Early Occurrence Research Articles

Immunological Aspect of Septic Shock

Septic shock is clinically characterized by hypotension necessitating vasoactive support that fails to react to fluid resuscitation in patients with suspected or microbiologically confirmed infections leading to severe organ failure without an identified etiology. Predisposing factors for septic shock arises when the body’s reaction to an infection impairs tissue perfusion and oxygen utilization, resulting in end-organ malfunction and heightened mortality risk. The etiologies of septic shock differ between adults and children. The mechanisms contributing to the predisposition for severe sepsis are numerous: diminished complement levels, children’s exposure to outdoor environments or crowded settings, reduced protein levels, accelerated metabolic rates, heightened incidence of heart failure, prior antidotal or clinical exposure, and fluctuating rates of infections caused by pathogenic organisms. Endothelial dysfunction, a primary cause of septic shock, impairs microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation in sepsis. Septic shock is commonly linked to coagulation disorders and a heightened prevalence of venous thromboembolism. The principal phases of biomarkers in septic pathobiology encompass a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phase, along with cellular dysfunction. In summary, the cytokines and chemokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and CCL2 possess considerable predictive significance for septic shock. The new personalized medicine that considers significant immunological indicators may result in more focused therapies in the future. The primary message of this immunological approach is that inflammation, which significantly contributes to the progression of septic shock, is an early occurrence in its pathogenesis.

Identification of serum metabolite biomarkers in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: protocol for a multicentre prospective observational cohort study

IntroductionBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most common and significant complications of preterm birth. It ultimately leads to a decrease in the quality of life for preterm infants and...

Evaluating TAB2, IKBKB, and IKBKG Gene Polymorphisms and Serum Protein Levels and Their Association with Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Its Treatment Efficiency.

Background and Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness, affecting millions worldwide. Its pathogenesis involves the death of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), followed by photoreceptor degeneration. Although AMD is multifactorial, various genetic markers are strongly associated with the disease and may serve as biomarkers for evaluating treatment efficacy. This study investigates TAB2 rs237025, IKBKB rs13278372, and IKBKG rs2472395 variants and their respective serum protein concentrations in relation to AMD occurrence and exudative AMD treatment response to anti-VEGF treatment. Materials and Methods: The case-control study involved 961 individuals, and they were divided into three groups: control, early AMD, and exudative AM patients. Genotyping of selected SNPs were conducted using a real-time polymerase chain reaction method (RT-PCR). Based on the clinical OCT and BCVA data, patients with exudative AMD were categorized into one of two groups: responders and non-responders. The data obtained were analyzed using the "IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0" software program. Results: Our study revealed that TAB2 rs237025 allele A was identified as a risk factor for early and exudative AMD development. The same associations remained only in females with exudative AMD but not in males, suggesting gender-specific pathogenetic pathways in exudative AMD. Analysis of IKBKB rs13278372 or serum IKBKB protein associations with early or exudative AMD occurrence in the Lithuanian population revealed no significant associations. On the other hand, we found that each A allele of IKBKB rs13278372 was associated with a worse response to anti-VEGF treatment (OR = 0.347; 95% CI: 0.145-0.961; p = 0.041). These results suggest a potential marker for future studies evaluating anti-VEGF treatment for exudative AMD patients. IKBKG rs2472395 was a protective variant for early AMD in males and for exudative AMD in females only. Also, IKBKG protein concentration was lower in exudative AMD relative to the control group (median (IQR): 0.442 (0.152) vs. 0.538 (0.337), p = 0.015). Moreover, exudative AMD patients who carry the GG genotype of IKBKG rs2472394 exhibited significantly reduced serum IKBKG concentrations compared to the controls (median (IQR): 0.434 (0.199) vs. 0.603 (0.335), p = 0.012), leading to the hypothesis that the IKBKG rs2472394 variant might play a role in protein concentration differences and exudative AMD development. Conclusions: Our study identified the TAB2 rs237025 allele A as a significant risk factor for both early and exudative AMD, with gender-specific associations observed in females with exudative AMD, suggesting distinct pathogenetic pathways. While IKBKB rs13278372 and serum IKBKB protein levels showed no significant association with AMD development, the A allele of IKBKB rs13278372 was associated with a worse response to anti-VEGF treatment, indicating its potential as a marker for treatment outcomes. Additionally, the IKBKG rs2472395 variant was found to be protective for early AMD in males and exudative AMD in females, and lower IKBKG protein levels were associated with exudative AMD, particularly in patients with the GG genotype of IKBKG rs2472394, suggesting its role in protein concentration and disease progression. These findings highlight genetic markers that may contribute to AMD pathogenesis and treatment response.

