of the project, were erected in the second stage. Barrow 3 in Ivanivtsi-Antonivka can be dated to the second half of the 10th – first half of the 8th century BC, whereas Barrow 6 in Sloboda Noskovetska to the late 8th – early 7th century BC. The older one was erected and then used by communities related to the early period of the Chornolis culture. The younger one is at present one of the main pre-Scythian complexes of eastern Podillia. The multi-component set of artefacts deposited under its mound represents a mixture of the Chornolis culture, Basarabi-Şoldăneşti influences and impact of early steppe nomads (Cimmerians?). It illustrates well a complex cultural mosaic found in the forest-steppe between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers.

Primitive art in the Archipelago: Meaning and Continuity in the History of Indonesian Fine Art

The discussion about Indonesian art in this paper is deliberately limited to modern art. It seems appropriate that the name Nusantara is more popular with art in Indonesia which is still in the categories of primitive, classical and traditional art. A little bit about primitive art, which is easy to understand, is that works of art which, in terms of technique, materials and symbolic meaning, are still categorized as simple in nature. Usually primitive art is identified during the prehistoric period and relates to the early period of human culture, but if all artifacts are from the mesolithic or middle rock period or neolithic or new rock. Then, with regard to classical art, it could be said that the rise of this type of art occurred after entering the historical period or when life had settled down and there was already a regulated community through the institutions it created. Judging from the word classic etymologically means it has received a Nobel title. Such a non-lexical meaning is conventional, usually classical art is a work of art that has experienced its peak of beauty. So what can be said is that classical art is also a paradigmatic system of values that is widely adhered to by its supporters, so that works of art are usually always produced in palaces and are constantly celebrated, especially in terms of their perfection.

Multicropping Pattern Reveals Human Adaptation at the Wanbei Site (ca. 5.7–4.4 ka cal. BP) in the Middle and Lower Huai River Valley, China

The middle and lower Huai River Valley, located between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, was a key transitional zone for the northward spread of rice and southward migration of millet agriculture in central-eastern China during the Holocene. Knowing when millets spread here, how they were combined with rice in mixed farming, the reasons for their spread, and the temporal variation of cropping patterns is of crucial significance to the development of our understanding of ancient adaptation strategies adopted by human societies in response to climatic and cultural changes. Focusing on crops, phytolith analyses of the soil samples, in tandem with radiocarbon dating from the Wanbei site, reveal evidence of a multicropping pattern of combining rice (Oryza sative), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) during the Dawenkou culture period between 5720 and 4426 cal. BP in the middle and lower Huai River Valley, China. The data show that rice was always the principal crop of the pattern, and that domesticated rice was developed during the early and middle Dawenkou culture periods. However, its domestication rate became lower during the late Dawenkou culture period. Broomcorn millet and foxtail millet with domesticated traits appeared only in lower proportions of the total produced throughout the period. The proportions of rice and foxtail millet increased slightly, while the proportions of broomcorn millet decreased over time. Finally, the formation of the multicropping pattern at Wanbei may have been primarily influenced by both the warm and wet climatic environment and the cultural exchange and communication between the Haidai region and the middle and lower Huai River Valley during the Dawenkou culture period. The findings in this paper may not only contribute to mapping the spatiotemporal route for the northward expansion of rice agriculture and southward spread of millet agriculture, but also assist in understanding the human adaptation strategies employed in eastern China during the Holocene.

