Early 20th Century Research Articles

Коллегиальные органы управления в сфере национальной безопасности в России: историко-правовой анализ

The article shows that complex solution of problems of security of the state, preservation of sovereignty and territorial integrity requires consolidated efforts of the entire public administration system. Coordination of such activities goes beyond the departmental jurisdiction and is imposed on collegial bodies governed by the state. The development of such collegial bodies in our country started in the early 20th century in the Russian empire. The author reviews the legal framework of activities of supreme collegial bodies in the defense and security sphere in their historical retrospect.

THE FORMATİON AND EVOLUTİON OF EURASİAN THOUGHTS AND CONCEPTS

The concept of "Eurasianism" is rooted in the philosophical ideas of the early 20th century, emphasizing the unity of the post-Soviet space and its special, non-Western path of development. Recently, the world order has been put to the test of strength: global challenges put states in front of the need to revise the existing world order, which forms a favorable ground for the implementation of the idea of Eurasianism in a regional perspective. Today, the idea of Eurasianism is institutionalized within the framework of the CIS and the EAEU and is especially relevant in the context of new global challenges (economic instability, changing nature of the international order, epidemiological threat, etc.), which allow us to talk about the emergence of a new world order. The article also examines the development of the Eurasian economy through the prism of the relationship between the processes of globalization and regionalization. Globalization is interpreted as an objective process of internationalization of the world economy, the peculiarities of the involvement of the economies of the Eurasian countries in it are revealed. The subjective side of globalization as a form of economic policy of the developed countries of the world in their own interests and its consequences are shown. The trends of regionalization in the economies of the Eurasian countries are revealed. It is proved that the increasing regionalization objectively leads to a significantly different world order than globalization — to a multipolar world.

“Interesting Cases”: On the Problem of Embezzlement in the Russian Army of the 18th – Early 19th Century

The article is written mainly on the materials of military court cases from the Russian State Military Historical Archive, as well as regulatory and legislative sources. The author examines property crimes within the Russian army from a socio-cultural perspective. The author concludes that the tools and practices that served as constraints in plundering money and resources have evolved over several decades. The practice of intimidation and capital punishment, which originated under Peter I, very quickly proved to be uneffective. As a result, by the middle of the 18th century, a system was formed so that, aside from the usual financial liability of the perpetrators, criminal and disciplinary penalties, it was effectively complemented by the principle of the command vertical liability in the matter of compensation for damage, which gave it a special corporate character. A specific attitude towards damage also facilitated this. The claim arose from a specific military unit, not from the treasury. This damage could not be forgiven even by the emperor. Measures such as sequestration of the culprit’s real estate and extending material claims to their heirs further reinforced the corporate identity of the regiment’s property.

Hemp for health: a historical perspective on the marketing of cannabis-based foods in Sweden

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide the first comprehensive examination of the early cannabis-based food products industry, using Sweden as a case study. Drawing upon historical newspaper articles and advertisements from the Swedish Historical Newspaper Archive, the authors trace the short-lived development of the industry, from the initial exploitation of fears of tuberculosis in the late 19th century, followed by the “boom” in hempseed extract products and the widening of its claimed effects and, finally, increased skepticism and critiques of such products across the popular press in the early 20th century. Design/methodology/approach A rigorous search of the Swedish Historical Newspaper Archive was conducted to gather newspaper articles and advertisements on cannabis-based foods. The collected resources were scrutinized using critical discourse analysis to tease out key discourses at work, particularly around the concepts of health, nutrition and science. Findings The authors find that central to the marketization of cannabis-based foods was the construction of disease based on scientific and medical discourse, fearmongering to create a strong consumer base and individualization to place responsibility on consumers to take action to protect their family’s health. This demonstrates not only the long historical relationship between science and food marketing but also how brands’ health claims could often be fraudulent or overstated. Originality/value It is important to cast a historical lens on the commercialization of cannabis-based food products because demand for similar types of products has rapidly grown over the past decade. Now, just as before, manufacturers tap into consumers’ insecurities about health, and many of the same questions continue to be mooted about products’ safety. Paying greater attention to the broader and problematic history of commercial cannabis can, thus, serve as a reminder for both consumers and policymakers to think twice about whether hemp really is for health and if the claims it espouses are a mirage rather than a miracle.