Exploring an novel diagnostic gene of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity based on bioinformatics and machine learning

Trastuzumab (Tra)-induced cardiotoxicity (TIC) is a serious side effect of cancer chemotherapy, which can seriously harm the health of cancer patients. However, there is currently a lack of effective and reliable biomarkers for the early diagnosis of TIC in clinical practice. Therefore, we screened the TIC candidate diagnostic gene solute carrier family 6 member 6 (SLC6A6) by combining multi-machine learning algorithm based on bioinformatics. In addition, cross-validation showed that SLC6A6 had a consistent expression trend in multi-data-sets. To further explore the diagnostic capability of SLC6A6 in TIC, we constructed a nomogram diagnostic model based on SLC6A6 expression level, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis proved that SLC6A6 had good diagnostic capability. In order to further verify the TIC expression of SLC6A6 in the real world, we have constructed cell and animal models. Animal experiments showed that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly decreased (from 65.01 ± 3.30% and 351.32 ± 3.51%, p < 0.0001) after Tra injection, and severe cardiac function was impaired. Similarly, RT-QPCR demonstrated that SLC6A6 was significantly downregulated in Tra-treated cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. Our study suggests that the differential expression of SLC6A6 in vitro and in vivo models is associated with TIC, which may be a candidate diagnostic gene for the early occurrence and development of TIC and a potential therapeutic target.

Oldest menispermaceous endocarp fossil from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India and its biogeographic implications

Palaeosinomenium Chandler, a fossil genus of the Menispermaceae, has a characteristic endocarp morphology that is easily identified in the fossil floras. Palaeosinomenium was widely distributed in the Paleogene, based on reports from North America, Europe, and East Asia, but was not known from South Asia. Here, we recognize a new fossil-species, Palaeosinomenium indicum sp. nov., based on an endocarp mold and locule cast from the latest Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous)-earliest Danian (early Paleocene) sediments (c. 66–65 Ma old) of the Deccan Intertrappean beds of the Umariya site in Madhya Pradesh, Central India. This new species is characterized by a horseshoe-shaped endocarp with a broad-rounded dorsal margin, almost equal limbs, and a nearly straight ventral margin. It has one dorsal ridge, shallowly concave lateral faces, and a pair of c-shaped lateral ridges one on each side of the plane of bisymmetry, and about 19 radially aligned dorsal ribs. This new finding is the earliest fossil fruit evidence of Menispermaceae indicating an early occurrence of the family in Gondwana.

Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study Identifies Drugs Linked to Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation.

Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) can be a serious clinical complication that has not been fully characterized in terms of the drugs associated with this adverse effect. Leveraging the expansive data available in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) databases, we conducted a retrospective analysis to identify drugs significantly linked to HBVr using three disproportionality analyses. Our study identified 44 drugs associated with HBVr, of which 35 did not have warnings in their product labels. The majority of these drugs were antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, with a tendency for early occurrence of HBVr, particularly among antineoplastic agents and systemic corticosteroids. Additionally, entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil and tenofovir alafenamide demonstrated better safety profiles in preventing HBVr. These findings enhance our understanding of the demographic characteristics of patients at risk for HBVr, the drugs that pose a high risk for HBVr, the timing of such events, and the appropriate preventive medications. This knowledge contributes to the development of better prevention and treatment strategies, ultimately optimizing patient outcomes.

