Earlier Version Research Articles

Third-Generation Cardiovascular Phantom: The Next Generation of Preclinical Research in Diagnostic Imaging.

Different types of preclinical research tools used in the field of diagnostic imaging such as dynamic flow circulation phantoms have built the foundation for optimization and advancement of clinical procedures including new imaging techniques. The objective was to introduce a third-generation phantom, building on the limitations of earlier versions and unlocking new opportunities for preclinical investigation. A third-generation phantom was designed and constructed comprising physiological vascular models from head to toe, including a 4-chamber heart with embedded heart valves and a controllable electromechanical pump. The models include modular segments, allowing for interchangeability between healthy and diseased vessels. Clinical sanity checks were performed using the phantom in combination with a dual-head power injector on a third-generation dual-source computed tomography scanner. Contrast media was injected at 1.5 g I/s, and the phantom was configured with a cardiac output of 5.3 L/min. Measurements of mean transit times between key vascular landmarks and peak enhancement values in Hounsfield units (HUs) were measured to compare with expected in vivo results estimated from literature. Good agreement was obtained between literature reference values from physiology and measured results. Contrast arrival between antecubital vein and right ventricle was measured to be 13.1 ± 0.3 seconds. Transit time from right ventricle to left ventricle was 12.0 ± 0.2 seconds, from left internal carotid artery to left internal jugular vein 7.7 ± 0.4 seconds, and 2.9 ± 0.2 seconds from aortic arch to aortic bifurcation. The peak enhancement measured in the regions of interest was between 336 HU and 557 HU. The third-generation phantom demonstrated the capability of simulating physiologic in vivo conditions with accurate contrast media transport timing, good repeatability, and expected enhancement profiles. As a nearly complete cardiovascular system including a functioning 4-chamber heart and interchangeable disease states, the third-generation phantom presents new opportunities for the expansion of preclinical research in diagnostic imaging.

Research Writing - Teaching: A Review

Writing is discussed in further depth in Ken Hyland's book Teaching and researching writing, which was released in 2016. The book draws on earlier versions of the book to investigate what is known in the subject of writing as well as the current dynamic contributions to the area. However, while he retains much of the current paradigms of writing in this third edition, he shows the electronic shift and its pedagogical consequences with writings that have been released since 2009, when he first published the second version. Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America are just a few of the places this book touches on. Among Hyland's goals, which he outlines in the book's opening chapter, are acknowledging that writing is an ever-changing field, emphasising the significance of discovering, exploring, and developing practical applications for well-known frameworks, and advocating for the "cycle of practice-theory-practice" (p. xii). In addition, he explains the structural changes and the components that have been retained in this third version.

Future changes in extreme precipitation in central Asia with 1.5–4°C global warming based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 simulations

AbstractQuantifying future precipitation changes in central Asia (CA), one of the largest semiarid‐to‐arid regions in the world, is increasingly attracting attention. Extreme precipitation changes in CA have been studied based on global climate models (GCMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). However, quantitative information regarding projected changes in extreme precipitation in CA under the 1.5–4°C global warming scenario is lacking; the potential advantages of the latest‐generation GCMs (i.e., CMIP6) in characterizing precipitation in CA have not been investigated. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the models' overall performance in reproducing the spatiotemporal pattern of four extreme precipitation indices and further performed an observationally constrained projection of changes in extreme precipitation indices for 1.5–4°C global warming based on a weighted multimodel ensemble. Regarding homologous models, CMIP6 models exhibited limited improvement relative to their earlier versions in CMIP5. We project that extreme precipitation indices in CA will increase approximately linearly as global warming increases, except for the consecutive dry days (CDD) index. The changes in precipitation intensity and accumulation exhibit robust consistency between models, whereas the signal of CDD changes is masked by the noise produced by intermodel uncertainties. The changes in the average annual accumulated and maximum 1‐day precipitation relative to the reference period (1981–2010) in CA are 12.0 and 14.2% at 3°C global warming (similar to late‐century warming projected based on current mitigation policies), respectively. Moreover, we demonstrate the advantage of the weighted scheme over the traditional unweighted scheme for multimodel ensemble projection.