ON THE SELECTION AND CHRONOLOGY OF ULYANIVKA TYPE KNIVES

In the collection of metal artifacts of the Late Bronze Age of the Northern Pontic region a series of bronze knives (7 objects) is distinguished, which are characterized by a notable morphological and technological feature: they have double-edged blade and a forged waist with thickening and )(-like layering of the metal at the point of transition of the blade to the handle. Among these finds, four items come from the barrow burials of Berezhnivka-Mayivka Zrubna Culture (BMZC): Basan’, Babakova Moghila 3/5 (kurgan/burial), Ivanivka 1/1, Mynkivka 6/1, Novomykolaivka, Smolovs’ka Mohyla 1/5. One knife was part of the Ulyanivka hoard of bronze objects, Mykolaiv region. Two more knives are the accidental finds from the Sumy region and Glukhiv of the same region.
 All mentioned burials with knives according to their burial features and grave goods, as well as according to the data of stratigraphy, represent the late period of the BMZC. Researchers attribute the Ulyanivka treasure either to the early period of the Sabatynivka culture, or to the late stage of the Babyne culture. Contrary to this, it seems to be more reasonable that the Ulyanivka hoard belongs to the early Sabatynivka culture and probably may be synchronized with the late BMZC. This conclusion is confirmed by the materials of the Loboykivka hoard (Dnipropetrovsk region), which includes several knives with smoothed (leveled) traces of end forging. The Loboykivka hoard belongs to the BMZC and is traditionally synchronized with the Ulyanivka hoard.
 The territorial distribution of knives with forged waist and )(-like layering of the metal shows that almost all of them within the Zrubna Culture (BMZC) area were found. This fact is decisive for the cultural attribution of such knives. Only the Ulyanivka hoard was found in the area of the Sabatynivka culture, which hints at its corresponding affiliation. However, the composition of the objects of the Ulyanivka hoard itself (sickles, adze and knife) mostly corresponds to the Zrubna culture.
 The discussed evidence allows us to distinguish the knives with forged waist and )(-like layering of the metal into a separate classification taxon and we can name them the Ulyanivka type knives.

Nonenantioselective environmental behavior of a chiral antiviral pesticide dufulin in aerobic soils

Dufulin is a promising chiral antiviral agent, but little is known about its fate in soils. In this study, the fate of dufulin enantiomers in aerobic soils was investigated using radioisotope tracing techniques. The result of the four-compartment model showed no significant differences in dissipation, generation of bound residues (BR) and mineralization between S-dufulin and R-dufulin during incubation. Dufulin dissipated most quickly in cinnamon soils, followed by fluvo-aquic and black soils and the half-lives of dufulin in these soils obtained by the modified model were 4.92–5.23, 32.39–33.32 and 60.80–61.34 d, respectively. After 120 d incubation, the percentage of radioactivity of BR increased to 18.2–38.4 % in the three soils. Dufulin formed most bound residues in the black soil, least in the cinnamon soil, and BRs rapidly formed in the cinnamon soil during the early culture period. In these three soils, the cumulative mineralization of 14CO2 ranged from 25.0 to 26.7 %, 42.1 to 43.4 % and 33.8 to 34.4 %, respectively, which indicated that the environmental fate of dufulin was primarily influenced by soil characteristics. The study of microbial community structure revealed that the phyla Ascomycota, Proteobacteria and genus Mortierella might be related to the degradation of dufulin. These findings provide a reference for assessing the environmental impact and ecological safety of dufulin application.

Defensive Buildings of the Bakalskaya Culture (The Staro-Lybaevskoe-1 Settlement in the Forest-Steppe Trans-Urals)

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to evaluate defensive potentialities of the Middle Age population in the Trans-Urals. The main task is to reconstruct the exterior of the fortified areas and the necessary amount of work.Results. The defensive buildings of the Staro-Libayevskoye-1 fortified settlement were used. It has been established on the terrace of the Middle Tobol river and had the 5-angle form, size 65 × 75 m and a simple rampart-and-ditch line with two approach gates. This square was used for habitation twice in Middle age epoch. Apparently, large earthworks were not carried out due to the features of the relief, which had a height difference of 2 meters; considering the wooden wall and the ditch depth. Based on the analysis of the archaeological finds and the cultural layer, we established that in the early period of the Bakalskaya culture (4th – 5th centuries) the settlement was encircled with timber-framed wall and the terrace slope possibly played a role of a berm. The inhabitants created a defense line minimum of 5.5–6 meters in height. We assume that there was exacerbation of social and local conflicts, and the population sought to prevent these conflicts by strengthening defense. The Ustyug-1 synchronous cemetery testifies to the existence of a constant military threat, such as attacks by migrants and conflicts with the use of weapons. Later, in 8th – 10th centuries the settlers used traditional methods and created a new earthen wall. It was built two times wider, then earlier, using pre-existing land cultural layer. The settlers abandoned the laborious movement of soil from the ditch to the height of the wall. For greater protection, they equipped the earthen rampart with timber-frame structures and created a barrier 5.5 meters high.Conclusion. Concluding, we suggest that a dangerous military situation persisted during this period, as evidenced by samples of weapons and a cemetery in the settlement. The study also revealed a trend towards increasing labor costs for fortifications construction.

