Early Sources Research Articles

THE OPPORTUNITY OF MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE VOLEMIC STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS

Relevance. The relevance of the problem of the volemic status (VS) correction in patients with sepsis, especially with septic shock and multiple organ failure is beyond doubt, because in this condition there are always significant and life-threatening changes in homeostasis, especially in the circulatory system. At the same time, the percent of deaths remains high, and uncertainty in the pathophysiological mechanisms and an erased clinical picture can lead to untimely diagnosis and delayed correction of circulating blood volume (CBV).Aim of research. To analyze and summarize current concepts about the assessment of CBV in sepsis and septic shock. To identify current approaches to infusion therapy in this pathology in order to increase the efficiency of treatment and knowledge of specialists.Materials and methods. During writing the article, the search for literary sources was carried out in the databases: PubMed, eLibrary, CyberLeninka over the past 5 years, as well as from earlier sources that have not lost their relevance. At the same time, free access to the full content of publications was used in accordance with the subject of the review.Conclusion. The choice of infusion therapy tactics for patients with sepsis and polymorbidity may present significant difficulties due to the limited number of methods for monitoring and correcting volemic status. At the same time, the difficulty of making a decision is due to the multifactorial nature of the parameters and the inconsistency of the results obtained. In this situation, the result of treatment can be improved by using a combined analysis of parameters, prioritizing dynamic rather than static indicators. Methods of research and control of VS based on ultrasound technologies are more accessible and preferable in use for most medical preventive institutions (MPI) to determine the strategy of infusion therapy in the treatment of sepsis. The topic of control and correction of volemic status needs further research.

Numerical Simulation and Neural Network Model for Hydromagnetic Nanofluid Convection in a Porous Wavy Channel with Thermal Non-Equilibrium Model

Abstract The present study aims to analyze the nonfluid MHD convective heat transfer in a porous wavy channel with a local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model. Such a model finds applications related to enhancement in thermal performance, increasing the heat transfer coefficient in the compact design of heat exchangers for the aerospace and automotive industries and elevation in the efficiency of the solar collector. A sinusoidal porous wavy LTNE channel containing nanofluid and subjected to the induced and applied magnetic fields is considered. A uniform magnetic field is applied orthogonal to the channel and the induced magnetic field effects are considered due to the large magnetic Reynolds number. The momentum, continuity, energy, and nanoparticle volume fraction equations constitute the coupled nonlinear system of differential equations and are solved using the Galerkin finite element method. The reliability of the technique is assessed by comparing the proposed procedure with the results from earlier sources. A detailed analysis is presented to determine the effects of different physical parameters arising in the system on temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and velocity profiles. As an illustration, the findings exhibit that increasing the modified diffusivity ratio increases the values of the nanoparticle volume fraction whereas, reducing the modified diffusivity ratio enhances the temperature distribution. A higher value of thermal Rayleigh number presents a significant involvement of buoyancy forces, potentially resulting in the development of convective currents. A higher Nield number indicates more effective heat transport from the solid surface to the nanofluid. Consequently, there is a minimal thermal difference between the solid surface and the bulk nanofluid. Effective heat transmission enhances the nanofluid ability to absorb heat and generates a more consistent dispersion of temperature inside the fluid. The performance of the designed algorithms of the artificial neural network, namely, the Levenberg – Marquardt algorithm, in the problem under consideration is evaluated and the methodology is found reasonably precise with the matching of order around 6 to 7 decimal places of accuracy.

The Niu–Li Factional Strife: The Origins of a Historiographical Fiction

Abstract The “Niu–Li Factional Strife,” named after Niu Sengru (779–847) and Li Deyu (787–850), is an enduring theme in Tang history. Based on accounts of personal animosity, a narrative evolved in which Niu and Li have become the ringleaders of two factions that drew in almost all high-profile literati of the ninth century. This article revises traditional and modern narratives of the Strife by first showing that the scattered and contradictory evidence in the earliest sources does not bear out the model of a decades-long struggle between two factions. Second, it demonstrates how “Niu and Li” first arose as an emblem of Tang weakness and a rallying cry for unity within the bureaucracy under the Northern Song two centuries later. Finally, it shows how modern historians picked up the loose ends and remoulded them into a struggle between different classes against the backdrop of factious politics in Republican China.

