Earlier Age Of Menarche Research Articles

Association patterns between 2D:4D ratio and age at menarche: the impact of methodology

The ratio of index finger to ring finger length (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic feature and widely used as an indicator of prenatal androgen-estrogen exposure. Several studies have investigated the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and the onset of the first menstrual period (menarche) in women.
 The present study tested the association patterns between 2D:4D ratio and age at menarche. Furthermore, the impact of methods of measuring finger lengths was considered.
 Two samples were used to conduct the study. One sample consisted of 110 women who self-measured their finger lengths. The finger length measurements in the second sample (88 women) were taken from one trained observer using the caliper-based technique. Age at menarche was determined using a retrospective method.
 Women from the first sample reported an average age for the onset of the first menstrual bleeding at 12.9 (SD = 1.4) years of age. There was no significant association between the left and right 2D:4D ratio and the age at menarche. The second sample showed a mean age at menarche at 12.8 (SD = 1.3) years of age. Here, the right hand 2D:4D ratio and age at menarche were significantly correlated (p<0.001).
 A more feminine 2D:4D ratio was significantly associated with an earlier menarcheal age only in the sample with direct finger length measurements by a trained investigator. The sample using self-measure­ments yielded no significant associations between menarcheal age and 2D:4D. The use of a reliable and well-founded methodology is essential for obtaining meaningful results.

Early life household intactness and timing of pubertal onset in girls: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundGirls who experience early-life familial stress may have heightened risk of early puberty, which has adverse implications for adolescent and adult health. We assessed the association between household intactness and pubertal onset using a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of girls from Northern California.MethodsA prospective cohort study of 26,044 girls born in 2003-10. Girls living with both parents from birth up to 6 years were considered to come from “intact” households while others constituted “non-intact” households. Pubertal development was measured using pediatrician-assessed Tanner staging for breast and pubic hair. Pubertal onset was defined as the transition from Tanner Stage 1 to 2+ for breast (thelarche) and pubic hair (pubarche). Menarche data was collected from routine well-child questionnaires. Weibull regression models accommodating left, right, and interval censoring were used to determine risk of earlier thelarche and pubarche, and logistic regressions were used to assess the risk of early menarche (age < 12).ResultsGirls exposed to non-intact households before age 2 years were at increased risk for earlier thelarche and pubarche with significant effect modification by race/ethnicity, compared with girls from intact households. The associations were strongest among Black girls (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29,1.98; HR: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.15,1.77 for thelarche and pubarche, respectively). There were no significant associations among Asian/Pacific Islanders. Girls who lived in non-intact households before age 2 years were also at increased risk for earlier menarche, but without race/ethnic interaction. Adjustment for prepubertal obesity did not change these associations. Associations between living in non-intact households after age 2 years and early puberty were weaker but still significant.ConclusionsExposure to a non-intact household early in life may increase the risk of early puberty in girls. Future psychosocial interventions focused on improving family cohesiveness and efforts to reduce childhood stress among families that are non-intact may mitigate these negative associations, thereby preventing future adverse health effects of early puberty and health disparities.

Age, menstruation history, and the brain.