Temporal Dynamics in Energy Fluxes and Trophic Structure of a Portunus trituberculatus Polyculture Ecosystem During Different Culture Periods

Swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) are an important aquaculture species in eastern coastal areas of China. To improve the understanding of P. trituberculatus culture ecosystem functioning, the dynamics of energy flow and trophic structure of a P. trituberculatus polyculture system (co-culture with white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and short-necked clam Ruditapes philippinarum) were investigated in this study. Three Ecopath models representing the early, middle, and late culture periods of a P. trituberculatus polyculture ecosystem, respectively, were constructed to compare ecosystem traits at different culture periods. The results demonstrated that detritus was the main energy source in this polyculture ecosystem, and most of the total system throughput occurred at trophic levels I and II. Artificial food input and consumption by the culture organisms increased from early to middle and late periods, which produced marked impacts on biomass structure and primary production. R. philippinarum was considered to have a dominant influence on phytoplankton community dynamics which changed from nano- to pico-phytoplankton predominance, from the middle to the late period. Considering the low utilization efficiency of pico-phytoplankton production, large amounts of detritus accumulated in the sediment in the late period, which may constitute a potential risk for the ecosystem. Ecological network analyses indicated that the total energy flow and level of system organization increased from the early to the middle and late periods, whereas food web complexity and system resilience decreased from early to middle and late periods, which may indicate a trend of decreasing ecosystem stability. The system may be further optimized by increased stocking density of R. philippinarum and by introducing macro-algae at a suitable biomass to increase ecosystem stability, energy utilization efficiency, and aquaculture production.

동북아시아 두형토기의 출현과 발전

This paper aims to discuss the introduction of the pedestal vessels to northeast China and their change and development in this region. Pedestal vessels, sometimes called dou, were used to offer, display, and distribute food and seem to have appeared for the first time in southern China during the early period of the Neolithic culture, probably around the 6th millennium B.C.E. The pedestal pottery quickly became popular in the societies of the middle and late phase of the Neolithic Age culture in this area and spread to those in the middle reaches of the Yangzi River as well. Among the Neolithic societies in north China, those in lower reaches of Yellow River began to use pedestal vessels for the first time. It is quite possible that the first pedestal bowels in the Houli culture of Shandong was influenced by the pedestal pottery culture from the south in the lower Yangzi river valley. The pedestal pottery not only continued to be used in the societies of the middle and late phase of the Neolithic culture in Shandong but also spread to those in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. Thus, the pedestal vessels were used throughout north and south China by the middle phase of the Neolithic period. In northeast China, the pedestal vessels are found for the first time in two different areas. In the Xiaozhushan Ⅲculture of the 4th millennium B.C.E. in the southern tip of Liaodong peninsula pedestal vessels appeared along with ding and gui tripods and they are very similar to those of the contemporary Dawenkou culture in Shandong peninsula. This new change in pottery was made possible under the direct influence of the Dawenkou culture. These vessels continued to be used in the late phase of the Neolithic period in Liaodong peninsula. Another area in which pedestal vessels were used for the first time in northeast China is western Liaoning and southeastern Inner Mongolia. At the Dongshanzui religious site in Kazuo, western Liaoning, many pedestal vessels were found together with terracotta statues of pregnant woman, circular and rectangular altars, and stone building structures. It is clear that these vessels were used as ritual paraphernalia during religious activities. Pedestal vessels became more widespread in some of the Bronze Age societies in northeast China. In western Liaoning and southeastern Inner Mongolia, Pedestal bowels or dishes are found in the Lower Xiajiadian culture as well as the subsequent Weiyingzi, Upper Xiajiadian, and Shi'ertaiyingzi culture. In particular, pedestal dishes are found in relatively large numbers together with human sacrifices in ash pits of the Xiaoheishigou site of the Upper Xiajiadian culture in southeastern Inner Mongolia. It is clear that these pedestal dishes were closely related to this particular type of ritual activities, as they are hardly included as part of mortuary goods in the graves of this culture. The only exception is a bronze pot connected with six surrounding pedestal bowls that was discovered in Tomb No.8501 in Xiaoheishigou, Inner Mongolia. In the lower reaches of Liao River as well as in Liaodong peninsula, pedestal vessels were used in most Bronze Age societies in different frequencies. Again, in the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. the Yueshi pottery culture of Shandong peninsula made a strong effect on the Shuangtuozi II culture of Liaodong peninsula, and as a result, the pedestal vessels are similar to each other in style. In the Xituanshan culture of central Jilin, pedestal vessels were used in limited numbers and so were in eastern Jilin of the Tuman River valley in the second half of the Bronze Age culture. In contrast to the tripod vessels, the pedestal vessels never made their appearance in the present-day Heilongjiang during the Bronze Age. It is interesting, however, that in the Tuanjie- Krounovka culture of eastern Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin, northeast Korea and southern Maritime area of Russia, pedestal vessels became very popular,