M. M. Speransky and the Problem of the Committee of Ministers in the 1st Third of the 19th Century

M. M. Speransky’s reform projects and notes are integral to understanding the historical development of the Russian state in the early 19th century. They provide valuable insight into the functioning of the Russian Empire’s institutions and its modernization. These documents cover the whole range of socio-political, economic and institutional problems, strategic goals, tactical guidelines, the most important directions, successive and distinctive features of the transformative policy of the two reigns – Alexander I and Nicholas I, as well as give an idea of the specifics of reform activities of the managerial elite of this time. “A truly statesman”, Speransky was highly esteemed as a statesman by his peers due to his merging of theoretical expertise and practical administrative skills. This article delves into Speransky’s perspectives on the institutional status of the Committee of Ministers within the power structure of the Russian Empire in the first third of the 19th century. It illustrates that his viewpoint on the Committee’s role changed based on the reform program's objectives, domestic and foreign political contexts, and strategic goals. Initially, Speransky acknowledged the Committee's role in state administration, but later during the reign on Alexander I contemplated its abolition due to overlapping functions with the State Council and the Senate. Ultimately, he proposed its transformation and integration with the Committee of Ministers.

Sums of Consecutive Odd Integers and Pythagorean Triples

Summary Using the familiar way of representing a square of an integer as the sum of consecutive odd integers, the author described a method of studying the Pythagorean triples. This method was used by Fibonnacci in the early 13th century. It is a fruitful and accessible way to explore the following types of problems: given positive integers x 2 and m, can there exists a Pythagorean triple x 2, y 2, z 2 such that z = y + m ? Using this method, the author shows that, among other things, there cannot be any primitive Pythagorean triples with m an even positive power of 2, but there are infinitely many such triples with m an odd power of 2. On the other hand, if p is an odd prime, there cannot be any primitive triples with m an odd power of p, but infinitely many such triples with m an even power of p. To encourage students to use this method, the author has also designed a sequence of problems for students to explore.

A Study on Benjamin’s Theory of Translation

Walter Benjamin is one of the most creative and important critics of the early 20th century, and his work “The Task of Translation” stands as one of the most influential translation theories. It has greatly influenced the traditional notions of faithfulness and the “original language first” principle, laying the theoretical foundation for deconstructionist translation theory.

Perspectives on Suicide: Bosnian and Herzegovinian and Croatian views from the 1880s to the 1930s

The phenomenon of suicide is a profoundly intricate topic, influenced by a myriad of factors encompassing biological, biochemical, cultural, sociological, interpersonal, psychological, philosophical, conscious, and unconscious components. The examination of press publications, patient records from Croatian psychiatric institutions, and scholarly discourse on suicide in medical literature dating back to the late 19th and the early 20th century reveals that among the diverse perspectives of journalists and psychiatrists of that era, there are notable variations in terms of defining the reasons for suicide attempts. The absence of consistent explanations underscores the enigmatic nature of the ultimate resolution end one’s life. Although numerous experts and laypeople have claimed to know the exact motives behind someone resorting to suicide, some have continued to look for an explanation in otherworldly forces or individuals with supernatural powers. In essence, the multifaceted nature of suicide necessitates a nuanced and comprehensive approach, integrating various disciplines and perspectives to attain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.

La Casa Virreinal como arquetipo. Análisis comparativo de cuatro viviendas en Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala

This article presents a contribution to the study of the architectural composition of Modest Residential Heritage built in the Historic Center of San Salvador in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The objective is to identify patterns in the spatial organization of these dwellings, particularly the "casa patio" typology, which exhibits continuities from the colonial (virreinal) period to the republican era. Due to the lack of residential buildings from the virreinal period in San Salvador, four cases of virreinal houses from Antigua Guatemala, the capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala to which the province of San Salvador belonged, are analyzed. The methodology employed includes the comparison of the selected cases using Classification Schemes to graphically interpret three architectural elements: the patio with its corridors, the axis of access through the zaguanes (gateways), and the interior-exterior relationship. The results show that the patios play a fundamental role in the organization of spaces, and the architectural composition emphasizes order through the use of corridors. Additionally, the path from the entrance through the zaguanes to the chiflones (narrow passageways) connecting to other patios follows an angled route to avoid direct visibility between them. The comparative study reveals that the spatial organization of the four analyzed examples exhibits continuities in the distribution of spaces, potentially contributing to defining a typology of "Hispanic-American virreinal house" that is regionalized according to site-specific determinants. ILIA: Investigaciones Latinoamericanas en Ingeniería y Arquitectura, No. 01, 2024: 67-74.