To investigate the cross-sectional association between measures of menstruation history (including menopausal status, age of menopause, age of menarche, and duration of reproductive stage) and brain volume. Women (aged 45 to 79 years) from the UK Biobank were included (n = 5,072) after excluding those who had (1) hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy, (2) ever used menopausal hormone therapy, (3) ever had a stroke, or (4) were perimenopausal. Multiple linear hierarchical regression models were computed to quantify the cross-sectional association between measures of menstruation history and brain volume. Sensitivity analysis based on propensity matching for age (and other demographic/health covariates) were applied to estimate differences in brain volumes between matched premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women had 1.06% (95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.05-1.06) and 2.17% (95% CI, 2.12-2.22) larger total brain volume (TBV) and hippocampal volumes (HV), respectively, than premenopausal women. Sensitivity analysis with age matched samples produced consistent results (TBV: 0.82%, 95% CI, 0.25-1.38; HV: 1.33%, 95% CI, 0.01-2.63). For every year increase in age above 45 years, postmenopausal women experienced 0.23% greater reduction in TBV than premenopausal women (95% CI, -0.60 to -0.14), which was not observed for HV. Moreover, every 1 year delayed onset of menopause after 45 was associated with 0.32% (95% CI, -0.35 to -0.28) and 0.31% (95% CI, -0.40 to -0.22) smaller TBV and HV, respectively. Every additional year in age of menarche was associated with 0.10% (95% CI, 0.04-0.16) larger TBV, which was not detected for HV. Similarly, every 1 year increase in duration of reproductive stage was associated with 0.09% smaller TBV (95% CI, -0.15 to -0.03), which was not detected for HV. Menopause may contribute to brain volume beyond typical aging effects. Furthermore, early age of menarche, delayed age of menopause and increasing duration of reproductive stage were negatively associated with brain volume. Further research is required to determine whether the negative association between age of menopause and HV is potentially an indicator of future vulnerability for dementia.

Higher poultry consumption was associated with an earlier age at menarche.

To examine the association between meat consumption and earlier age of menarche among schoolgirls in Shanghai. The study randomly selected 1981 schoolgirls aged 6-18years in Shanghai using a two-stage random sampling design. Information on meat intake was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Menarche age, household income, physical activity and other covariates were obtained by standardised questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between intake of meat and earlier age of menarche. Earlier age of menarche was defined as first menstruation before 12years of age. Among the 986 girls who had experienced menarche, 518/986 (52.5%) had earlier age of menarche. After adjusting for body mass index, age, physical activity, sleep, household income and parental education, consumption of poultry was positively associated with risk of earlier age of menarche (P-trend=.03). Girls who never consumed poultry had a lower risk of earlier age of menarche (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.96). Neither the consumption of pork, beef, lamb, processed meat nor total meat consumption was associated with menarche age. Higher consumption of poultry was associated with an earlier age at menarche.

Association Between Reproductive Life Span and Incident Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease

Early menarche and early menopause are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in midlife, but little is known about the association between reproductive life span and the risk of CVD. To investigate the association between the length of reproductive life span and risk of incident CVD events, while also considering the timing of menarche and menopause. Individual-level data were pooled from 12 studies participating in the International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events consortium. Women provided complete information on the timing of menarche and menopause, nonfatal CVD events, and covariates. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs, adjusted for covariates. The association between reproductive life span and CVD was adjusted for age at menarche and age at menopause separately. Analysis began March 2018 and ended December 2019. Reproductive life span was calculated by subtracting age at menarche from age at menopause and categorized as younger than 30, 30 to 32, 33 to 35, 36 to 38 (reference group), 39 to 41, 42 to 44, and 45 years or older. First nonfatal CVD event, including coronary heart disease and stroke events. A total of 307 855 women were included. Overall, the mean (SD) ages at menarche, menopause, and reproductive life span were 13.0 (1.5) years, 50.2 (4.4) years, and 37.2 (4.6) years, respectively. Pooled analyses showed that women with a very short reproductive life span (<30 years) were at 1.71 (95% CI, 1.58-1.84) times higher risk of incident CVD events than women with a reproductive life span of 36 to 38 years after adjustment for covariates. This association remained unchanged when adjusted for age at menarche but was attenuated to 1.26 (95% CI, 1.09-1.46) when adjusted for age at menopause. There was a significant interaction between reproductive life span and age at menarche associated with CVD risk (P < .001). Women who had both short reproductive life span (<33 years) and early menarche (age ≤11 years) had the highest risk of CVD (hazard ratio, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.76-2.41) compared with those with a reproductive life span of 36 to 38 years and menarche at age 13 years. Short reproductive life span was associated with an increased risk of nonfatal CVD events in midlife, and the risk was significantly higher for women with early age at menarche.

