Early Leaders Research Articles

Cardiothoracic surgery in South Africa: a history.

Cardiothoracic surgery in South Africa began in Cape Town spreading to the rest of the country, and since the end of apartheid slowly reaching other sub-Saharan African countries. It is a story of brilliant innovators, of the evils of the disease of apartheid but also of what is possible if you are determined and prepared to work hard. The early leaders came from the University of Cape Town (UCT) with Christiaan Barnard, Donald Ross and Rodney Hewitson all in the same class of 1946 with Ben Le Roux and Bob Frater soon after. It is a story of world class professionals in a sea of poverty. The heart transplants performed by Barnard stimulated the whole university and eventually had an effect in raising the standard of medicine in South Africa. Despite the apartheid laws at the time the cardiac unit at UCT was run as multiracial as it was possible at the time with all patients receiving the same care. Apartheid also had an effect on the emigration of many highly talented graduates to other countries. The end of apartheid caused great changes to healthcare in the country, many of great benefit but also some not so good. As UCT influenced the rest of South Africa, the South African medical fraternity can affect the rest of sub-Saharan Africa to the benefit of all its people.

Reflections on the Past: The Southwestern Historical Quarterly and the Civil War Era

Reflections on the Past:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly and the Civil War Era Robert Wooster (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution The first page of Guy M. Bryan's "Address to the People of the State of Texas," published in the January 1954 issue of the Southwestern Historical Quarterly. University of North Texas Libraries, the Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu. [End Page 464] From its inception, the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) and its quarterly publication, The Southwestern Historical Quarterly (titled The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association from 1897 to 1912), have had close links with the American Civil War. The Association's first president, O. M. Roberts, had presided over the Texas secession convention, and among the first vice presidents was Guy M. Bryan, a planter and politician who had served during the war as de facto chief of staff to General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department. The first Executive Council also included Francis R. Lubbock, the state's wartime governor until 1863. Other former Confederates closely involved in the Association's formation were John S. (Rip) Ford, the renowned Texas Ranger who led Confederate forces in the last battle of the Civil War at Palmito Ranch, Texas; John H. Reagan, postmaster general of the Confederacy; and Battle of San Jacinto veteran William P. Zuber, who fought with the Twenty-first Texas Cavalry Regiment from 1862 to 1864.1 This historical connection was quickly evidenced in accord with the TSHA constitution, which identified its goals as including "the discovery, collection, preservation, and publication of historical material, especially such as relates to Texas." The Quarterly would soon publish biographical [End Page 465] sketches of Bryan, Reagan, and John Marshall, commander of the Fourth Texas Infantry Regiment killed in the fighting at Gaines' Mill, Virginia (June 27, 1862). More significant were the direct contributions on Civil War-era subjects by these early leaders. Lubbock penned a short biography of Confederate general Hamilton P. Bee, a long-time Texan who had served in South Texas during his administration. In a similar vein, the Quarterly's second issue featured Ford's description of a July 1865 skirmish with Kickapoo Indians along the Frio River. Reagan also recalled his conversation on the eve of secession with then-Governor Sam Houston, and Roberts described his unsuccessful efforts as an ex-Confederate to take a seat in the postwar United States Senate.2 Publication of primary source materials became a vital element of the Quarterly's early contribution to scholarship on the Civil War era. Especially notable was Guy Bryan's correspondence with his old Kenyon College friend, Rutherford B. Hayes, published in twenty issues of the Quarterly between 1921 and 1926. These letters, mostly written after 1865 by a Confederate Democrat and a Federal Republican, offer extraordinary insights into the nation's efforts to reform itself in the wake of its bloodiest conflict. Bryan's formal call for secession, written following Abraham Lincoln's election as president, would also be published three decades later.3 During these early years, primary materials related to the Civil War usually featured the letters and reminiscences of soldiers who either fought against the Union or joined frontier companies to protect the interests of non-Indians in the state's western borderlands. They often described their Civil War experiences in the context of their broader lives in Texas. Especially illustrative were the letters of William P. Rogers, a Mexican War veteran and ardent secessionist who commanded the Second Texas Infantry Regiment. Writing to his wife, Rogers admitted that "we lost many of our best and noblest" in the bloody defeat at Shiloh, Tennessee (April 6–7, 1862), and revealed a misconception shared by many Southerners: "Two to one we can whip them but if we contend with greater odds the result will be doubtful." The Quarterly also secured J. K. P. Blackburn's lengthy [End Page 466] reminiscences of his service with one of the state's most famous Confederate units in the war's Western Theater, Terry's Texas Rangers (officially the Eighth Texas Cavalry Regiment).4 Early secondary works appearing in...