ICT, collaboration, and innovation: Evidence from BITNET

Does access to technologies that reduce information and communication costs increase innovation? We examine this question by exploiting the staggered adoption of BITNET across U.S. universities in the 1980s. BITNET, an early version of the Internet, enabled e-mail-based knowledge exchange and collaboration among academics. After the adoption of BITNET, university-connected inventors increase patenting substantially. The effects are driven by collaborative patents by new inventor teams. The patents induced by ICT are closely related to science. In contrast, we neither find an effect on patents not closely related to science nor on corporate inventors unconnected to universities.

The Prehistory of Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum: Connections with the Chronicon Lethrense and their Consequences

The Old Norse origin myth known as Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum, which claims that Norway was founded by a pair of brothers named Nórr and Górr, is preserved in two distinct variants in the late fourteenth-century Icelandic manuscript known as Flateyjarbók. One variant, Fundinn Noregr, forms the preface to Orkneyinga saga and had therefore come into existence by c. 1230, whereas the other, Hversu Noregr byggðist, is not attested before c. 1290. Most scholars have argued that Hversu Noregr byggðist is a derivative of Fundinn Noregr, which was created to preface Orkneyinga saga by the Icelandic scholar Snorri Sturluson. This article draws attention to hitherto-undocumented parallels between both variants of Frá Fornjóti and a twelfth-century Latin text known as the Chronicon Lethrense or Lejre Chronicle. To explain these parallels, a new hypothesis for the pre-history of Frá Fornjóti is formulated: that both variants are independent witnesses to an earlier version of the myth which drew upon the Chronicon Lethrense or a shared model. This hypothesis is tested against arguments supporting the consensus that regards Fundinn Noregr as the original, taking the myth’s ideological underpinnings and analogues in Old Norse literature into account. It is suggested that the hypothesis best explains patterns of shared wording revealed by close comparative readings of passages in both variants, Orkneyinga saga, and other contemporary Old Norse texts. The article concludes with speculation about the context in which a previous version of the myth might have been composed.

Literary Modernism, Queer Temporality: Eddies in Time

Literary Modernism, Queer Temporality: Eddies in Time

The Apache Diaspora by Paul Conrad

Reviewed by: The Apache Diaspora by Paul Conrad Andrés Reséndez (bio) Apache, Native Americans, Ndé, Slavery, Indigenous The Apache Diaspora. By Paul Conrad. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021. Pp. 366. Cloth, $34.95.) This is the first comprehensive examination of Apache (Ndé) groups from the 1500s, when they entered the Spanish documentary record, to the twentieth century. Previous scholars have examined a variety of aspects of Apache history: Some have looked at Apaches during the Spanish colonial era while others have studied the protracted wars along the U.S.-Mexico borderlands during the long nineteenth century, focusing on such figures as Mangas Coloradas, Victorio, and, of course, Geronimo. Paul Conrad's treatment reveals the astounding range of Apache experiences in a broad region of the American Southwest and northern Mexico and reaching as far south as Veracruz, as far east as Florida and Cuba, and as far north as Canada. The Apache Diaspora surveys a multi-secular struggle that spanned multiple empires and nations across much of North America. The notion of a "diaspora" in the title and through the manuscript is very flexible and allows Conrad to analyze the scattering forces of colonialism, enslavement, deportation, incarceration, and boarding schools to which Apaches were subjected through the centuries as well as their will to overcome such forces of dispersion, survive, and endure as a people. The book is organized chronologically in two parts. Each chapter usually features a specific locale to underscore the range of Apache experiences. [End Page 318] Thus, Chapter 1 is centered on Santa Fe, New Mexico and sometimes more specifically on the Palace of the Governors. In Chapter 2, Conrad moves to the mining town of Parral in what is now southern Chihuahua. Chapters 3 and 4 are anchored on the Southern Plains, Chapter 5 follows the deportation of Apaches through Mexico City, Veracruz, and Cuba, and so on. One strength of The Apache Diaspora is definitional. Instead of considering "Apaches" as an identifiable set of peoples or a collection of groups, Conrad helpfully emphasizes that "Apache" was a convenient label applied to a variety of mobile peoples (initially around New Mexico) who were deemed at war with Christians and therefore enslaveable. Such rhetorical convolution was necessary in colonial times because the Spanish crown generally forbade the enslavement of Native peoples except in extraordinary circumstances, and being at war with the Spanish kingdoms and Christendom in general was one of them. By the seventeenth century, as Conrad rightly notes, the terms "Apache" and "slave" were virtually interchangeable among Spanish settlers of New Spain's northern provinces. The Apache Diaspora combines great depth of archival research along with engagement with the work of many scholars working on multiple aspects of this history. In the first part of the book, Conrad is primarily in conversation with historians of Indigenous enslavement, teasing out forced-labor arrangements and clarifying patterns of coercion with numerous cases and examples, some known to previous scholars and others drawn from the author's archival work. In the middle chapters, Conrad shifts the focus from slavery to deportation or banishment campaigns that New Spain waged against specific Apache groups in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The author argues persuasively that deportation required more nuanced understandings of family and kinship ties among Apache peoples. Whereas the slave trade was predicated on the fiction that all Apaches were enemies and indistinguishable from one another—and therefore all enslaveable—the deportation campaigns had to be far more discriminating and attuned to local bands and groupings known as gotah among southern Apaches and rancherías to the Spanish. Conrad shows how Spanish officials in northern New Spain got to known Apache headmen and understood their primary and more distant group belongings and loyalties and used this knowledge either to negotiate peace with them or wage war and deportation campaigns. In the last three chapters, Conrad treads over familiar ground around the Apaches de Paz program—an early Spanish version of the U.S.-run [End Page 319] Indian reservations—and the later American social experiments that included reservations and banishment to distant forts and boarding schools. Here the author dwells less on explanations for...