Modern dietary pattern is prospectively associated with earlier age at menarche: data from the CHNS 1997\u20132015

BackgroundEarly age at menarche is associated with risk of several chronic diseases. Prospective study on the association between dietary pattern and timing of menarche is sparse. We examined whether dietary patterns prior to the menarche onset were prospectively associated with menarcheal age in Chinese girls.MethodsOne thousand one hundred eighteen girls aged 6–13 y in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) with three-day 24-h recalls and information on potential confounders at baseline were included in the study. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Age at menarche was self-reported at each survey. Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to examine the associations of premenarcheal dietary patterns and menarcheal timing. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsThree major dietary patterns were identified: modern dietary pattern, animal food pattern, and snack food pattern. After adjustment for age at baseline, region, ethnicity, maternal education level, energy intake at baseline, and body mass index Z-score at baseline, girls in the highest quartile of modern dietary pattern score had a 33% higher probability of experiencing menarche at an earlier age than those in the lowest quartile (HR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.002–1.77, p for trend = 0.03). No significant association was found for the animal food pattern or snack food pattern.ConclusionsHigher adherence to modern dietary pattern during childhood is associated with an earlier menarcheal age. This association was independent of premenarcheal body size.

Association of Sjögren's Syndrome With Reduced Lifetime Sex Hormone Exposure: A Case-Control Study.

To test whether cumulative estrogen exposure, as determined by age at menarche, age at menopause, female hormone use, hysterectomy, and parity, have an effect on the development of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). We performed a case-control study of 2,680 women from the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance registry, including 1,320 registrants with primary SS and 1,360 with sicca symptoms but no key features of primary SS (sicca controls). The composite estrogen score (CES) was calculated by point assignment for early menarche (age ≤10 years), high parity (>3 pregnancies), hysterectomy, female hormone use, and late menopause (age ≥53 years). Cumulative menstrual cycling (CMC) was calculated as years menstruating minus time pregnant. Using a regression model that adjusted for age, recruitment site, ethnicity, education, employment status, and smoking, we observed a progressive inverse trend between primary SS and CES. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were as follows for the sicca control group: CES 1, OR 0.81 (95% CI 0.67-0.99); CES 2, OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.57-0.97); CES 3, OR 0.50 (95% CI 0.30-0.86). This trend was corroborated by analysis of CMC. At the highest level of CMC within the postmenopausal group there was a 24% reduction in cumulative sex hormone exposure among primary SS participants relative to controls. Women with primary SS have lower estrogen exposure and CMC compared to sicca controls. Increasing estrogen exposure was negatively associated with development of primary SS. Further longitudinal studies of sex hormone exposure in primary SS are needed to confirm these findings.

Dysmenorrhea and Associated Factors among Polish Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose The aim of the research was to conduct an assessment of the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among Polish women. Patients and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Polish women using an online questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 23 ± 4 years. Out of the total of 1,317 women who took part in the study, 1,127 were included in the analysis, and 190 were excluded due to incomplete answers. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions that were grouped into three parts. The first concerned sociodemographic data such as age, weight, education, and residence (urban or rural). The second part of the questionnaire pertained to the factors of dysmenorrhea (premenstrual syndrome, age of menarche, and family history of dysmenorrhea.). In the third part, the women were asked about their diet, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and physical activity. Results Dysmenorrhea affected 94% of the interviewed women. Dysmenorrhea was most likely to occur among respondents whose mothers had a history of dysmenorrhea (p < 0.005). Significant relationship between the occurrence of dysmenorrhea among respondents and their sisters was also observed (p < 0.005). The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was significantly higher in women reporting dysmenorrhea (p < 0.005). Other significant factors associated with dysmenorrhea were age of menarche (p < 0.005), stress frequency (p=0.005), lack of physical activity (p=0.037), and self-esteem (p=0.042). However, in the respondents, no significant relationship was observed between dysmenorrhea and diet, smoking, body mass index, and alcohol intake. Conclusion The study points to the fact that the problem of dysmenorrhea affects many Polish women. Women with dysmenorrhea were characterized with a family history of dysmenorrhea, occurrence of PMS, early age of menarche, stressful lifestyle, lack of physical activity, and low self-esteem. We suggest that further assessment of factors contributing for dysmenorrhea among women is necessary.