Sira Nabawiyya: Historiography of the Prophet Muhammad by Three Modern Writers

PurposeThis study aimed to compare the narratives of three modern historiographies of the Sirah Nabawiya. It explored differences and similarities of Raḫīq Al-Makhtūm, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, and Membaca Sirah Nabi Muhammad dalam Sorotan Al-Qur'an dan Hadis-Hadis Sahih.MethodThis research employed a qualitative approach, adopting the historical method. The primary data were the most recent published editions of Al-Raḥīq Al-Makhtūm (2019) by Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (2006) by Martin Lings, and Membaca Sirah Nabi Muhammad dalam Sorotan Al-Qur’an dan Hadis-Hadis Sahih (2018) by M. Quraish Shihab.Results/FindingsThe research showed that each of these three books was written in a chronological style. Al-Raḥīq Al-Makhtūm and Membaca Sirah Nabi Muhammad dalam Sorotan Al-Qur'an dan Hadis-Hadis Sahih offered more detailed information compared to Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. In their historical analyses, each writer presented their respective perspectives and tendencies. Al-Mubarakfuri emphasized the comparison of historical data and explained the most valid source, while Lings presented the data in a friendly and approachable manner with no in-depth elaboration and personal analyses. Shihab's analysis, however, covered more complex issues beyond historiography, including verification, orientalist criticism, analysis of Quranic sources, and elaboration of moral values.ConclusionThese three works complied with the standard model of a chronological presentation of data and critical analysis, while maintaining a friendly and approachable tone through additional elaboration of perspectives. The authors maintained a balanced and objective approach according to their academic background.

The Guide, Pivot of Creation: The Sources of Shi’i Gnosis

The aim of the article is to explore the relationship between cosmo-anthropogony and the imamology of Shi’ism through its earliest sources in the pre-Buyid Hadith corpus. It shows that the figure of the Divine Guide is the axis around which creation revolves. Early Shi’ism thus appears to be heir to some of the great doctrines of the spiritual and intellectual traditions of late Antiquity.

Сангарил у мирян-буддистов Бурятии

This article summarizes the materials collected and published by the authors during their field research in Buryatia on the practice of the collective prayer of lay Buddhists, referred to as sangaril. It was not until the twentieth century that researchers began studying this phenomenon of lay Buddhists. Among the most prominent studies are the works of S. G. Zhambalova and D. S. Zhamsueva. The examination of these works and some earlier sources has enabled the authors of this article to present a meticulous account of the history surrounding the introduction of sangaril during the early stages of Soviet power. A comprehensive description covers the timeline, implementation process, participant prerequisites, and religious artifacts associated with the ritual. The structure of three sangarils recorded in the villages of Ushkhaita and Kizhinga of the Kizhinga district and in the Khorinsk settlement of the Khorinsk district of the Republic of Buryatia is characterized. The variation in the sequence of sections of the ritual is discussed, with a focus on the normative, recurrent in different villages, and mobile ones. The correlation between Tibetan, Mongolian, and Buryat sacred texts is discussed. The analysis covers the musical component of the ritual, including the recitative reading of mani prayers alternating with the performance of magtaals (glorifications to Buddhist shrines sung on typical song tunes). The Buryat text of one magtaal is provided with a Russian translation and comments. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of sangaril in preserving the cultural values and ethnic identity of the Buryat people.

The Size of the Household of Šiauliai Parish Residents in the First Half of the 19th Century (According to the Data of the Visitations)

The article aims to reveal the possibilities of the data contained in the parish visitations in determining the average household size of the residents of Šiauliai parish. Firstly, the data on visitations allows us to learn about the number of residents who came to catholic confession and those who did not come to catholic confession. Secondly, the source allows us to learn about the number of households in all parish settlements. The data is important for calculating the number of residents in the settlements and in the whole parish. The data on the number of residents allows us to calculate the size of the households in separate settlements and in the whole parish. Moreover, this data can be used for the reconstruction of parish geographical territory. On the other hand, the data on parish visitations can be incorrect as usually statistical information was rewritten from the earlier sources. Considering Šiauliai catholic parish visitations, it should be noted that later visitations were rewritten from the visitations of the year 1820, thus this research only deals with the situation of the year 1820. The analysis revealed that the geographical territory of Šiauliai parish has not significantly changed since the middle of the 17th century. Also, those settlements that were the largest in terms of population in the middle of the 17th century, remained the largest in the first half of the 19th century. After calculating the ratio of those who went to confession and those who did not go, it was found that in the visitations of Šiauliai parish, only the number of Catholics was given, and in some settlements far from the center of the parish, there was a high number of those who did not go to confessions, most likely it indicates pastoral problems, and not the population of other denominations. On average, 9.7 people lived in one household in Šiauliai parish, 7.98 lived in Šiauliai city, 14.5 lived in Kužiai town, and 11.35 lived in Meškuičiai town. After comparing the results of the research with the data of other cities and towns, it can be said that larger cities were characterized by smaller households, while small towns were characterized by larger households. Meanwhile, it is not easy to compare the obtained research results with the household data of the Central and Eastern European population, because the research results are highly dependent on the concept of the household. Nevertheless, it can be said that the average household size of Šiauliai parish was close to the household size of the residents of Nereta (Latvia).