THE TALE OF TSAR SIMEON BEKBULATOVICH IN THE LIFE OF ST. EPHRAIM OF TORZHOK

The list of miracles of St. Ephraimof Torzhok in the Extensive redaction of his Life begins with “TheTale of Tsar Simeon,” unknown in the earlier Brief redaction of the Life. The heroes of the Tale are Tsar Simeon Bekbulatovich and Archimandrite of the Novotorzhsky Borisoglebsky Monastery Misail, the alleged author of the Brief redaction. The miracle belongs to the genre of visions, uncharacteristic for the body of texts about St. Ephraimof Torzhok. The article raises several questions: 1) how is the story about Simeon Bekbulatovich constructed; 2) what function does the recourse of the text to the genre of visions perform; 3) what are the possibilities of real commentary on the text. The Tale is an example of an oral story about the times of Ivan the Terrible, preserved in the monastery. The text of the miracle forms the legendary “Kazan” biography of the Kasimov Tsar, where his adoption of Christianity is the central event. The vision of Archimandrite Misail, in which Ephraim complains about the damage to his relics, is the first description of the saint not from the viewpoint of his ancient history, dating back to the time of Boris and Gleb, but from the viewpoint of his proximity to and accessibility for the inhabitants of Torzhok. The question of the wooden shrine and other gifts of Tsar Simeon cannot be resolved with sufficient clarity at the present time. In the appendix to the article, “The Tale of Tsar Simeon” is published according to the early (First) version of the Extensive redaction.

Review: Digital Black Feminism, by Catherine Knight Steele

Review: <i>Digital Black Feminism</i>, by Catherine Knight Steele

Jim Crow Networks: African American Periodical Cultures

Jim Crow Networks: African American Periodical Cultures

DELTA-1: A global, multicenter, phase 2 study of ITIL-168, an unrestricted autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) cell therapy, in adult patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma.