Quartz OSL and TL dating of pottery, burnt clay, and sediment from Beicun archaeological site, China

This study focuses on characterizing the thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of quartz in burnt clay, pottery, and the sediments unearthed from a Neolithic site, the Beicun site of the Liangzhu culture. It shows that the initial OSL signals (within 0.8 s) of most burnt clay and pottery sherds are not dominated by the fast component. Results of a heating simulation experiment of sediment quartz show that annealing at temperatures exceeding 600–800 °C decreased the proportion of the fast component in the initial signal slightly. In addition, the proportion of the medium component in the later signal (0.8–5 s) increased significantly, resulting in a decrease in the Fast Ratio value. Therefore, high annealing temperature may be an important reason for the slow decay rate of OSL signals of the burnt clay and pottery samples. The D e (t) plot shows that most of the samples have thermally stable OSL component signals, which have no significant effect on the final OSL ages. The single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol was used to determine the OSL and TL ages for chunk burnt clay and pottery sherds. The high-precision age of the last archaeological heating event, such as sacrifice, burning, or domestic firing, can be obtained by determining the TL and OSL ages of a homogeneous chunk of burnt clay. The OSL results are consistent with the 14 C age of carbon chips extracted from burnt clay. The age of the Beicun site is finally determined to be approximately 5000–5300 BP (BP represents before 2020), belonging to the early period of the Liangzhu culture.

ОПТИМАЛЬНА ТРИВАЛІСТЬ ІНДИВІДУАЛІЗОВАНИХ РЕЖИМІВ АНТИМІКОБАКТЕРІАЛЬНОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ ДЛЯ ХВОРИХ НА ЛІКАРСЬКО СТІЙКИЙ ТУБЕРКУЛЬОЗ ІЗ ВКЛЮЧЕННЯМ БЕДАКВІЛІНУ ТА ПЕРЕПРОФІЛЬОВАНИХ ЛІКІВ