The Episcopacy of Nicholas Gallagher, Bishop of Galveston, 1882–1918 by Sr. Madeleine Grace

Reviewed by: The Episcopacy of Nicholas Gallagher, Bishop of Galveston, 1882–1918 by Sr. Madeleine Grace Maggie Elmore The Episcopacy of Nicholas Gallagher, Bishop of Galveston, 1882–1918. By Sr. Madeleine Grace, CVI. (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2020. Pp. 216. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.) Nicholas Aloysius Gallagher is likely not a name known to most Americans, or indeed to most Texans. Yet this lesser-known Catholic bishop was responsible for guiding Catholic Texans through one of the worst natural disasters in U.S. history, the 1900 Galveston hurricane. Sister Madeleine Grace, CVI, shines light on this early Catholic leader. She offers historians of Catholicism and Texas alike a detailed chronicling of Gallagher's leadership during a tumultuous moment in Texas history, from the formal end of Reconstruction through World War I. Born to a devout Irish American family in 1846, Gallagher spent his formative years in Ohio. From an early age he expressed a vocation for the priesthood. At the age of twenty-two, he received his ordination and served in Ohio for the next fourteen years. In 1882, he became the first American-born bishop of Galveston, Texas. At the time of his elevation, the Galveston Diocese was one of only two dioceses in Texas. Perhaps even more tellingly, he was also the first northern bishop to serve in post-Reconstruction era Texas. Many of the Catholics in his diocese, including several priests, initially bristled at the idea of a northern bishop. Not all of Gallagher's difficulties stemmed from the fact that he was a northerner in the South. The bishop possessed a quiet stubbornness that at times brought him into conflict with others in the diocese. A standoff with the Ursuline Sisters early in his tenure created tension between Gallagher and many of the Catholic faithful in Galveston. By the time of his death, however, the bishop had become a beloved and respected community leader. Perhaps Gallagher's two greatest accomplishments during his more than thirty years in Texas were the expansive building projects he undertook and his mission work among Black Catholics. It is in this first area that the book shines. Sister Madeleine Grace has dug deep into the bowels of the Galveston-Houston Archdiocesan Archives. She carefully documents Gallagher's many negotiations as he attempted to expand the infrastructure of the Catholic Church in Southeast Texas, often on a shoestring budget. Those seeking to understand the nuances of Catholic diocesan administration will especially appreciate her extensive reference to chancery and other administrative documents throughout the book. Despite Sister Madeline Grace's attentiveness to Gallagher's bureaucratic activities, one cannot help but want to know more about Gallagher's racial politics. As the author notes, Gallagher's overtures to the African American community were not particularly well received by many of his White parishioners. He nonetheless insisted that the Catholic Church had a moral obligation to offer Mass and other services to Black Catholics. Similarly, by 1910, thousands of Mexicans, many of them Catholic, had [End Page 525] migrated to the Houston area, and their presence at the various German and Polish Catholic churches was generally unwelcome. Recognizing the need to accommodate Mexican Catholics, Gallagher contracted the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate to provide for their spiritual care. Did Gallagher face similar difficulties in securing support for Mexican Catholics? Thematically and chronologically organized, the book's narrative is at times a bit meandering and repetitive. The author, for example, makes mention of the 1900 Galveston hurricane in nearly every chapter. The reader might have been better served with the single concentrated account of the hurricane in chapter 7. Readers might also wonder where Gallagher sat in the larger landscape of American Catholicism given the rapid changes the U.S. Catholic Church underwent from the 1880s through the early 1920s. But these are minor criticisms. What Sister Madeleine Grace has provided is a nuanced account of Gallagher's administration of the Catholic Church in Southeast Texas, which historians of Texas Catholicism will find useful. Maggie Elmore Sam Houston State University Copyright © 2022 The Texas State Historical Association

The Hill Cumorah: Restoring a Sacred Site

The Hill Cumorah: Restoring a Sacred Site

“O My Mother”: Mormon Fundamentalist Mothers in Heaven and Women's Authority

“O My Mother”: Mormon Fundamentalist Mothers in Heaven and Women's Authority

Survey of awareness, attitudes, and compliance with COVID-19 measures among Vermont residents.