Космополис эпохи премодерна на границе западной и восточной культур: многоязычие и пределы переводимости (на материалах Каффы XIII–XV веков)

Objective: To investigate the problem of the terminological precision of the most relevant qualities possessed by cosmopolis in the pre-modern world where the representatives of Western and Eastern faith acted equals in various written and spoken languages. Research materials: The “Codex Cumanicus” composed in Caffa at the turn of the 13th–14th centuries; the lexis of medieval urbanism in three languages (Latin, Persian, and Comanian) selected from it; “Libellus de notitia orbis” of Iohannes de Galonifontibus with a description of multilingual Caffa from the early 15th century. Results and novelty of the research: From the “Codex Cumanicus” was first isolated the lexis of medieval urbanism, dispersed throughout four semantic fields: representation of cosmopolis in the physicality, legally, the sociocultural data, and the ethical community. The representation of cosmopolis in the physicality found untranslatability to eastern languages such Latin terms as “murus”, and “vacuum”, calling attention to essential attributes of urban physis – stone walls, and public places. The representation of cosmopolis in the legally data proved the failure to communicate such thing as a “libertas”, the key characte­ristic of a free city; the Latin term “civitas”, a community of citizens, was adapted in Coman language only through Sogdian analogy of “känd”. The concept “lex”, law, was perceived only through the Jewish approach of “ˈtorə”. The representation of cosmopolis in the sociocultural data did reflect the richness of terms which represented the merchants, traders, bankers, artisans, warriors, and those in the service, education, and entertainment industries; most of them entered the language as a borrowings from Persian and Arabic. The representation of cosmopolis as ethical community explained the rethinking any archaic thought forms of the earlier polytheistic mind moving toward the monotheistic idea; the central concept of Western culture “Deus”, God, was reinterpreted in the most distant Eas­tern cultures as “Tengri” like the designation used earlier for the supreme sky deity of all Asian nomads; the universal theories for both West and East about the four elements and four bodily fluids reflected the relation between the world and man, as macrocosm and microcosm, really integrated citizens of different faiths and languages into the ethical community. This research uses the cognitive science and mental mapping methods. The first allows one to inquire on the terms, ideas, linguistic units, verbal codes in which was treated the cosmopolis in the pre-modern world. The second makes it possible to visualize a distribution of lexical triads according to the degree of positivity / negativity, nearness / distance in transmitting meanings from Latin in Eastern.

Storm frequency, magnitude, and cumulative storm beach impact along the US east coast

Abstract. This study extracted historical water level data from 12 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration tide gauge stations, spanning the period from the early 20th century to 2022 from central Maine to southern Florida, in order to determine if temporal and spatial trends existed in the frequency and magnitude of storms along the US Atlantic Ocean coast. We used the Storm Erosion Potential Index (SEPI) to identify and quantify storms. We then use the timing and magnitude of those storms to determine the cumulative effect of storm clustering and large-magnitude storms on sandy beaches using the cumulative storm impact index (CSII) empirical model. The results from this study showed (1) no appreciable increase in storm frequency at any of the stations (except for sheltered stations susceptible to storm tide augmentation), (2) statistically significant but modest increases in storm magnitudes over time for 8 of the 12 tidal stations, (3) regional differences in storm magnitudes (SEPI) and cumulative storm impacts (CSII) characteristic of more frequent extratropical storms (temporal clustering) in the north and less frequent tropical storms in the south, and (4) a 4- to 10-year recovery period for regional beach recovery.