The impact of endogenous estrogen exposure on the characteristics of estrogen receptor (ER) positive, early-stage breast cancer (EBC).

e12605 Background: Menstrual and parity history might impact the risk for ER positive breast cancer. Data on the impact of these factors on other tumor characteristics are limited. Methods: A single center retrospective cohort study comprising all women with ER positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative, EBC whose tumors were sent to OncotypeDX analysis and were treated in our institute between 2005 to 2012. Data on endogenous estrogen exposure were collected including: age of menarche and menopause, number of deliveries and age of first delivery. Subsequently, data on pre-specified clinical and histopathological features were collected including: tumor size, nodal status, ER and progesterone receptor (PR) staining, grade, Oncotype recurrence score (RS), ki67, lymphovascular and perineural invasion. The impact of endogenous estrogen exposure was evaluated by multiple comparisons including: early age of (&lt;12 years) compared to older age of menarche, nulliparity compared to women who had at least one delivery, multiparty (≥5 deliveries) compared to other, late age of first delivery (≥30 years) compared to other and postmenopausal compared to premenopausal. In postmenopausal women the age of menopause was also assessed using early age of menopause (&lt;45 years) and late age of menopause (&gt;55 years). Results: A total of 620 women were included. 79% were postmenopausal, median age of menarche was 13 (range 9-17) and median number of deliveries was three (range 0-14). Post-menopausal women were more likely to have stronger ER intensity (79% vs. 65%, p=0.002) and less likely to have high (≥31) RS (8% vs. 16%, p=0.021), but PR negativity was significantly more frequent (16% vs. 7%, p=0.007. Additionally, early age of menarche was associated with PR positivity (94% vs. 85%, p=0.039).). No other associations were found between endogenous estrogen exposures and tumor characteristics. Conclusions: These findings suggest that premenopausal women with luminal EBC might have more aggressive disease. Large scale studies are needed to elucidate the impact of endogenous estrogen on luminal breast cancer.

Earlier maternal menarche is associated with shorter newborn telomere length.

The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between maternal age at menarche and newborn telomere length which has been linked to lifespan and many age-related diseases. There were 734 mother-newborn pairs recruited from Wuhan Children's Hospital Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Age at menarche was self-reported and categorized into three groups (≤ 12years, 13years, and ≥ 14years). Telomere length in cord blood was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and expressed as the ratio of telomere copy number to single-copy gene number (T/S). The mean age at menarche of 734 mothers was 13.1 (± 1.1) years and the adjusted geometric means in the T/S of newborn telomeres in the three groups were 0.693, 0.721, and 0.748 respectively. Earlier age at menarche (≤ 12years), compared with later age at menarche ≥ 14years, was significantly associated with 7.32% (95% CI - 13.70%, - 0.23%) shorter telomere length in offspring after adjusting for potential confounders.Conclusion: Mothers with earlier age at menarche were more likely to give birth newborn with shorter telomere length. Our study provides evidences for the effect of earlier menarche on fetal telomere programming in offspring. What is Known: • Newborn telomere length is considered an indicator of lifespan and health outcomes in later life. • The adverse effects of earlier menarche age to their offspring have been found, but its relationship with newborn telomere length has not been assessed before. What is New: • This is the first study to explore the relationship of maternal menarche age with newborn telomere length. • We provided primary evidence that earlier maternal age at menarche was associated with shorter newborn telomere length.

Female reproductive factors and the risk of lung cancer in postmenopausal women: a nationwide cohort study

BackgroundReproductive factors and hormone use in postmenopausal women have been hypothesised to affect the risk of developing lung cancer, but the epidemiological evidence is inconsistent.MethodsUsing the Korean National Health Insurance System database, we identified 4,775,398 postmenopausal women older than 40 years who had undergone both cardiovascular health- and cancer screening between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2014. Information about reproductive factors was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. The risk of lung cancer was estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 4.4 years, 16,556 women (15,223 non-smokers) were diagnosed with lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer was not significantly influenced by early menarche age (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.03 for menarche ≥18 vs. ≤14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–1.09) or late age at menopause (aHR 1.02 for menopause ≥55 vs. <40; 95% CI, 0.91–1.14). Furthermore, the number of children, duration of breastfeeding and use of hormone replacement therapy were not associated with the risk of lung cancer.ConclusionsNo statistically significant association was found between reproductive factors and the risk of lung cancer in postmenopausal Korean women.