OPTIMAL DURATION OF INDIVIDUALIZED REGIMENS OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL THERAPY, CONTAINING BEDAQUILINE AND REPURPOSED MEDICINES, FOR PATIENTS WITH MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS INCLUDING Y. I. Feschenko, N. A. Lytvynenko, N. V.Grankina, M. V. Pogrebna, Y. O. Senko, L. M. Protsyk Abstract The world is on the verge of a new era of antibiotic therapy due to the emergence of new drugs that can significantly reduce the overall duration of treatment for patients with tuberculosis. Aim of the study: to develop an algorithm for selecting the optimal duration of individualized regimens of antimycobacterial therapy, containin bedaquiline and repurposed drugs for patients with drugresistant tuberculosis. Materials and methods. A prospective observational study was conducted in 425 patients treated during 2017–2021. Patients were prescribed individualized therapy regimen (ITR) which included bedaquiline and repurposed drugs (without delamanid) according to the same WHO step-by-step principle, but of different duration. Patients with successful outcome were divided into 3 groups: 1st group (176 patients) with ITR duration of 12 months (less than or equal to 400 days); 2nd group (170 patients) – 13-16 months; 3rd group (79 patients) – 16-20 months. Results and discussion. Among patients treated for more than 12 months, there were significantly more pre-treatment patients with common destructive lesions in the lungs (cavities preserved after 6 month of treatment) and fluoroquinolone resistance, treated with second line antimycobacterial medications. There was a clear relationship between patients in the comparison groups: in groups 1 and 2 a cessation of bacterial excretion was significantly more often registered at the 1st-2nd month of treatment (p <0.05). The average term of culture negativity in groups 1 and 2 was — (50.3 ± 2.9), (44.4 ± 2.2) days, respectively, vs group 3 — (61.1 + 5.0) days, (p <0.05). Conclusion. The decision on the optimal duration of ITR should be made at 6 months from the beginning of treatment, based on the main (early period of negative culture) and additional criteria (no destructive changes in the lungs at 6 months, no resistance to fluoroquinolones and history of past second line antimycobacterial treatment). Key words: tuberculosis, individualized treatment regimens

Augmented Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Has Therapeutic Potential for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Stimulating Anabolic Turnover in Bovine Nucleus Pulposus Cells under Changes in Hydrostatic Pressure.

Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells are exposed to changes in hydrostatic pressure (HP) and osmotic pressure within the intervertebral disc. We focused on main disc matrix components, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and hyaluronan (HA) to elucidate the capability of augmented CSPG to enhance the anabolism of bovine NP (bNP) cells under repetitive changes in HP at high osmolality. Aggrecan expression with CSPG in the absence of HP was significantly upregulated compared to the no-material control (phosphate buffer saline) under no HP at 3 days, and aggrecan expression with CSPG under HP was significantly higher than the control with HA under HP at 12 days. Collagen type I expression under no HP was significantly lower with CSPG than in controls at 3 days. Although matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression under HP was downregulated compared to no HP, it was significantly greater with HA than the control and CSPG, even under HP. Immunohistology revealed the involvement of mechanoreceptor of transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 activation under HP, suggesting an HP transduction mechanism. Addition of CSPG had anabolic and anti-fibrotic effects on bNP cells during the early culture period under no HP; furthermore, it showed synergy with dynamic HP to increase bNP-cell anabolism at later time points.

Electronic cigarette vapor increases Streptococcus mutans growth, adhesion, biofilm formation, and expression of the biofilm-associated genes.

It still not known whether electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) contribute to dental caries. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of e-cigarettes on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, the formation of biofilm, and the expression of certain virulence genes. Streptococcus mutans cells were exposed or not to e-cigarettes with and without nicotine or to cigarette smoke twice a day for 15min each exposure period. The bacterial growth and the expression of glucosyltranferase, competence, and glucan-binding genes were evaluated after 24hr. Biofilm formation was assessed after 1, 2, and 3days. S.mutans adhesion and growth to e-cigarette exposed human teeth were assessed. We observed an increase in S.mutans growth with e-cigarettes, mainly at the early culture period. This was confirmed by an increase of biofilm mass ranging from 8±0.5mg with the control to 47±5mg after six exposures to nicotine-rich e-cigarettes. S.mutans cells adhered better to e-cigarette exposed teeth. E-cigarettes increased the expression of glucosyltranferase, competence, and glucan-binding genes. E-cigarettes increased the growth of S.mutans and the expression of virulent genes. E-cigarettes promoted the adhesion to, and formation of biofilms on teeth surfaces.

ОХРАННО-СПАСАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ МОГИЛЬНИКОВ ОКТЯБРЬСКИЙ I И КИЕВСКИЙ I В МОЗДОКСКОМ РАЙОНЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ СЕВЕРНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ-АЛАНИЯ в 2019 г.