Was Medusa a Priestess of Athena?

Abstract In Book 4 of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, the famous backstory of the Gorgon Medusa is related by her slayer Perseus: Neptune raped her in the temple of Minerva, and the goddess turned her hair into snakes out of divine vengeance for the desecration of her sanctuary. With few exceptions, most Ovid scholars are hesitant to posit any explanation for Medusa’s appearance at the temple, which does not appear to be justified in Ovid’s poem as it stands. In this article, the possibilities will be further explored: was Medusa (1) a priestess, (2) a suppliant or (3) simply a young woman of otherwise unspecified status? On further examination of the Book 4 passage, it will be argued that Ovid presents the metamorphosis myth of Medusa as an allusion, and that earlier sources were more likely to be forthcoming in their identification of the character.

Synthesis of new dithiocarbamate and xanthate complexes and their application in enrichment processes

Ore flotation is the main and defining technological process in ore benefication and non-ferrous metals production. The flotation process requires the use of a variety of chemical reagents, including collectors, frothers, surface modifiers, and pH regulators. The development and selection of suitable reagents for the processed material play a vital role in efficient flotation. The flotation activity of collectors depends fundamentally on the composition and structure of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fragments forming the flotation agent molecule, as well as on the nature of the ore that undergoes flotation processing. In this regard, the identification and study of the “substance structure–flotation activity” relation, as well as the search for new effective flotation reagents gain importance within applied organic and organoelement chemistry and related branches of science and technology. In this article, we review syntheses of effective collector reagents, namely xanthates and dithiocarbamates, based on the literature data for the past five years. Where necessary, earlier sources are provided. The reaction conditions and yields of the target compounds are presented using schemes. In addition, we present the results of flotation tests on the surfaces of various ores and the data on the mechanism of concentrate extraction. According to the reviewed publications, the fixation of collector reagents on the surface of minerals can be regarded as a complexation process of the collector functional groups and metal ions located on the surface of the mineral.

Lung Microbiota: Its Relationship to Respiratory System Diseases and Approaches for Lung-Targeted Probiotic Bacteria Delivery.

Microorganisms that make up the local microbiota (such as Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp.) play a crucial role in the modulation of diseases and health states by taking place not only in the gut but also in many parts of our body. There is also interference between the gut and the lung via the gut-lung axis. The relationship between respiratory diseases and lung microbiota, which become more of an issue of particular importance in recent years, shows that probiotics play an essential role in maintaining the balance of microorganisms in the respiratory tract. However, studies on probiotics' prophylactic or therapeutic application in chronic lung diseases are limited. In this review, the literature between 1977 and 2022 was surveyed. General information about human microbiota was accessed in earlier sources, and especially in the past decade, research on lung microbiota has been reached. The relationship between lung microbiota and important respiratory diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, allergy-asthma, influenza, lung cancer, and COVID-19 infection, was scrutinized after mentioning human microbiota, the gut-lung axis, and respiratory tract microbiota. The mechanism of action of probiotics and the formulation approaches of probiotics in terms of pharmaceutical technology were reviewed. Finally, future perspectives on lung-targeted administration of probiotic bacteria with prophylactic or therapeutic potential, or both, were presented.

Louis E. Fenech. The Cherished Five in Sikh History.

Over many years Louis Fenech has immersed himself in numerous sources on Sikh history, producing nuanced histories of the deep Indic and Islamicate connections of Sikh pasts in the making of distinct Sikh cultures and mores. His work has addressed the complex politics around the time of the Tenth Guru Gobind Singh to show the effulgence of the Guru’s darbār (court), and the framing and firming of varied traditions associated with the Guru’s person, family, and followers. Often surrounded by hostile Rajput kingdoms in Anandpur in the Himalayan foothills on the one hand and the Mughal imperium on the other, the Guru deployed diplomacy and fought battles while playing a pivotal role in fashioning Sikh poetics, histories, and traditions. In this book Fenech sojourns through the earliest sources on the life of the Guru, from the early to mid-eighteenth century, and gradually onward into the twentieth, to recreate how the idea, persons, and legends of the Panj Piare, the Cherished Five, evolved.