Kaf İçi ve Dışına Lidokain Uygulamasının Ekstübasyon Sonrası Görülen Kardiyovasküler ve Solunum Sistemi Yanıtlarına Etkileri

Objective: In our investigation, we aimed to assess the efficacy of employing lidocaine spray application around endotracheal tube cuff (ETTC) prior to intubation, alongside and the use of intracuff lidocaine application following intubation. Our primary objective encompassed an examination of the resultant effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems leading up to the extubation phase. Methods: Two hundred patients scheduled for gynecologic operations, with an ASA physical status of I or II and aged between 18 and 65 years, undergoing general anesthesia lasting over one hour, were recruited for the study. Patients were allocated into four groups. Group I involved the inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff with air following intubation. In Group II, 10% lidocaine was sprayed around the ETTC prior to intubation. Group III entailed the inflation of the ETTC with 2% lidocaine after intubation. Lastly, Group IV received both the pre-intubation application of 10% lidocaine spray around the ETTC and the inflation of the cuff with 2% lidocaine following intubation. Cardiovascular parameters in the early post-extubation period and occurrences of postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness up to 48 hours post-operation were documented for analysis. Results: Increases were observed at cardiovasvular system parameters after extubation in all groups continued for 5 or 15 minutes. Postoperative data for sore throat, cough and hoarseness were smilar in all groups. Conclusion: The study revealed that the administration of 10% lidocaine spray around the ETTC, as well as the use of 2% lidocaine within the cuff alone or in combination, did not result in a reduction of cardiovascular system responses during the early post-extubation period. However, these interventions did lead to a decrease in postoperative respiratory system side effects, albeit not providing complete prevention of such occurrences. Keywords: Lidocaine, endotracheal tube cuff, extubation, hemodynamic, pulmonary

Fossil Squamata and Anura from sediments associated with oldest lava piles of Deccan Trap Supergroup (Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleocene), India

ABSTRACT Indian fossil Squamata and Anura are known from the Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleocene Deccan Trap associated sediments for over last one century. However, current knowledge on their taxonomy and stratigraphic implications is poor for their scarce and fragmentary nature and lack of any stratigraphic constraints. We report newly found fossil Squamata and Anura from the new intertrappean locality Bharudpura in Malwa Plateau and describe (i) Scincomorpha (Scincoidea) lizards based on taxonomic study of dentary, maxilla and osteoderms, (ii) Anguimorpha (Anguidae) lizards based on osteoderms, (iii) Squamata indeterminate based on a vertebrae and (iv) Anura (Ranidae, Ranoidea and Anuran indeterminate) based on a ilium, a sacral vertebrae and single dentary. Currently, it is not possible to ascertain if the different fossil specimens belong to a single or more taxa. The lowermost lava pile of Mandleshwar and Kalisindh formations, associated with multiple intertrappean beds including the new Bharudpura fossil locality, have yielded40Ar/39Ar plateau ages from 66.834 Ma, the oldest Deccan Trap flow dated so far in India to 66.352 Ma. The present study records their earliest occurrence in India, from intertrappean associated with oldest Deccan Trap lava pile that erupted during magnetochron C30n of Maastrichtian in the Malwa Plateau.

Integrated analysis strategy for detecting gear contact fatigue before reaching failure interruption criterion

Identifying the occurrence of gear contact fatigue failure as early as possible is essential for condition-based maintenance (CBM). Vibration signals can be used to identify gear contact fatigue. However, the use of vibration signals can be challenging due to its complexity, compounded by lower levels of vibration during the initial stages of contact fatigue. The present study details a new algorithm that integrates stand-alone features to correlate the vibrational signal with early failure occurrence. The study aim is to identify the failure in the early stages, before reaching the ISO 6336–5 stopping criterion of 4 % damaged area. A damage induction on the flank of helical gears is applied to simulate and characterize the failure occurrence. Damping characteristics with impact evaluation, Kurtosis analysis and the monitoring of the Gear Meshing Frequency are applied to characterize the failure signature. This strategy stands out by the integration of these stand-alone features and their behavior. The algorithm's capacity is verified through durability tests, promoting the natural evolution of this failure mode. Results show a success rate of above 80 % at identifying the failure presence before the stopping criterion limit.