In May-August 2019 Terek complex archaeological expedition (LLC “ Scientific-Production Center “DARS”), Caucasian expedition (Institute of Archaeology, RAS), and the Chechen Expedition (Institute of Humanitarian Studies of Academy of Sciences of Chechen Republic) conducted security and rescue researches of Oktyabrsky-I and Kievsky-I burial mounds of early Alan Culture period in the construction zone of the main gas pipeline “Mozdok-Grozny” in the Mozdok district of North Ossetia-Alania on means of PAS “Gazprom” (LLC “Gazprom Invest”, Saint-Peterburg) and LLC “Kirus” (Grozny). One hundred and twenty two burials in and outside mounds of the 3rd – 5th centuries AD on Oktyabrsky-I cemetery, 40 burials of the second half of the 4th – first half of the 5th and one burial ground of the 14th centuries AD were investigated. The absolute majority of burials were made in type I catacombs (the long axis of the camera is perpendicular to the long axis of the entrances pit. The studied samples complement the results of the excavations in 2018 and make them to be a reference for the territory of the Middle Terek in the specified period. The population that left burial grounds of the Bratsky 1-st mounds, Oktyabrsky-I and Kievsky-I type of mounds participated in cultural and historical processes of the territory of the Western Caspian region where their presence in recorded in Tersko-Sulak interfluve from the second half of the 3d century AD, in Southern Daghestan from the middle of the 4th century AD and in the Northern outskirts of Kislovodsk basin.

SITES OF THE SLAVS IN THE TERNOPIL REGION

The article deals with the situation of Slavic sites study in the Ternopil region. By chronology the Slavic sites divide into 2 periods: the early (second half of the 5th—7th centuries) connected with time of the existence of the Prague culture, and the later (8th — first half of the 10th centuries) — the time of the existence of Raikovetska culture. Special attention is paid to the hill-forts and settlements near Terebovlia. Author describes the excavated dwellings and household buildings and analyzes the hand-made pottery discovered in the closed assemblages of settlements. The ceramic assemblages typical for each chronological period are researched. So, the findings of the hand-made pottery of the Chernyakhiv and the Welbark cultures together with Slavic one are typical for the early period of the Prague culture. The early period of the Raikovetska culture is characterized by the absence of pottery fragments. The assemblages of the late periods of the Raikovetska culture include about 15—20 % of early pottery. Among the hand-made pottery of the second half of the 5th—6th centuries only pots and bowls are present, and dripping pans are absent. The pottery has no ornament except the one case. Assemblages of the 8th century include pots and pans ornamented with finger nips. Set of pottery of the second half of the 9th — first half of the 10th centuries are characterized by hand-made pots, bowls, pans and dripping pans occurred together with early wheel-made pottery. This period is characterized by wide spread of hand-made pottery decorated by finger nips and early wheel-made pottery with line and wave ornament, sometimes together with recurrent fir-shaped ornament made by comb-shaped punch. The results of the study indicate that the region around Terebovlia on both banks of the Gnizna river was settled by the Slavs for a long time since the second half of the 5th — first half of the 10th centuries. The group of settlements in Terebovlia district can be considered as one of the Slavic «nests of settlements» in the Gnizna river basin. The hill-fort and two settlements of the Prague culture (settlements Krovinka I, Terebovlia V, Pidgaychyky III) and seven sites of the Raikovetska culture (settlements Terebovlia I, Terebovlia III, Terebovlia IV, Terebovlia IX, Terebovlia X, Krovinka II, Krovinka III) are placed near Terebovlia city.

Social media information and analyst forecasts

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether corporate social media information helps improve analysts’ forecast accuracy.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses hand-collected information on S&P 500 firms’ official Facebook pages and uses posts and reactions to such posts to measure corporate Facebook information. Multivariate regression models are estimated to test the relationship between analysts’ forecast accuracy and corporate Facebook information.FindingsThe results indicate that analysts forecast accuracy is unresponsive to posts. However, analyst forecast errors are decreasing in reactions to posts. These findings are robust to the inclusion of control variables, firm and time fixed effects, and alternative specifications of forecast errors and different pre-forecast time windows.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has some limitations. It focuses only on the S&P 500 firms, which are large and generally provide better information to the market. The sample period coincides with the early period of the corporate Facebook culture. However, more recent data sets are likely to provide stronger results.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide support for “information generation” role of social media and show that reactions to corporate Facebook posts are the new and unique information generated from corporate social media activities, which help information intermediaries in improving their forecasting accuracy.Originality/valueThis study makes an important contribution to the literature by separating the information dissemination role of social media from information generation role and establishes the first evidence on how corporate social media information affects forecast accuracy of financial analysts.