The objective of this research was to examine residents’ awareness, attitudes, and compliance with COVID-19 public health guidelines in Vermont, which emerged as an early leader in national pandemic response. Our methods included conducting an online survey of adult Vermont residents between January and April 2021. We analyzed demographics associated with awareness and compliance, and identified features associated with non-compliance. Our results show that of the 2,208 adult Vermont residents who completed the survey, 90% were extremely aware of the state’s COVID-19 guidelines, and 95% reported knowing exactly what to do to follow recommended actions. Political affiliation emerged as a primary factor related to attitudes and compliance. Self-identified Republicans were less likely to agree that public health measures keep people safe or help businesses stay open, and were less likely to follow masking, quarantine, social distancing, and vaccine guidance than Independents, Progressives, and Democrats. The large differences in COVID-19 infection and death rates across the country, and recent shift toward a "pandemic of the unvaccinated," underscore the need for identifying public health strategies that work in some areas in order to adapt and apply them to areas that have struggled with controlling the virus. Consistent with national surveys, our results show that resistance to public health guidance is a partisan challenge even in states with high compliance. Identifying populations that are less supportive or hesitant to follow guidelines while understanding factors that motivate compliance can help inform strategies for developing targeted programs to encourage collective action on pandemic response. Developing communication strategies that reach people who do not believe COVID-19 guidelines keep them safe is necessary to reach universal compliance.

유아체육 프로그램 및 지도자에 대한 유아교육기관 종사자의 인식 및 개선 방안: 광주광역시, 전라남도 서부권을 중심으로

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to suggest the development direction for the children’s physical education program in the future by investigating the perceptions of early childhood physical activity activities, problems and improvement plans of early childhood education institutions (day care centers and kindergartens).<BR> Method: For this purpose, the research subjects collected data through an open questionnaire targeting those who work in early childhood education institutions, and analyzed the data through the analysis technique process and proceeded with the categorization process. This led to the following main results.<BR> Result: First, the recognition that early childhood physical education was helpful in early childhood education was found to be helpful in the physical domain, personality domain, and emotional domain. Second, in looking at the problems for the improvement of early childhood physical education, they appeared in the program area, leader area, and environment area.<BR> Conclusion: As a result of the study, it is possible to understand the perception, problems, and improvement plans of early childhood education institutions’ employees. Based on this, it is possible to improve the problems of early childhood education programs and leaders to increase the level of knowledge and understanding of early childhood education, making it desirable and systematic. It is hoped that this program will be a good resource for those in charge of early childhood physical education so that it can impact the holistic development of young children.

Analisis Faktor Materi Dan Metode PAI Pada Pembinaan Akhlak Bagi Anak Usia Dini Di Keluarga Buruh Perkebunan Teh Pasir Malang Afdeling Riung Gunung Bandung Selatan

The purpose of this study was to determine the model of early childhood Islamic Religious Education in the families of Afdeling Riung Gunung Pasir Malang Malang Tea Plantation workers. The method used in this study was qualitative with an ethnographic approach to identify, understand, and interpret social actions, social structure, and society culture. Data was collected by observation, including descriptions in detailed contexts accompanied by notes from the results of in-depth interviews and document analysis. The informants were workers in Riung Gunung who had early childhood, community leaders, and religious leaders. The results showed the way parents of tea plantation workers in internalizing moral values ​​to their children form a model called the "afdeling model"; which indirectly implemented moral values ​​to their children by teaching them material understanding of divinity, destiny, worship (prayer), and morality (adab), by applying methods of habituation, example, punishment, gifts, empathy, tarhib (threats), and story.

Christian Early Childhood Leadership: Relational Values and Practices

Using constructive grounded theory, this research investigated relational values and practices implemented by Christian early childhood leaders. Data was collected through a survey-questionnaire and four in-depth case studies using semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis. The findings showed that these leaders placed their relationship with God at the center of everything they did. Based on this relationship they implemented six relational values of accepting, welcoming, loving, respecting, empathizing and caring. These Christian values were then reflected in their daily relational practices, and were identified as empowering others, supporting others, modeling authenticity, providing social justice, ministering, helping and serving.

Anti-racist leadership: part 1: Think again

In the first part of a new series, Liz Pemberton sets out how early years leaders can instil anti-racist practice

Is Ilm-ur-rijal a Science or is the criteria for the authenticity of hadiths?