Correlation of Body Mass Index (BMI) with age of Menarche in Adolescent Girls

Background: Occurrence of menarche at the earlier age has been attributed to a significant number ofadverse health outcomes. Depression, eating disorders, metabolic syndrome and Type II diabetes mellitushave been identified as the major adverse health related issues. Furthermore in relation to early age ofmenarche has been identified as a risk factor for breast and endometrial cancer due to the increased exposureto estrogen. Hence, it is important to give awareness in adopting healthy eating habits and involving in dailyphysical exercise.Aim: To measure the body mass index in adolescent girls and correlate between the age of menarche andbody mass index in adolescent girls.Methodology: This is cross-sectional study with a sample size of 200 female students between the age groupof 17 – 19 years attending different courses (MBBS, BDS, AHS and BPT) in Melmaruvathur AdhiparasakthiInstitute of Medical Sciences and Research, Melmaruvathur. An informed consent will be obtained fromthe participants. A dietary history will be taken by questionnaire. The anthropometric measurements forcalculating the BMI will be measured using calibrated instruments.Result: The results of this study the statistically significant were seen among the age of menarche andthe BMI, pearson chi-square is 21.876 and p value is 0.009 and also statistical significant was seen whencompared regularity of periods with BMI, pearson chi-square is 10.018 and p value is 0.01. There was nostatistical significant when compared waist-hip ratio with age of menarche and regularity of periods.Conclusion: The age of menarche had a tight connection with BMI. Increase in BMI causes early age ofmenarche. So having increased body fat, increased body weight, high intake of protein, high-calories foodsand sedentary life style causes early age of menarche in young healthy girls.

ASSESSMENT OF MENSTRUAL HEALTH AND ANALGESICS USAGE IN YOUNG AGE WOMEN

Objective: The study focuses on assessing the incidence of menstrual irregularity among young women and the factors for a disturbance with the rationale to assess the use of analgesic drugs during Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS).&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study was used. A total of 2500 randomly selected young female between the age of 11 and 30 y completed the study questionnaire to assess lifestyle pattern, variations in menstrual pattern, perceived stress, and to capture information about their menstrual cycle and related problems. In addition, the questionnaire assessed the use of analgesics for PMS.&#x0D; Results: 2481 participants completed the questionnaire. The mean age of participants’ menarche was 12.85±1.432 y. The prevalence of menstrual irregularities was 25.0 % (n=621) and about 8.5% (n=211) of respondents had severe pain that was not relieved by the use of analgesics. On the other hand, 50.9 % (n=1262) reported severe pain that was relieved by analgesics. A total of 1279 (51.6 %) of participants in this study used Over The Counter (OTC) analgesics to relieve PMS.&#x0D; Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea is the most common complaint among young females in Saudi Arabia. Low Body Mass Index (BMI), sedentary lifestyle, stress and early age of menarche are the most important factors associated with menstrual irregularities. Proper education programs and awareness among young girls about their menstrual health, and the provision of guidance in choosing effective analgesics and treatment options for dysmenorrhea are highly recommended.

Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis in Japanese people

BackgroundThe prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been increasing worldwide in recent years, especially among females. The same increasing trends are even observed in East Asian countries, where the prevalence of MS is relatively low compared with Northern European ancestries. Whether the environmental risk factors for MS are shared between Asian and North European ancestries, and the types of environmental factors that contribute to the low and recent increase in MS prevalence in Asian countries remain unknown. This study provides the first comprehensive survey of environmental risks for MS in East Asia. MethodsPatients with MS were recruited from the Department of Neurology at Kyushu University Hospital, Japan between 01 April 2017 and 31 March 2018. Healthy controls (HCs) were recruited by public notification. All participants were residents of Kyushu Island and were required to complete medical history and lifestyle questionnaires. Dietary data were collected using a Food Frequency Questionnaire comprising intake of approximately 140 food and beverage items in the past 1 year. One hundred and three patients with MS and 124 healthy controls (HCs) completed the questionnaires. Age at onset and disability score measured by the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were obtained from medical records. ResultsFrequency of obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) at present time was higher in MS patients than in HCs (19.4% vs. 7.4%, p = 0.009), while body mass index at age 18–20 years did not differ between the two groups. Frequency of current or ex-smokers was higher in MS patients than in HCs (50.5% vs. 22.8%, p < 0.0001) and disability measured by the EDSS was more severe in MS patients with active smoking history than in patients without such history (p = 0.006 after adjusting for sex). Passive smoking after age 16 years was also a risk factor for MS (odds ratio: 1.31, 95% confidence interval: 1.05–1.63, p = 0.015). Longer sunlight exposure in early childhood was a protective factor for MS (odds ratio: 0.65 during summer and 0.71 during winter at age 6–10 years; 0.71 during summer and 0.72 during winter at age 11–15 years). MS patients had earlier age of menarche than HCs (mean: 12.4 years vs. 12.9 years, p = 0.031). Intake of grains was lower in MS patients than in HCs, with intake of rice in particular being significantly lower in MS patients than in HCs (mean: 235.2 g/day vs. 280.6 g/day, p = 0.006). Previously reported foods associated with MS in Northern European ancestries were not replicated in Japanese people. ConclusionSmoking and earlier age of menarche are positively associated and sunlight exposure in early childhood is negatively associated with MS in Japanese people as shown in Caucasians. Intake of steamed short-grain white rice, a staple food in Japan, is newly found to be negatively associated with MS in Japanese people. Although the causality is unclear because the participants were prevalent cases, these environmental factors may be involved in the rising prevalence of MS in Japanese females.

Adverse childhood experiences and reproductive strategies in a contemporary U.S. population.

Stressful experiences may initiate developmentally plastic responses toward a faster reproductive strategy. This study tests whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with characteristics of faster reproductive strategies: earlier menarche and reduced prenatal investment in offspring in a well-nourished, low-immune system burden population. We analyzed the first 214 enrollees of the prenatal-birth Albany Infant and Mother Study. Mother's menarcheal age, offspring gestational age at birth, and cephalization index (head circumference/weight, cm/g) were derived from medical records. Linear regression models tested the contribution of self-reported ACEs from 0 to 18 years of age to menarcheal age and the contribution of menarcheal age to offspring gestational age and cephalization index. Birth outcome models included covariates self-reported maternal race, education, prenatal smoking, prenatal diet, newborn sex, parity, delivery method, and labor induction derived from medical records. More ACEs were associated with earlier age at menarche, controlling for covariates (β = -.18, SE = 0.048, p < .001), though timing of ACEs relative to menarche is unknown. Earlier menarcheal age was associated with offspring higher cephalization index (β = -.01, SE = 0.006, p < .05). Stratified models showed a significant relationship in high (≥2) ACEs group (β = -.02, SE = 0.009, p < .05), not present among low ACEs. Menarcheal age predicted gestational age only among those with high ACEs (β = .22, SE = 0.091, p < .05). In a well-nourished population, early life stress can result in faster reproductive strategies, initiating sexual maturation earlier, and reducing prenatal investment in individual offspring. Early age at menarche following childhood stress has a stronger relationship with adverse birth outcomes than early menarche without exposure to adverse childhood stress.