Ultrasensitive optical biosensing detection and multiple therapy based on an NIR-II thermoelectric nanoheterojunction

An one-to-all optical diagnostic and therapeutic agent, referring to a single nanocatalyst synchronously displaying multiple optical biosensor and therapeutic modes, is still a remarkable promise because of its outstanding capability in tumor. However, nanocatalyst activity is significantly weakened by the limited light absorption property and catalytic efficiency. Here, a unique pyroelectric nanocatalyst, In2S3-CuInS2@red blood cell membrane (In2S3-CIS@RM), with excellent pyroelectric/photothermal conversion capability for boosted peroxidase-mimicking catalytic activity, is rationally developed. The In2S3-CIS@RM displays catalytic capacity by reacting Cu+ with H2O2 to produce highly toxic ·OH, promoted by 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated photothermal/pyroelectric therapy. By synergizing this three-modal effect, cancer suppression is realized with an obvious cancer inhibition rate after the introduction of In2S3-CIS@RM into the HepG2 cells and following 808 nm laser irradiation. Meanwhile, an optical biosensor array is constructed through In2S3-CIS@RM-triggered chromogenic reaction for a fast and accurate analysis of five antioxidants. Interestingly, this biosensor array is verified to be effective for accurate monitoring of invasive cancer in early cancer occurrence, benefiting from the superior catalytic activity of In2S3-CIS@RM and abnormal levels of antioxidants in cancer cells. Thus, this study provides an avenue for developing an NIR laser-activatable one-to-all optical diagnostic and therapeutic nanosystem.

Shifts in Plant Phenology and Its Responses to Climate Warming in Three Temperate Cities of China during 1963–2020

The advance of spring phenology and the delay of autumn phenology caused by global warming have been documented by many studies. However, most research has focused on natural areas, with limited studies conducted on phenological observations in urban environments. Here, we selected the first flowering date (FFD), first leaf date (FLD), and leaf coloring date (LCD) at three sites (Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang) from the China Phenological Observation Network. We analyzed the phenological changes of 84 species between 1963–1991 and 1992–2020 to examine their response to urban warming. We then quantified the correlations and regressions between phenological events and preseason temperature. The results show the following: (1) Among the three sites, the mean FFD and FLD were earliest in Beijing, while the mean LCD occurred earliest in Harbin and latest in Beijing. (2) FFD and FLD exhibited a significant trend towards earlier occurrences at all three sites, while LCD showed a significant delay trend except for the Mudanjiang site. Specifically, at the Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang sites, the mean FFD advanced by 8.32 days, 6.11 days, and 2.60 days in the latter period (p &lt; 0.05), whereas the mean FLD advanced by 11.30 days, 7.21 days, and 5.02 days (p &lt; 0.05), respectively. (3) In Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang, both FFD and FLD were significantly negatively correlated with preseason temperature. However, no consistent relationship was observed between LCD and preseason temperature. These results enhance our understanding of the response of plant phenology to urban warming.

Anastomotic leakage following surgical resection in the upper gastrointestinal tract

Surgical resection is the consistent component of curative treatment strategies for primary malignant diseases of the stomach and the esophagus. The placement of anastomoses for the necessary reconstruction still accounts for substantial morbidity and in the case of afailure to rescue also for mortality, especially for esophagojejunostomy and esophagogastrostomy. The diagnostics of anastomotic leakage routinely involve computed tomography and endoscopy and timely performance appears to be essential. Endoscopy can simultaneously initiate the essential treatment step. Amajor reason for the improvement of postoperative outcomes after resection in the upper gastrointestinal tract in the last decades is the successful and mostly endoscopically performed management of anastomotic leakage, whereby different endoscopic treatment options are now available. Endoscopic vacuum therapy has become established as the standard, normally with an endoscopic vacuum sponge technique but is also now supplemented by acombination system of vacuum sponge and stent. Furthermore, afoil-coated multiple lumen nasogastric tube represents another available option, which can possibly especially be used as aprophylactic measure. The longest established endoscopic therapy option for anastomotic leaks, the endoluminal metal stent, has been replaced as the standard by the vacuum treatment but is still used in suitable situations. Additionally, there are endoscopic suture devices that are currently only used very occasionally. Surgical revision is always available as treatment escalation but is only recommended for very early occurrences and possibly technically related anastomotic leakage and in the case of failure of endoscopic treatment. This article describes and summarizes the diagnostics and treatment of anastomotic leakages after surgical procedures of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Effects of sea-land breeze on air pollutant dispersion in street networks with different distances from coast using WRF-CFD coupling method