This article provides a details understanding in dealing with the issue of validity of hadith, the second source of ‘Islamic Shariah’-whether the ilm-ur –rijal could be considered as a part of science or not. The method for convincing the topic is based on the Holy Quran and Sunnah. It explains the importance of scrutinizing ‘isnad’ to follow the authentic hadith and thus to walk through the straightforward way (Siratool Mustaqim). For logical purpose, some aspects and methods of science have been explained. Foundation and method of ‘ilm-ur-rijal’have been discussed providing examples from the renowned ‘rijal’ books written by the early leaders (Imam) in the respective area. Common arguments supporting ‘ilm-ur-rijal’ are also mentioned.

The condition of the Baltic Fleet libraries during the first years of the soviet power (based on the materials of the Russian State Naval Archives)

The Bolshevik propaganda was successful among the lower ranks of Russian Empires Navy largely due to either inaction or insufficiently active work of the official bodies responsible for morale building. Considering their predecessors mistakes, the early Soviet leaders paid very close attention to political agitation and propaganda in the Russian Republics Armed Forces from their first days. The article deals with the operation of naval libraries in the context of morale building activities in the Baltic Fleet during 191824.

Early childhood educators’ psychological distress and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic

There is growing awareness of the impacts of COVID-19 on children, families, and more recently, early childhood educators. This study aimed to add to this research and explore Australian early childhood educators’ psychological distress and wellbeing in relation to COVID-19. Accordingly, 205 educators (117 early childhood educators, 86 leaders and 2 others) completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, measuring levels of post-traumatic distress, and an open-ended question on wellbeing, both in relation to COVID-19. Educators’ responses to the open-ended question were matched to those who scored high, medium, and low on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised. Results demonstrated 66.8% of educators scored in the low range for post-traumatic distress, 11.7% scored in the moderate range, and 21.5% scored in the high range for post-traumatic distress on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised. Participants scoring in the low range on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised provided fewer comments regarding the emotional impacts of COVID-19. There were no differences between the groups in terms of fear of COVID-19 infection, challenges related to increased workload during the pandemic, and frustration with the Australian government response to COVID-19. Educators and early childhood leaders reported comparable wellbeing challenges during the pandemic. This research has implications for the types of support provided to educators during future pandemics.

More than grit: growing and sustaining physician-scientists in obstetrics and gynecology

Obstetricians know the statistics-1 out of every 10 babies is born premature; preeclampsia affects 1 in 25 pregnant people; the United States has the highest rate of maternal mortality in the developed world. Yet, physicians and scientists still do not fully understand the biology of normal pregnancy, letalone what causes these complications. Obstetrics and gynecology-trained physician-scientists are uniquely positioned to fill critical knowledge gaps by addressing clinically-relevant problems through fundamental research and interpreting insights from basic and translational studies in the clinical context. Within our specialty, however, physician-scientists are relatively uncommon. Inadequate guidance, lack of support and community, and structural barriers deter fellows and early stage faculty from pursuing the physician-scientist track. One approach to help cultivate the next generation of physician-scientists in obstetrics and gynecology is to demystify the process and address the common barriers that contribute to the attrition of early stage investigators. Here, we review major challenges and propose potential pathways forward in the areas of mentorship, obtaining protected research time and resources, and ensuring diversity, equity, and inclusion, from our perspective as early stage investigators in maternal-fetal medicine. We discuss the roles of early stage investigators and leaders at the institutional and national level in the collective effort to retain and grow our physician-scientist workforce. We aim to provide a framework for early stage investigators initiating their research careers and a starting point for discussion with academic stakeholders. We cannot afford to lose the valuable contributions of talented individuals due to modifiable factors or forfeit our voices as advocates for the issues that impact pregnant populations.

Mothers in Israel: Methodist Beginnings Through the Eyes of Women

Biographical sketches and anecdotes curating exceptional women in early Methodism, those whom Fowler-Marchant considers to be ‘Mothers in Israel’, fill the book's pages. Readers will encounter the most familiar among them, Susanna Wesley, along with lesser-known women, like Mary Barritt Taft and Elizabeth Collett, who were mentored by Mary Bosanquet Fletcher. Fletcher stands tall in her cultivation of female friendship with and mentoring of Methodism's early women leaders, all of which Fowler-Marchant presents as highly influential in early Methodism's development. The various roles women played, such as housekeeper, class and band leader, writer, visitor of the sick, and public speaker, are dubbed by the author as ‘the backbone of early Methodism’. The book's stated purpose, in keeping with the Wesley's Foundery Books imprint to publish books ‘with an emphasis on church life and ministry’, is to present these women so that laypeople and clergy will engage them as mentors and spiritual guides. Still, readers should come prepared with familiarity of eighteenth-century religious groups (e.g. Puritans and Moravians), as well as contemporary scholars, like Samuel J. Rogal and others, who pop up now and then to play a part in the author's presentation.