TPS9594 Background: Patients (pts) with advanced (unresectable or metastatic) cutaneous melanoma and persistent disease after checkpoint inhibitor therapy have poor outcomes and limited treatment options, highlighting a significant unmet medical need (Schadendorf D et al. Lancet. 2018;392:971-984). Investigational autologous TIL cell therapies have shown promise in this population, partly attributable to their intrinsic and patient-specific antitumor activity (Borch TH et al. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8:e000668). Made from each patient’s digested and cryopreserved tumor, ITIL-168 is an autologous TIL cell therapy manufactured to offer an unrestricted T-cell receptor repertoire. A single-center, compassionate use clinical series demonstrated the feasibility and clinical utility of an earlier version of ITIL-168, with a high overall response rate among pts previously treated with PD-1 inhibitor (PD-1i) therapy (58%, n = 12; Pillai M et al. Ann Oncol. 2021;32[suppl 5]:S882). DELTA-1 (NCT05050006) is a global, multicenter phase 2 study to evaluate efficacy and safety of ITIL-168 in pts with cutaneous melanoma relapsed or refractory to a PD-1i, pts intolerant to a PD-1i, and pts whose current best response to a PD-1i is stable disease. Methods: Pts aged ≥18 years with histologically confirmed advanced cutaneous melanoma, ECOG performance status 0-1, and adequate organ function will be enrolled in 1 of 3 cohorts. Cohort 1 (n≈80) will include pts who relapsed after or were refractory to ≥1 prior line of systemic therapy, including a PD-1i and, if BRAF-mutated, a BRAFi ± MEKi. Cohorts 2 and 3 (n≈25 each) will include pts intolerant to PD-1i and those with stable disease after ≥4 doses of PD-1i, respectively. After tumor resection for TIL harvest, pts must have ≥1 remaining measurable lesion per RECIST 1.1. Pts with uveal, acral, or mucosal melanoma, prior allogeneic transplant or cell therapy, and with central nervous system (CNS) disorder or symptomatic and/or untreated CNS metastases are ineligible. Pts will receive 5 days of lymphodepleting chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide ×2 days overlapping with fludarabine ×5 days) followed by a single ITIL-168 infusion (≥5×109 cells) and supportive short-course, high-dose IL-2. The primary endpoint is objective response rate (ORR) per central review. Secondary endpoints include duration of response, progression-free survival, overall survival, disease control rate, TIL persistence, and safety. Hypothesis testing of ORR will be performed for cohort 1. The primary analysis will occur when all pts in the cohort 1 modified intent-to-treat population have been followed for ≥6 months after the first posttreatment disease assessment. DELTA-1 opened for enrollment in September 2021. Updated site information will be given at the time of presentation. Clinical trial information: NCT05050006.

Introduction by the Editor-in-Chief

Introduction by the Editor-in-Chief Rosa de Jorio This volume has been slow in the making, but we hope that our readers will enjoy the quality and diversity of the articles gathered here. The number of submissions has significantly increased in recent times, and thus the delay should only be temporary. We are pleased to host a dossier on Djibril Tamsir Niane in the wake of his passing, with contributions by David Conrad, Elara Bertho, Stephen Bulman, and Stephen Belcher, and an introduction by Ryan Skinner. Earlier versions of these articles were presented at the 2021 virtual International Mande Studies Conference hosted by Uppsala University, and also at the 2021 virtual Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association. In addition to Conrad’s biographical contribution centering on his long-time friendship and collaboration with Niane, the other contributions focus on the genealogy of the Soundjata epic. Embracing a comparative perspective, they foreground the choices, omissions, and continuities in Niane’s versions of the epic, while exploring some of their significations. We are also pleased to include two general articles: one dedicated to the study of dress as a prism through which to study the history of Guinea, a perspective that enables Saidou Mohamed N’Daou to foreground the agency of regional groups in the face of conquest and violence; the other by Agnieszka Kedzierska-Manzon, who investigates the construction of ritual specialists (donsow and jinetigiw), focusing particularly on their gender crossings and thus expanding and nuancing our understandings of gender in the Mande world. The volume also includes a special feature on the future of Mande studies. Contributors interrogate the wider scholarly and political implications of Mande studies as a discursive intellectual tradition, and explore possible ways to reconceptualize the field. Finally, this volume includes a new section for book reviews, featuring reviews by Marcia Tiede and Bruce Whitehouse. Mande Studies is truly a collective enterprise, and I could not have done it without the generosity and intellectual expertise of my coeditors. I wish to thank Patrick Royer, Joseph Hellweg, and Stephen Belcher for their careful reviews of the manuscripts and their constructive feedback. Bruce Whitehouse recently joined our editorial team, and we look forward to working with him at Mande Studies in the future. We also wish to thank the anonymous external reviewers for their thoughtful reviews. The articles included here have benefitted greatly from their expertise. We wish to thank as well our copy editors in French and [End Page 3] English, some of whom are our colleagues who generously put their language skills to the service of Mande Studies. I thank Joseph Hellweg, Patrick Royer, and Nicolas Médevielle for their help in this regard. Finally, we would like to inform our readers that from the present volume onward––that is, volume 23––Mande Studies, as with all other IUP journals, will be hosted on Project MUSE. JSTOR will continue storing our previous volumes of Mande Studies (1–22), as well as more recent ones, in its permanent archival collection, starting three years after their publication date. Enjoy the read! [End Page 4] Rosa de Jorio University of North Florida Copyright © 2021 Mande Studies Association