METAL AXES OF THE EARLY PERIOD OF YAMNA CULTURE OF UKRAINE

The paper is dedicated to studying the genesis and building the typechronology of metal axes of early period of yamna culture of Ukraine using all the artifacts and archaeological complexes, available for the author.
 Currently the reare two main theories of metal axes of Eastern Europe origins: «Maykop» and «Samara».
 The main theses of «Maykop» theory are presented in works of E. N. Chernyh, S. N. Kornievsky and A. L. Nechytailo. Detailed historiographic referative representation of this theory was recently preformedby V. A. Derhachev, which readers should get acquainted themselves. From my point of view the main problem of this theory is that on the line of ax is connections Baniabik-Maykop-Novosvobodnaya of Central Europe and North Caucasus, declared by the authors of this theory, terra incognita called «Ukraine» is located.
 The alternative theory, which I call «Samara», and which is systematically ignored by the authors and followers of «Maykop» theory, including V. A. Derhachev, was initiated by myself in 1990th. Which means it is 25 years old by now.
 New artifacts, found in recent years, allowed me to modernize my theory and use it as the basis for the new typechronology of metal axes of early period of yamna culture of Ukraine, presented in this paper and come to following conclusions:
 Metal axis of Baniabik type originated from ax is of Samara type of Eneolithic age, in the society of yamna culture Middle Dnipro Land of Early Bronze Age, in the cultural and technological center of yamna culture of Eastern Europe.
 Speaking of Baniabik treasure, it should be considered a treasure of long-term accumulation, judging by the different-time axis of yamna culture, presented there. This depository had probably originated in a sacred ground of yamna culture tribes, which occurred during their long-term migrations from Middle Dnipro Land to Transylvania. Therefore Baniabik type axis can be considered as archaeological markers of ancient indo-europeans migrations to Central Europe. They are the ones to bring new «Caucasus» technologies to Central Europe, however not from the Caucasus, but from Ukraine.

Effects of light intensity on the photosynthetic responses ofSargassum fusiformeseedlings to future CO2rising

Mariculture of the economically important seaweed will likely be affected by the combined conditions of ocean acidification that resulting from increasing CO2 rising and decreased light levels, especially under high culture intensity and high biomass accumulation. To examine this coupling effect on the photosynthetic performance of Sargassum fusiforme seedlings, we cultured seedlings of this alga under different light and CO2 levels. Under low light conditions, elevated CO2 significantly decreased the photosynthesis of S. fusiforme seedlings, including a decreased photosynthetic electron transport rate. Seedlings grown under the low light intensity exhibited higher photosynthetic rates and compensation irradiance, and displayed higher photosynthetic pigment contents and light absorption than seedlings grown under high light intensity, providing strong evidence of photosynthetic acclimation to low light. However, the captured light and energy were insufficient to support photosynthesis in acidified seawater regardless of increased dissolved inorganic carbon, resulting in declined carbohydrate and biomass accumulation. This indicated that S. fusiforme photosynthesis was more sensitive to acidified seawater in its early growth stage, and strongly affected by light intensity. Future research should evaluate the practical manipulation of biomass accumulation and mariculture densities during the early culture period at the CO2 level predicted for the end of the century.

Z dziejów emigracji rosyjskiej w Polsce – publicystyka Michaiła Arcybaszewa

In article was analized emigration’s journalism of Artsybashev from journal “Za svobodu!”. Journalism takes a very important place in the works of Mikhail Artsybashev. The writer witnessed historic changes in Russia of the early 20th century and emigration period and condition of Russian culture and literaturę in Russia and emigration. In his many works included a great number of valuable comments and insightful analysis of the processes taking place on the territory of the decaying Russian Empire.