A WRF-CFD coupled model with high-temporal resolution is employed to investigate pollutant dispersions during a sea-land breeze (SLB) day in an identical building block configuration at three locations in Shanghai, China, and the blocks are set at the coast (L1), downtown (L2) and inland (L3). The results show that the localized wind speed drops below 1 m/s during the sea-land-breeze collision period (SLBCP), which leads to pollutant accumulation. The closer the block is to the coast, the earlier occurrence and longer duration of SLBCP, and Blocks L1, L2, and L3 experience SLBCPs during the morning peak traffic period (MPTP), low-traffic-volume period (at midday), and evening peak traffic period (EPTP), with durations of 2.5 h, 2 h, and 1 h, respectively. Due to the low wind speeds of both land breezes and sea breezes during the overlap of MPTP and SLBCP, the pollutant concentration in Block L1 is significantly elevated, and the peak concentration is two times higher than that in the non-coastal blocks (L2 and L3). Block L2 shows a peak concentration during the midday low-traffic-volume period, while no evident peak concentration is found in L3 in EPTP. The mean concentrations in Blocks L1, L2, and L3 during EPTP are 72 %, 57 %, and 31 % lower than those during MPTP, respectively. This suggests that SLB has significantly different effects on wind fields and pollutant dispersion in building blocks with different distances from the coast and can provide reference data for transport planning in coastal cities.

The relationship between tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion on transesophageal echocardiography and the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a multicenter prospective cohort study

BackgroundTo date, the relationship between the Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) monitoring indicator tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting(CABG) patients remains unknown. The main objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the TAPSE and the incidence of AKI in CABG patients.MethodsThis was a multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted between September 2021 and July 2022. Among 266 patients aged at least 18 years who underwent elective CABG, 140 were included.ResultsWe measured TAPSE via M-mode TEE via the mid-esophageal (ME) right ventricle(RV) inflow-outflow view (60°). All echocardiographic measurements were performed three separate times at each time point: T0 (before the start of CABG), T2 (approximately 5 ∼ 10 min after neutralization of protamine) and T3 (before leaving the operating room), and then averaged. Serum creatinine was measured 1 day before and within 7 days after CABG. There was no statistically significant association between the TEE-monitoring indicator TAPSE and the incidence of postoperative AKI in patients who underwent CABG.ConclusionsThe TAPSE was not significantly correlated with postoperative AKI incidence and could not predict the early occurrence of postoperative AKI in CABG patients. TEE needs more evaluation for clinical efficacy of predicting the early occurrence of postoperative AKI in isolated CABG.

Antimicrobial Coatings Based on a Photoreactive (Meth)acrylate Syrup and Ferulic Acid-The Effectiveness against Staphylococcus epidermidis.

A novel photopolymerizable (meth)acrylate oligomer syrup modified with ferulic acid (FA) was verified as an antimicrobial coating binder against a biofilm of Staphylococcus epidermidis. A solution-free UV-LED-initiated photopolymerization process of aliphatic (meth)acrylates and styrene was performed to prepare the oligomer syrup. The influence of ferulic acid on the UV crosslinking process of the varnish coatings (kinetic studies using photo-DSC) as well as their chemical structure (FTIR) and mechanical (adhesion, hardness), optical (gloss, DOI parameter), and antibacterial properties against S. epidermidis were investigated. The photo-DSC results revealed that FA has a positive effect on reducing the early occurrence of slowing processes and has a favorable effect on the monomer conversion increment. It turned out, unexpectedly, that the more FA in the coating, the greater its adhesion to a glass substrate and hardness. The coating containing 0.9 wt. part of FA exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties against S. epidermidis, i.e., the bacterial number after 24 h was only 1.98 log CFU/mL. All the coatings showed relatively high hardness, gloss (>80 G.U.), and DOI parameter values (30-50 a.u.).