Reproductive and Menstrual Risk Factors for Endometriosis Disease: A Case-Control Study

Objectives: The endometriosis prevalence in the general population is about 7%-10%. In 30% of women, endometriosis is one of the causes of primary and secondary infertility. There are various risk factors for this disease. The present study aimed to determine the reproductive and menstrual risk factors of endometriosis. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 185 women of reproductive age with confirmed endometriosis were compared with 370 women of reproductive age who referred to the same center for other problems in terms of reproductive and menstruation risk factors for endometriosis. The two groups were matched for age. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on previous studies. Finally, bivariate analysis was done by the chi-square test, and multivariate analysis was performed by the conditional logistic regression for controlling confounder variables. Results: Based on multivariate logistic regression, early menarche age (P=0.004), no history of pregnancy (P&lt;0.001), no child (P=0.002), no lactation history (P&lt;0.001), high age of the first lactation (P=0.029), short duration of breastfeeding (P=0.015), no regular menstruation (P&lt;0.001), short intervals between menstrual bleedings (P=0.016), prolonged menstruation (P&lt;0.001), dysmenorrhea (P&lt;0.001), dyspareunia (P&lt;0.001), and recurrent vaginitis (P&lt;0.001) had a significant relationship with endometriosis. Conclusions: In general, there was a relationship between some reproductive and menstrual characteristics and endometriosis. Therefore, it seems that these characteristics can predict the occurrence of endometriosis disease.

Female reproductive history in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung function in UK biobank: a prospective population-based cohort study

ObjectivesSex differences in respiratory physiology and predilection for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been documented, suggesting that female sex hormones may influence pathogenesis. We investigated whether aspects of...

Age at menarche and depression: results from the NHANES 2005-2016.

ObjectiveThe association between early age at menarche and depression among adolescent girls and adult women has been examined in many studies. However, inconsistent results and limitations such as small sample size, low generalizability, and measurement error exist. We aimed to address these issues to assess the association between age at menarche and depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of US women aged 18 years and older.MethodsWe used the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data with a total of 15,674 women aged 18 years and older included in our study. Logistic regression models were used after adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors.ResultsThe crude-adjusted model suggests that women with early age of menarche had 1.36 (95% CI [1.16–1.61]) times the odds of current depressive symptoms compared with the normal menarche group, after controlling for age, race/ethnicity, education, poverty income ratio (PIR) and marital status. In the fully-adjusted model, women with early menarche had 1.25 (95% CI [1.05–1.48]) times the odds of current depressive symptoms, after additionally adjusting for smoking status and body mass index (BMI). However, no significant difference was observed between the normal and late menarche groups.ConclusionFurther studies are warranted to determine the causal relationship and mechanisms between early menarche and increased risk of depression.

Breast Cancer Patient Characeristics By Menarche In Adam Malik Hospital 2014-2017

Background. Breast cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancer in the world. Breast cancer starts when the breast cell grows abnormally and turns malignant. In Indonesia, breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in women. Up to now, the cause of breast cancer has not been identified yet. There are many factors that increase the risk of breast cancer, one of them is the early age of menarche. Objective. This study aims to obtain characteristics of breast cancer patients based on age of menarche in RSUP Haji Adam Malik in 2014-2017. Method. The study was designed in observational with descriptive method. The sampling had been done using total sampling technique. Results. Based on general characteristics, the majority of breast cancer patients are in the range of 40-49 years old (38,5%), graduated high school (45,2%), unemployed (66,3%), and do not have family history (94,2%). Majority of patients have stadium IIIB breast cancer (41,3%). The most diagnosed histopathology is Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (78,8%). Majority of breast cancer patients have negative estrogen receptor (67,3%), negative progesterone receptor (67,3%), negative her2 (66,3%) and positive ki-67 (67,3%). Fifty three breast cancer patients (51%) have early menarche. Based on the age of menarche, the patient with early menarche mostly has stage three breast cancer, but the age of menarche does not give a specific characteristic in histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion. Age of menarche gives specific characteristic in staging but not in histopathology and immunohistochemistry.

The Elusive Magical Solution: The Relationship between Vitamin D and Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are benign tumors of the smooth muscles of the uterus that are the most common indication of hysterectomy in the America with over $34.4 billion annual cost. Risk factors include age, hypertension, diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome, black race, early age of menarche, nulliparity, obesity and a genetic factor comes in place.