Импортные узорные ткани Белореченского могильника в коллекции Государственного Эрмитажа

Purpose of the study: The attribution and dating of figured textiles from the Belorechensky burial ground (North Caucasus), study of manufacturing techniques, reconstruction of textile patterns and study of historical aspects related to the problem of the supply and existence of these silks in the region. Research materials: The collection of archaeological materials from the Belorechensky burial ground (collection of the Oriental Department of the State Hermitage) including 22 figured textiles (52 inventory no.), textiles from collections of other institutions (Metropolitan Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, etc.). Results and scientific novelty of the study: Of the 87 examples of textiles, embroidery, needlework, and threads, 22 examples are related to silk figured textiles. According to the technique, they are divided into velvets, damasks, lampases, and taffeta with pattern weft. Most of the textiles can be associated with the Syro-Egyptian weaving tradition of the 14th-15th centuries. However, there are several examples of Chinese and Italian production, and one damask, the technical features of which make it related not only to Italian and Syro-Egyptian, but also to early 16th century Safavid textiles. In this regard, the dating of the mounds from which these textiles originate was examined and clarified; issues of trade in the Northern Black Sea region were touched upon, as well as non-economic ways of the appearance of high-status imported products.

Mixed-Valence Iron Complexes Containing End-On Bridging Cyaphide Ions.

Iron cyanide compounds are among the oldest known synthetic coordination compounds, dating back to the early 18th century. By contrast, iron complexes of the cyaphide ion (C≡P-)─a heavy valence isoelectronic analog of the cyanide ion─are unknown. Herein we report the synthesis of highly stable mono- and bis-cyaphide complexes of iron(II), namely Fe(depe)2(Cl)(CP) and Fe(depe)2(CP)2 (depe = 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane). These iron(II) cyaphide complexes are capable of further coordination to iron(I) in a hitherto unknown linear coordination geometry, affording the conjugated multimetallic mixed-valence complexes [{Fe(depe)2}2(μ-CP)(N2)][BArF4]2 and [{Fe(depe)2}3(μ-CP)2][OTf]2.

Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) Population Trend and Productivity in Central Israel

ABSTRACT Israel’s nationwide multiyear campaigns, particularly in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, involved deforestation and the development of natural areas for agriculture and human settlement, and resulted in the local extirpation of several animal species. However, reforestation began in the 1940s and promoted the resurgence of extirpated populations. One species that has benefited from these landscape changes is the Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Based on the analysis of population trends in the Judea region (central Israel), we found that this species’ abundance increased by 8.9% over a 5-yr study period (2006–2010). We also found that hatching day was the only reproductive parameter in our study area that varied significantly among years. This breeding parameter depended on three habitat characteristics: (1) the height of the nest; (2) the amount of mixed forest with sparse cover in the area around the nest; and (3) the amount of herbaceous vegetation around the nest. Hatching began earlier in higher nests, and hatching began later in nests surrounded by a high percentage of mixed forest and herbaceous vegetation. However, productivity was independent of the habitat type surrounding the nest site. Our descriptive analysis of prey types suggested that most species in the prey remains and pellets likely came from outside the forest, typically from open areas such as agricultural fields, water reservoirs, or aquaculture ponds. Further, only three species dominated the prey remains and pellets below the nests. We documented reproductive parameters and changes in population size during the early years of this population increase. We predict that the population will continue to thrive and spread into the surrounding areas, as there have been no significant changes in land management in the study area over the past 13 yr.

Respiratory Isolation for Tuberculosis: A Historical Perspective.

Although tuberculosis is an ancient disease, recognition of its airborne route of transmission, with implications for respiratory isolation, is only relatively recent. Since the time of Hippocrates, the dogma among health practitioners was that the disease was hereditary or that it could be contracted by inhaling "miasma", or corrupted air. Consequently, isolation of patients was not routine practice, and, in fact, patients with scrofula (morbus regius, or "king's evil) sought to be cured by the "royal touch" throughout the middle ages. The sanatorium, which emerged in the mid-19th century, initially served as a place of healing, where patients could receive the appropriate diet, rest therapy, graduated exercise, and abundant fresh air. Major scientific breakthroughs, including Robert Koch's 1882 discovery of the tubercle bacillus as the disease's etiological agent and early 20th century experimental evidence that the organism could be transmitted via expectorated droplet nuclei, helped to reinforce the important public health role of sanatoria and tuberculosis hospitals in preventing disease transmission through isolation. The advent of highly efficacious and oral antitubercular regimens in the mid-20th century and the concurrent declining incidence of the disease contributed to the closure of tuberculosis sanatoria and hospitals in the US and western Europe. Over the past several decades, tuberculosis treatment in the US has been conducted in the outpatient setting under the supervision of local public health departments. Patients receiving treatment are required to remain in respiratory isolation in the home until they are deemed noninfectious based on multiple sputum samples. This historical review demonstrates that despite changing medical knowledge, drug therapies, and social conditions over time, the role of isolation remains an important topic of debate in the treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Nationalism and the Ottoman-Arab Dynamic: From Cultural Renaissance to Political Revolt