Dzieje odnalezienia drzewa Krzyża Świętego. Ustalenia i wątpliwości historyczne

At the end of the last century modern scholarly debate concerning the legend of finding the True Cross started again. S. Heid, S. Borgehammar i J. W. Drijvers presented different reconstructions of beginnings of Inventio crucis. Heid maintained that the Holy Wood was not found, Borgehammar wrote that this event really had place and that Helena discovered the lignum crucis. Drijvers argues with Borgehammar about finding the trophy but he thinks that He- lena did not participate in that event. Recently in polish publications about relics and True Cross the Borgehammar’s thesis was accepted without any analysis of the ancient texts and without discussion about the state of research.In this paper author investigates the Greek, Latin (and translations of Syriac) texts, evaluates the veracity of the legend and comments all thesis, which have been already published. A literary analysis shows that Helena was not connected with the discovery of the Holy Wood, she was not in Jerusalem at the time the Christ’s tomb was found and the construction of the Church of Holy Sepulchre started – only in this time the lignum crucis may have been discovered. Building work in Jerusalem started before she went on her pilgrimage to Palestine. Inventio Crucis was evidently later construct.Moreover there is no proof that the discovery indeed had place. The earliest sources do not mention it and we know nothing about place where Cross may have been found. On the other hand it is also possible that some chunks of wood were discovered during the buildings work in Jerusalem, and later (rather not immediately) these pieces were claimed to be the fragments of the True Cross. Lignum crucis was undoubtedly venerated in the end of the fourth century in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The legend could explained the presence of the relics of the Cross (which soon became a favourite goal of pilgrimage) foremost in Jerusalem and gave a reason for presence of fractions of the trophy in other places. It is also probable that Cyril of Jerusalem initiated writing the story and used it for his own purposes.We cannot definitely determine that „finding” of the Cross was a real event or not but we can prove that Helena did not discover the Holy Wood.

Patrocinia of the Arch-deaconry of Wrocław according to visitation protocols from the years 1579-1580

This article is devoted to the problematics of patrocinia of churches in the archdeaconry of Wrocław known thanks to canonical visitations from 1579-1580, carried out in accordance with the ordinances of the Council of Trent in 1547 by the archdeacon of Wrocław, Teodor Lindanus. Before proceeding with the execution of the ordinance and the visitation of the diocese, an instruction was prepared, where very strong emphasis was placed on the issue of the invocation that a given object of Catholic religious worship had. This was of great importance in the face of the development of the Reformation and the rejection of the existing sacred rite, including the cult of saints. Hence, examining the origin and meaning of church invocations, one could see the features characteristic of the religiousness of the faithful of the Church in Silesia, having their roots in the Middle Ages. Among the 36 objects visited, as many as 46 different invocations were listed, which, combined into various dedicatory variants, indicated 153 examples of saints, divine mysteries and truths of faith.The analysis of individual invocations, and searches in earlier sources, allowed to indicate the continuity of the cult, as well as its evolution emphasised by the appear-ance of other titles for the same objects. Data on patrocinia in 26 cases is the first information about the invocation for the individual churches mentioned. On the basis of the research carried out, it can be assumed that the archdeacon of Wrocław was characterised by an openness to many trends, and manifestations of the religious culture of Europe and the Church at the time.

Benedicamus Domino: delight in singing praise to God at Las Huelgas of Burgos

Abstract The Las Huelgas Codex (Hu) features one of the most varied collections of medieval polyphony in Europe. It contains the repertory of Mass Ordinary settings, sequences, organa, conductus and motets that was in use at the royal nunnery of Las Huelgas in Burgos during the 13th and 14th centuries. While most of this repertory is known from other earlier sources, several of the numerous settings of the Benedicamus Domino in Hu are unique pieces that reflect an apparently local practice. Closer inspection reveals, however, that nearly all of these ‘unique’ Benedicamus settings were created by borrowing and reworking musical material from other sections of the manuscript. This article considers the Benedicamus Domino settings as a musically cohesive sub-repertory in Hu, showcasing a rich array of reworking techniques. The article also considers the ritual function of the Benedicamus Domino within the liturgy of the royal convent, as well as the performance context and the distribution of singing duties between the nuns and the clerics of the monastery.

Environmentally Assisted Cracking of High-Strength Nickel-Based Alloys Under Cathodic Polarization

Environmentally assisted cracking of various high-strength nickel-based alloys used for subsea components was studied from the perspective of fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) and static crack growth rate (SCGR) as a function of several critical variables in 3.5 wt% NaCl (pH = 8.2) under cathodic polarization. This paper compiles data from earlier sources as well as more recent work that has been performed in this area. The crack growth rate (CGR) measured under various loading modes, i.e., cyclic, static, and varying stress intensity (K) profiles revealed evidence of susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. The measured crack growth rates under cyclic loading exhibited a strong dependence on loading frequency, and no evidence of a plateau in FCGR at low frequencies. The SCGR for various alloys was a function of not only the applied value of K but also of the applied strain rate . In general, Alloy 725 exhibited the highest susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement, while Alloy 718 exhibited the highest resistance as reflected in both the values of threshold stress intensity factor (Kth) and SCGR values. SCGR was also measured as a function of the applied potential, and first principles modeling suggested that it was related to water adsorption under the crack tip conditions. A crack tip strain rate-based model was applied to rationalize the effect of various loading modes on the measured crack growth rates.

Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950)

Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950)

Raising the Roof in Cædmon's Hymn

Raising the Roof in <i>Cædmon's Hymn</i>

From Colloquialism to Metaphorical Expression: A Diachronic Study of Chinese Dialect Words Based on Chán Buddhist Literature

Chán Buddhist literature is not only an important source for the study of religious thought during the Chinese late medieval and early modern periods, but also constitutes a treasure trove for investigating the development of the colloquial language of the respective periods, both in terms of semantics and syntactic constructions. Since the editors of Chán Buddhist literature—such as the Recorded Saying and Transmission of the Lamp texts—claimed to convey the “living words” of the patriarchs and masters, numerous vernacularisms were integrated in the dialogue sections of the texts, and the use of traditional Buddhist terminology was often reduced to a minimum. Frequently, Chán Buddhist texts are among the earliest sources in which these colloquialisms surfaced. In this paper, we focus on expressions which derive from the colloquial language of the late Táng and Sòng periods, and which were integrated in Chán Buddhist literature, often assuming a particular metaphorical meaning in the rhetorical structure of the texts. We reconstruct their original meaning, their use in the Chán texts, as well as their further development in Sinitic languages and dialects. Besides contributing to a better understanding of the vocabulary used in the enigmatic language of Chán literature and the metaphorical mapping of originally colloquial expressions in a religious context, in this preliminary study, we also hope to contribute to a better understanding of the development of semantic items from the perspective of historical linguistics, their complex paths of metaphorical extensions, as well as their usage in local linguistic contexts. In addition, the case studies also illustrate the transformative force of religion on the development of language, and the complex interplay between religious ideas and linguistic expression.

An Evaluation of the Political, Economic and Socio-Cultural Effects of the Rabaz Revolts in the context of immigration in Andalusia

Endülüs toprakları asırlar boyu Avrupa’daki İslâm medeniyetine ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bu dönemde siyasi, ekonomik, kültürel vb. birçok alanda eşine nadir rastlanır gelişmeler kendini göstermiştir. Yaşanan hadiselerin etkileri sadece o coğrafyayla sınırlı kalmamış, sonuçları itibariyle birçok bölgede hissedilmiştir. Araştırmamızın konusunu Endülüs emîrlerinden I. Hakem döneminde gerçekleşen ve Rabaz İsyanı diye isimlendirilen bir halk ayaklanması ile bu ayaklanmanın Endülüs’teki etkisi ve ayaklanma sonucu Mağrib, İskenderiye ve Girit coğrafyasına sürgün edilen halkın buralardaki etkileri teşkil etmiştir. Bu konu Müslümanların miladi dokuzuncu asrın başlarında Avrupa’da teneffüs ettikleri atmosferi anlama ve Endülüs topraklarındaki siyasi ortamı değerlendirme noktasında önemli olduğu gibi, zaman zaman ortaya çıkan isyanların ne derece büyük etkiler oluşturduğunu, yaşanan sürgünlerle farklı merkezlerde ne gibi gelişmelere vesile olduğunu görme açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmayla Hakem b. Hişâm döneminde Kurtuba merkezli idarenin yönetim anlayışı ve nihayetinde sürgün edilen insanların etkisiyle farklı merkezlerde ne tür değişimlerin olduğunu ortaya koymak amaçlanmış olup göç olgusunun ortaya çıkardığı sonuçlar gözler önüne serilmek istenmiştir. Bu bağlamda konu çalışılırken en eski tarihî kaynaklar esas alınmış ve bunun yanı sıra güncel çalışmalardan da istifade edilmiştir. Bu alanda yapılmış çalışmalar ile ortaya konulan farklı görüş ve fikirler tahlil süzgecinden geçirilerek değerlendirilmiş ve konu tarih metodolojisine uygun bir şekilde ele alınmıştır.

Review: Arab Conquests and Early Islamic Historiography: The Futuh al-Buldan of al-Baladhuri, by Ryan J. Lynch

Review: <i>Arab Conquests and Early Islamic Historiography: The Futuh al-Buldan of al-Baladhuri</i>, by Ryan J. Lynch