Introduction to the Special Issue on Class Dynamics from Socialism to Post-Socialism

Introduction to the Special Issue on Class Dynamics from Socialism to Post-Socialism

Plato's Socrates on Socrates: Socratic Self-Disclosure and the Public Practice of Philosophy by Anne-Marie Schultz

Reviewed by: Plato's Socrates on Socrates: Socratic Self-Disclosure and the Public Practice of Philosophy by Anne-Marie Schultz Doug Reed SCHULTZ, Anne-Marie. Plato's Socrates on Socrates: Socratic Self-Disclosure and the Public Practice of Philosophy. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2020. x + 141 pp. Cloth, $90.00; paper, $39.99; eBook, $38.00 The subtitle aptly sums up the twin projects Anne-Marie Schultz sets for herself in this book. One project is a detailed analysis of episodes in Plato's dialogues where Socrates shares his emotional state and personal history, especially his educational experiences, with his audience. Throughout the book, Schultz considers passages familiar to Plato scholars but does so with an eye toward a neglected aspect of the dialogues, namely, "Plato's presentation of Socrates as a philosopher who tells personal narratives." Through careful attention to the text and in conversation with up-to-date scholarship, Schultz makes the case that Socratic self-disclosure is a widespread and significant feature of these dialogues. In doing so, she gives the reader plenty to think about regarding Plato's portrayal of Socrates and other characters, Socratic method, as well as other philosophical and dramatic elements of these passages. The other project concerns public philosophy. Schultz asks us to consider why Plato should present Socrates as a self-disclosing philosopher and what we, contemporary academic philosophers, can learn about (public) philosophy by appreciating this feature of Socrates' practice. Ultimately, she makes the case that we should see Socrates as a model for a public philosopher, one who draws people in by letting them in and encourages the creation of a philosophical community. The book has a clear and straightforward style. Each of the six chapters (along with an introduction and postscript) is well structured with connections that are legible to the reader. In chapter 1, Schultz looks at instances of Socratic self-disclosure in the Theaetetus and by building on the work of Holger Thesleff and Harold Tarrant explores the possibility that Socrates narrated an earlier version of the dialogue. This discussion is worthwhile in its own right, but Schultz also uses it to begin making the case that Socrates employs autobiography and shares his emotions in order to "bring the listener into the experience of philosophical reflection by portraying the learning process as perspective changing, as life changing." Chapters 2 and 3 turn to the Symposium. In chapter 2 Schultz explores Socrates' self-presentation in the dialogue, arguing that he shares [End Page 829] his experiences with Diotima to model what it is to be an eager and engaged student with the aim of drawing his fellow symposiasts to philosophy. Chapter 3 looks at three imitators of Socratic narration in the Symposium : Alcibiades, Apollodorus, and Aristodemus. In addition to continuing the investigation of philosophical self-disclosure, this chapter offers a rich discussion of the frame of the dialogue, a sustained treatment of Alcibiades' speech, and a reevaluation of the two characters who transmit the dialogue to the reader, making it a valuable contribution to scholarship on the Symposium. Chapters 4 and 5 look at Socratic self-disclosure in the Apology and Phaedo, respectively. These dialogues are well known for including Socratic autobiographies. Given that Schultz is explicit that her aim is not to determine the historical reliability of Socrates' narratives, she does not consider any tensions between Socrates' two intellectual autobiographies in these dialogues. Instead, she analyzes them along with other instances of self-disclosure in the dialogues in order to show that Socrates deploys them to exhort his fellow citizens to philosophy and to nurture his intimate community with the hopes of extending philosophical reflection into the future. In chapter 6 Schultz offers a helpful summary of the book and shares examples of contemporary practitioners of Socratic narrative and public philosophy. In doing so, Schultz herself exemplifies Socratic self-disclosure by sharing her own intellectual experiences, which she continues in the postscript to the book. With each chapter, I became more convinced of Schultz's central interpretative claim that Plato portrays Socrates as a philosopher who shares his experiences and emotions openly. At times, though, an interpretive question occurred to me: Should we always take Socrates...