Ureteral stenting in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer: Predictors of low success rate

ObjectiveCervical cancer is the leading gynecologic malignancy in Ethiopia. The diagnosis is often delayed and many patients present with locally advanced disease. Involvement of the ureters with or without the development of hydroureteronephrosis is a common finding. Ureteral stent placement is a modality utilized to relieve an established obstruction (therapeutic) or to prevent its early occurrence (prophylactic). However, the procedure may not be successful in all patients. The objective of this study is to assess the factors associated with low success rate of ureteral stenting in these patients with locally advanced disease. MethodsThis is a hospital based cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with locally advanced cervical cancer for whom a retrograde ureteral stent placement is attempted from January 2019 to March 2020. Data of 175 patients were retrieved by a retrospective chart review and analyzed for factors associated with low procedural success. ResultsSocio-demographic data were similar between patients regardless of procedural success. The overall success rate of stenting was 54.2 %. In the prophylactic group (with no hydronephrosis and normal creatinine) success rate was 94 % and in the therapeutic group 42.6 %. Logistic regression analysis showed that bilateral hydronephrosis and increased serum creatinine were indicators of significant ureteral obstruction and were predictors of stent placement failure. ConclusionIncreased serum creatinine and presence of hydronephrosis are risk factors for failed ureteral stenting. For these patients, other options of urinary diversion such as percutaneous nephrostomy should be considered from the outset.

A dynamic model to predict early occurrence of acute kidney injury in ICU hospitalized cirrhotic patients: a MIMIC database analysis

BackgroundThis study aimed to develop a tool for predicting the early occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in ICU hospitalized cirrhotic patients.MethodsEligible patients with cirrhosis were identified from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database. Demographic data, laboratory examinations, and interventions were obtained. After splitting the population into training and validation cohorts, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used to select factors and construct the dynamic online nomogram. Calibration and discrimination were used to assess nomogram performance, and clinical utility was evaluated by decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsA total of 1254 patients were included in the analysis, and 745 developed AKI. The mean arterial pressure, white blood cell count, total bilirubin level, Glasgow Coma Score, creatinine, heart rate, platelet count and albumin level were identified as predictors of AKI. The developed model had a good ability to differentiate AKI from non-AKI, with AUCs of 0.797 and 0.750 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Moreover, the nomogram model showed good calibration. DCA showed that the nomogram had a superior overall net benefit within wide and practical ranges of threshold probabilities.ConclusionsThe dynamic online nomogram can be an easy-to-use tool for predicting the early occurrence of AKI in critically ill patients with cirrhosis.Graphical

Overprinting Mineralization in the Huoluotai Porphyry Cu (Mo) Deposit, NE China: Evidence from K-Feldspar Ar-Ar Geochronology and S-Pb Isotopes

The Great Xing’an Range (GXR) is a significant belt of polymetallic deposits located in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The recently found Huoluotai porphyry Cu (Mo) deposit is situated in the northern GXR region in northeastern (NE) China. The deposit has been studied extensively using field geology and geochronological methods, which have identified two distinct mineralization events. These events include an early occurrence of porphyry-type Cu (Mo) mineralization and a later occurrence of vein-type Cu mineralization. Prior geochronology investigations have determined an approximate age of 147 Ma for the early porphyry-type Cu (Mo) mineralization. 40Ar/39Ar dating of K-feldspar of the altered Cu-mineralized quartz diorite porphyry veins for the overprinting vein-type Cu mineralization provides plateau ages of 123.1 ± 1.5 Ma, 122.3 ± 2.8 Ma, and 122.2 ± 0.4 Ma. Sulfide S-Pb isotope compositions of the two mineralization events suggest that both have a magmatic source. The origin of ore-forming metals displays the features of a crust–mantle mixing origin. The regional extensional tectonic setting in NE China during the Early Cretaceous was caused by large-scale lithosphere delamination and upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle. These processes were triggered by the rollback of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. The tectonic event in question resulted in the lithospheric thinning, significant magmatic activity, and mineralization in NE China.