This paper delves into the intricate relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its Arab Muslim subjects amidst the backdrop of rising nationalist sentiments during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It traces the historical evolution of Arab nationalism, examining its cultural origins and political dimensions, while also dissecting the Ottoman administration's response to nationalist aspirations. Through an analysis of historical documents, scholarly works, and contemporary accounts, the study illuminates how nationalist movements reshaped the political, social, and cultural dynamics within the empire, leading to increased tensions between the central government and Arab nationalists. The paper highlights key events such as the Tanzimat reforms and the Young Turk Revolution, which exacerbated these tensions, culminating in the Arab Revolt of 1916 supported by the British. It also explores the impact of World War I on Ottoman-Arab relations and the subsequent dissolution of the empire, as reflected in treaties like the Treaty of Sèvres and the Treaty of Lausanne, which paved the way for the establishment of modern Arab states under European mandates. Through a comprehensive examination of historical sources and scholarly literature, the paper elucidates the multifaceted nature of nationalism's influence on the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Arab Muslim subjects, underscoring its profound and enduring significance in shaping the modern Middle East.

Institutions, State development and Education in Spain during the 19th and early 20th Centuries

Institutions, State development and Education in Spain during the 19th and early 20th Centuries

The Ship is Laden with Rice and Salt: A Comparison of Two Sailing Models on an Early 17th Century Trade Route Between Java and Sumatra

The Ship is Laden with Rice and Salt: A Comparison of Two Sailing Models on an Early 17th Century Trade Route Between Java and Sumatra

Visualization of Fashion in European Engravings of the 16th — Early 18th Century

Images of people from different countries in their traditional costumes as a genre emerged in the second half of the 16th century and actively existed in the form of prints until the first fashion magazines appeared in the late 18th century. The article attempts to build a chronology of iconic examples of costume prints of the 16th — early 18th century on the basis of a number of sources of theoretical, historical and pictorial nature. The functions it fulfilled as a kind of graphic art in its time and artistic and technological features of its creation are defined. The study considers the works of artists and engravers from Germany, the Netherlands, England and France, since it is in these countries that the art of costume engraving was most developed. Not being for the most part highly artistic works of art, having no portrait resemblance to the depicted characters, protomod illustrations did not attract close attention of art history, which regarded them as one of many ordinary sources, as elements of applied creativity, which largely prevented their detailed analysis. However, these numerous costume prints (woodcuts and etchings) are worthy of attention as examples of graphic art that give an idea of the fashion of the time. The decline in the popularity of costume prints in the middle of the 18th century, despite the development of printing technologies and the growth of population in cities, which implies the demand for products of this kind, is connected, in our opinion, with the absence of a descriptive part — text as an explanation to the picture. For in the epoch of the formation of fashion journalism in the 18th century, costume engravings were revived as part of women’s magazines, acquiring the form of fashionable pictures-illustrations that would exist throughout the 19th — first half of the 20th century.

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF A FREQUENCY CONVERTER FOR INDUCTION HEATING OF OIL PIPELINE

The article provides a detailed overview of the history, development and applications of frequency converters, with particular emphasis on their use in the oil and gas industry. It traces the evolution of frequency converters from their inception in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to their modern applications, which use microprocessors and digital signal processing to precisely control the output frequency. In the oil and gas industry, frequency converters are critical to efficient and accurate induction heating of pipelines. They convert a fixed frequency and voltage power supply into a variable frequency and variable voltage output, controlling the speed of the induction motors used in the heating process. The article also covers the design and modeling of frequency converters, discussing the process of characterizing them, creating mathematical models, and using modeling software tools such as MatLab. It presents equations for inductive energy, capacitor energy, resonance conditions and power factor, which are necessary in the mathematical modeling of frequency converters. The article concludes by highlighting the impact of frequency converters on the efficiency and economics of induction heating systems. It emphasizes the need for careful design and modeling to ensure optimal performance and safety.