A Data-Driven Lens to Understand Human Biology: An Interview with Daphne Koller

A Data-Driven Lens to Understand Human Biology: An Interview with Daphne Koller

V.PhyloMaker2: An updated and enlarged R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants

An earlier version of V.PhyloMaker has been broadly used to generate phylogenetic trees of vascular plants for botanical, biogeographical and ecological studies. Here, we update and enlarge this package, which is now called ‘V.PhyloMaker2’. With V.PhyloMaker2, one can generate a phylogenetic tree for vascular plants based on one of three different botanical nomenclature systems. V.PhyloMaker2 can generate phylogenies for very large species lists (the largest species list that we tested included 365,198 species). V.PhyloMaker2 generates phylogenies at a fast speed. We provide an example (including a sample species list and an R script to run it) in this paper to show how to use V.PhyloMaker2 to generate phylogenetic trees.

Contribution of Incorporating the Phosphorus Cycle into TRIPLEX-CNP to Improve the Quantification of Land Carbon Cycle

Phosphorus (P) is a key and a limiting nutrient in ecosystems and plays an important role in many physiological and biochemical processes, affecting both terrestrial ecosystem productivity and soil carbon storage. However, only a few global land surface models have incorporated P cycle and used to investigate the interactions of C-N-P and its limitation on terrestrial ecosystems. The overall objective of this study was to integrate the P cycle and its interaction with carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) into new processes model of TRIPLEX-CNP. In this study, key processes of the P cycle, including P pool sizes and fluxes in plant, litter, and soil were integrated into a new model framework, TRIPLEX-CNP. We also added dynamic P:C ratios for different ecosystems. Based on sensitivity analysis results, we identified the phosphorus resorption coefficient of leaf (rpleaf) as the most influential parameter to gross primary productivity (GPP) and biomass, and determined optimal coefficients for different plant functional types (PFTs). TRIPLEX-CNP was calibrated with 49 sites and validated against 116 sites across eight biomes globally. The results suggested that TRIPLEX-CNP performed well on simulating the global GPP and soil organic carbon (SOC) with respective R2 values of 0.85 and 0.78 (both p &lt; 0.01) between simulated and observed values. The R2 of simulation and observation of total biomass are 0.67 (p &lt; 0.01) by TRIPLEX-CNP. The overall model performance had been improved in global GPP, total biomass and SOC after adding the P cycle comparing with the earlier version. Our work represents the promising step toward new coupled ecosystem process models for improving the quantifications of land carbon cycle and reducing uncertainty.

CFM-ID 4.0 - a web server for accurate MS-based metabolite identification.

The CFM-ID 4.0 web server (https://cfmid.wishartlab.com) is an online tool for predicting, annotating and interpreting tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra of small molecules. It is specifically designed to assist researchers pursuing studies in metabolomics, exposomics and analytical chemistry. More specifically, CFM-ID 4.0 supports the: 1) prediction of electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectra (ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) for small molecules over multiple collision energies (10 eV, 20 eV, and 40 eV); 2) annotation of ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectra given the structure of the compound; and 3) identification of a small molecule that generated a given ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectrum at one or more collision energies. The CFM-ID 4.0 web server makes use of a substantially improved MS fragmentation algorithm, a much larger database of experimental and in silico predicted MS/MS spectra and improved scoring methods to offer more accurate MS/MS spectral prediction and MS/MS-based compound identification. Compared to earlier versions of CFM-ID, this new version has an MS/MS spectral prediction performance that is ∼22% better and a compound identification accuracy that is ∼35% better on a standard (CASMI 2016) testing dataset. CFM-ID 4.0 also features a neutral loss function that allows users to identify similar or substituent compounds where no match can be found using CFM-ID’s regular MS/MS-to-compound identification utility. Finally, the CFM-ID 4.0 web server now offers a much more refined user interface that is easier to use, supports molecular formula identification (from MS/MS data), provides more interactively viewable data (including proposed fragment ion structures) and displays MS mirror plots for comparing predicted with observed MS/MS spectra. These improvements should make CFM-ID 4.0 much more useful to the community and should make small molecule identification much easier, faster, and more accurate.