Christian early childhood leaders: Management challenges and responses

This study investigated the management challenges that Christian early childhood leaders, from four different Christian denominations, encountered in their responsibilities, and in particular, the approaches they used in resolving them. A research design of grounded theory using data collected from survey questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis enabled themes to emerge. A Christian worldview underpinned and framed the leaders’ thoughts, actions, communication, and relationships with students, staff, parents, and the community. For these leaders, their close, reciprocal connection with God sustained, guided and even at times impelled their approach to their daily practice and especially in managing challenges.

Economic Statecraft with Chinese Characteristics: Strange, New, and Different, or Old Wine in New Bottles?

The term “economic statecraft” is increasingly employed to describe China's use of economic resources to pursue objectives spanning the political, economic, and strategic spheres. One recent study suggests that “China's sophisticated use of economics in its foreign policy is still a fairly recent phenomenon.” Yet close scrutiny of how since at least the early 1900s Chinese leaders sought to use economic leverage as a foreign policy instrument suggests that the antecedents of contemporary Chinese economic statecraft date back to the founding of the People's Republic of China and even before. This special issue represents an effort to explore in some depth in what ways post-Cold War Chinese economic statecraft does indeed represent a novel phenomenon, as opposed to the simple continuation of earlier trends; to identify its most important features and follow its evolution over time; and to investigate in detail several specific recent case studies.

The First Global Revivalist? Reuben Archer Torrey and the 1902 Evangelistic Campaign in Australia

AbstractAs a revivalist who appeared to have initiated a world-wide awakening of Christianity and was also an early leader of the fundamentalist movement, Reuben A. Torrey is generally regarded as a major figure in the early twentieth-century history of evangelicalism. By tracing its origins and results, this article attributes Torrey's rise to prominence in the global evangelical movement to the evangelistic campaign he conducted in Australia in 1902. Setting this episode in the context of the history of international revivalism, it identifies Torrey as the first global revivalist in influence as well as geographical range. In place of the traditional providential interpretation, the analysis proposes the alignment of the revivalist theology, methods, and achievement exhibited in the Australian campaign with the hopes and expectations of the preexisting conservative evangelical subculture as a “functionalist” explanation of Torrey's impact. As the reason for Torrey's transformed standing in the evangelical movement in America and the wider world, the 1902 Australian campaign also emerges as a revealing case study of the dynamics of global evangelicalism and the function of international revivalism at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Data from a survey on the impact of the pandemic on early-stage academics.

We would like to share data from a survey run by the Young Academy of Europe (YAE) from June to October 2020, with questions aiming to unravel the situation of early-career researchers (including early stage group leaders) working in Europe, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We were particularly interested in the impact of care activities (related to young children or other family members), and the impact of gender. We include the online survey and collected data, without identifying information. The survey is published in Nature Career Column (July, 2021) ( https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01952-6).

A Bourdieusian Analysis of Good Practice Partnerships: Implications for Private, Voluntary and Independent Early Childcare Leaders

This article applies the theoretical lens of Bourdieu to explore leadership and the distribution of power between teachers and early childhood practitioners in the private voluntary and independent (PVI) sector in a good practice partnership. It questions the effectiveness of such partnerships in bringing about sustained improvements to practice in this sector. Data were collected in three focus groups with practitioners from 10 settings that were recruited by a consortium of schools to the partnership to take part in a 10-week intervention. The findings showed that the power imbalance between teachers and early childhood practitioners cancelled out collaborative pedagogical models of leadership intended to underpin the good practice partnership. Furthermore, this power imbalance contributed to the lack of sustainability of the intervention. In conclusion, leadership practices need to be more closely aligned between early childhood practitioners and teachers by drawing on ideas of moral leadership elicited from a symbolic frame. The article has relevance for leaders operating in collaborative contexts where existing power imbalances are evident.