Early terrestrial and lunar anorthosites: Comparative geochemistry and evolutionary processes

In a paper in 1970, Brian Windley first recognised that early terrestrial and lunar anorthosites both have calcic plagioclase, and low TiO2and high CaO and Al2O3contents. Despite these similarities, the geochemistry of early terrestrial and lunar anorthosites has not been rigorously compared and contrasted. To this end, we compiled 425 analyses from 212 early terrestrial anorthosite occurrences and 306 analyses from 16 lunar anorthosite occurrences. This was supplemented by a compilation of plagioclase anorthite (An) contents and pyroxene Mg# from early terrestrial and lunar anorthosites. Early terrestrial anorthosites have lower whole-rock An contents but similar Mg# to lunar anorthosites. The CaO contents of lunar anorthosites are higher than those of early terrestrial anorthosites for a given MgO and Al2O3content, early terrestrial anorthosites have higher SiO2contents than lunar anorthosites at a given MgO content, and lunar anorthosites have higher Eu/Eu* anomaly ratios yet broadly similar La/Yb and Nd/Sm ratios than early terrestrial anorthosites. Some early terrestrial anorthosites have less fractionated chondrite-normalised rare earth element (REE) patterns and less prominent positive Eu anomalies than lunar anorthosites. Lunar anorthosites have higher plagioclase An contents, yet a similar range of pyroxene Mg# compared to their early terrestrial counterparts. Some early terrestrial anorthositesare more fractionated than some lunar anorthosites. Our interpretations imply that most early terrestrial anorthosites crystallised from basaltic parental magmas that were generated by high-degree partial melting of sub-arc asthenosphere mantle wedge sources that were hydrated by slab-derived fluids, with the remainder being associated with mid-ocean ridge and mantle plume settings. Some of the arc-related early terrestrial anorthosites were influenced by crustal contamination. In addition, early terrestrial anorthosites originated from partial melting of the mantle at various depths with variable garnet residua, whereas lunar anorthosites formed without any significant garnet residua. Lower plagioclase CaO contents and pyroxene Mg# in early terrestrial anorthosites can be explained by higher proportions of clinopyroxene and olivine fractionation in terrestrial magma chambers than in the lunar magma ocean where orthopyroxene and olivine fractionation occurred. Low TiO2contents in both terrestrial and lunar anorthosites reflect rutile and/or ilmenite fractionation.

Enhancing disease surveillance and preparedness: An early warning tool for disease occurrence in U.S. swine breeding herds

Understanding regional disease risk is critical for swine disease prevention and control. Since 2011, the Morrison Swine Health Monitoring Project (MSHMP) has strengthened partnerships among practitioners and producers to report health events (e.g., porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus outbreaks) at the U.S. national level. Using MSHMP data and PRRS as an example, an early regional occurrence warning tool to provide near-real-time alerts was developed. MSHMP-participating production systems were invited to enroll. An algorithm was developed to calculate the number of PRRSV-positive sites near each enrolled site, determined from site-specific radius. The radius was determined in three steps. First, an initial radius of 25 miles was set for sites in pig-dense states and 50 miles for others. Secondly, four variables were generated to account for the sites within the initial radius: A) Total number of PRRSV-positive sites; B) Number of PRRSV-positive sites from other production systems; C) Total number of sites enrolled, and D) Total number of sites monitored by MSHMP. Subsequently, the reporting radius was automatically increased when confidentiality concerns arose. Results were compiled into system-specific reports and shared weekly with each participant. Reports have been shared since May 9, 2023, representing 178 breeding sites, comprising approximately 565 K sows. Examples of how participants use these reports include adjusting biosecurity programs, frequency of supply introduction, and transportation routes. The early occurrence warning tool developed in this study enhances producers' ability to communicate effectively and respond quickly to health threats, mitigating regional disease while preparing for foreign disease introductions.