Changing the home visiting research paradigm: models’ perspectives on behavioral pathways and intervention techniques to promote good birth outcomes

BackgroundThe US is scaling up evidence-based home visiting to promote health equity in expectant families and families with young children. Persistently small average effects for full models argue for a new research paradigm to understand what interventions within models work best, for which families, in which contexts, why, and how. Historically, the complexity and proprietary nature of most evidence-based models have been barriers to such research. To address this, stakeholders are building the Precision Paradigm, a common framework and language to define and test interventions and their mediators and moderators. This observational study used portions of an early version of the Precision Paradigm to describe models’ intended behavioral pathways to good birth outcomes and their stance on home visitors’ use of specific intervention technique categories to promote families’ progress along intended pathways.MethodsFive evidence-based home visiting models participated. Model representatives independently completed three structured surveys focused on 41 potential behavioral pathways to good birth outcomes, and 23 behavior change technique categories. Survey data were used to describe and compare models’ intended behavioral pathways, explicit endorsement of behavior change technique categories, expectations for home visitors’ relative emphasis in using endorsed technique categories, and consistency in endorsing technique categories across intended pathways.ResultsModels differed substantially in nearly all respects: their intended pathways to good birth outcomes (range 16–41); the number of technique categories they endorsed in any intended pathway (range 12–23); the mean number of technique categories they endorsed per intended pathway (range 1.5–20.0); and their consistency in endorsing technique categories across intended pathways (22%-100% consistency). Models were similar in rating nearly all behavior change technique categories as at least compatible with their model, even if not explicitly endorsed.ConclusionsModels successfully used components of the Precision Paradigm to define and differentiate their intended behavioral pathways and their expectations for home visitors’ use of specific technique categories to promote family progress on intended pathways. Use of the Precision Paradigm can accelerate innovative cross-model research to describe current models and to learn which interventions within home visiting work best for which families, in which contexts, why and how.

HEJ 2.1: High-energy resummation with vector bosons and next-to-leading logarithms

We present version 2.1 of the High Energy Jets (HEJ) event generator for hadron colliders. HEJ is a Monte Carlo generator for processes at high energies with multiple well-separated jets in the final state. To achieve accurate predictions, conventional fixed-order perturbative QCD is supplemented with an all-order resummation of large high-energy logarithms. The new version 2.1 now supports processes with final-state leptons originating from a charged or neutral vector boson together with multiple jets, in addition to processes available in earlier versions. Furthermore, the all-order resummation is extended to include an additional gauge-invariant class of subdominant logarithmic corrections. HEJ 2.1 can be obtained from https://hej.hepforge.org. New version program summaryProgram Title:HEJ.CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/24c9mb6pf9.2Licensing provisions: GPLv2 or later.Programming language: C++.Journal reference of previous version: Comput. Phys. Commun. 245 (2019) 106832.Does the new version supersede the previous version?: YesReasons for the new version: Support for further scattering processes and inclusion of additional corrections.Summary of revisions: This release adds support for the production of two final-state leptons originating from a charged or neutral vector boson together with multiple jets. Resummation is extended to include next-to-leading logarithmic corrections connected to the emission of additional quark-antiquark pairs.Nature of problem: Conventional event generators for high-energy colliders are based on fixed-order perturbation theory, which converges poorly in regions of phase space with large invariant masses between jets. Reliable predictions in these regions are of general interest, and particularly important whenever cuts relevant to weak-boson fusion or weak-boson scattering are applied.Solution method: The perturbative description can be amended by resumming the high-energy logarithms associated with large invariant masses to all orders in perturbation theory. HEJ 2 implements this resummation following the High Energy Jets framework. Using HEJ 2 in conjunction with a conventional event generator allows one to obtain reliable predictions for processes involving multiple jets in high-energy regions of phase space.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The current version implements multi-jet processes with at most a single lepton pair or Higgs boson in the final state. Matching to fixed-order perturbation theory is currently restricted to leading order.