Ear Width Research Articles

Phenotype and genotype of Boerka goats raised in Bali.

Boerka goats are the new breed in Bali targeted at meeting the increasing demand for lamb. They are meat-type goats created by crossing male Boer and female Kacang breeds. This new breed is expected to have good adaptation in a poor environment, such as Kacang goats and produce good quality lamb as Boer goats. Therefore, this study aimed to examine phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Boerka goats raised in Bali. A total of 16 female Boerka goats at 2 years old collected from a group of livestock farmers in Sanda Village were used as samples. This observational study began with observations of qualitative characteristics and morphometric measurements of goats, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the growth hormone (GH) gene using GH5F and GH5R primers. Polymerase chain reaction products were then sequenced and analyzed with the MEGA 11 program. The results showed that all Boerka goats had stuck-down ears, the heads were predominantly brown in color (62.5%), the body color pattern tends to be white (87.50%), and the tail color pattern was also dominated by white (62.5%). In morphometric terms, the samples were close to Kacang goats based on the body weight, head length, head width, chest width, depth, and circumference, left front leg circumference, ear length, ear width, tail length, tail width, and flank height except for head height, body length, horn length, and shoulder height. Analysis of the GH gene showed that Boerka goats had a nucleotide composition dominated by the purine base guanine (26.5%) and pyrimidine cytosine (31.8%). Furthermore, they formed a separate cluster with a genetic distance of 14.1% to the Anhui White breed from China, the Tibetan breed, and the Swiss Saanen breed. Boerka goats raised in Bali have phenotypes, including qualitative characteristics and morphometric measurements close to Kacang goats. As meat-type goats, they also form a separate cluster distinct from similar types worldwide.

Ear morphology and anthropometry: gender and age differences in Indian college students

The human ear is an important organ that serves as a sensory input for sound and balance. Ear morphology can vary greatly between individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as age, sex, genetics, and environmental factors. This study aimed to investigate ear dimensions and anthropometry of a sample of Indian college students.A total of 100 Indian college students were included in this cross-sectional study. Ear measurements including total ear height (TEH), ear width (EW), lobule height (LH), and lobule width (LW) were obtained using digital calipers. Lobule index (LI) and ear index (EI) were calculated using the following formula: LI = LH/TEH x 100 and EI = EW/TEH x 100. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests.The mean values for TEH, EW, LH, and LW increased with increasing age for both the right and left ears. Male participants had significantly greater TEH and EW compared to females for both the right and left ears. There were significant differences in lobule height (right ear) and lobule index (right and left ear) between males and females, with males having slightly larger measurements than females.Our study provides valuable information on ear dimensions and anthropometry in a sample of Indian college students. The findings of our study are consistent with previous studies conducted worldwide, as well as in India. Our study highlights the importance of considering gender and age when investigating ear dimensions and anthropometry.

Morphological variations and biometrics of ear

Background: Anthropometric data for a specific population is always required for identification, product design, ear reconstruction, and manufacture of ear-related instruments. This study aimed to determine the anthropometric measures of the external ear and compare them on both the sides and in either sex among the ethnic Kashmiri population. Methods: The study sample had 98 boys and 102 females aged 18–25. Subjects with a history of craniofacial trauma, ear diseases, congenital defects, or ear surgery were excluded from the study after racial confirmation. A single investigator took all measurements on both the ears using a standard digital Vernier's caliper capable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 mm. Results: It is observed that the total ear width (EW) in the right ear ranged from 2.92 ± 0.19 to 3.12 ± 0.22 in cm. The mean EW on the left ear was found more significant than on the right side in the studied population. The mean TEH among the males in the right ear was found to be 6.02 ± 0.34, while in the left, it was 5.78 ± 0.33. Furthermore, the mean EW among the females on the right side was 2.88 ± 0.21 compared to 2.85 ± 1.25 for the left and right ears respectively. The association was found to be significant (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Identifying landmark variations in distinct ethnic groups could help establish morphological assessment and morphometric variations of human ears.

Morphology and morphometric diversity of three local goats in Gorontalo, Indonesia

Abstract. Ilham F, Ciptadi G, Susilorini TE, Putra WPB, Suyadi S. 2023. Morphology and morphometric diversity of three local goats in Gorontalo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1366-1375. This research aimedto identify morphology and morphometric, as well as body indices and measurements markers, for use inlocal goats selection program in Gorontalo, Indonesia. The samples consisted of 37 Etawah Crossbreed, 96 Local Gorontalo, and 40 Kacang goats raised by traditional semi-intensive breeders. The morphological variables observed included feather color, color combination pattern, nose, ear shape, horn, beard, tail direction, and morphometric variables observed were withers height, hip height, hip width, body length, chest width, chest depth, chest girth, ear length, and ear width. The qualitative morphology was analyzed with descriptive method with Chi-squared test. While, the morphometrics of goat was used for calculating the body indices and principal component analysis.The results of the chi-square analysis showed significant differences in qualitative morphology among the three observed breeds (p<0.05), except for the presence of horns, beards, and the direction of the tail. The body measurements of Local Gorontalo goats were significantly different from those of Kacang goats except for chest depth. The only difference between the Etawah Crossbreed and the other two breeds included body weight,wither height, hip height, body length, ear length,and ear width (p<0.05). The three local goats had a long body length and legs, with a waist higher than the shoulders. Meanwhile,the medigline classification was only for Local Gorontalo and Kacang goats that had good thoracic development. The conformation index of the three local goat breeds had a significant correlation with body weight. The variables with the best contribution from the first component that can be considered sequentially in the selection program for Etawah Crossbreed goats, Local Gorontalo, and Kacang goats were body length, chest girth, and wither high. For the second component, the variables included ear length and chest width, while that of the third component in Kacang goats wasear length.

Evaluation of Body Weight, Morphometry, and Physiology Status of Etawah Crossbred Doeling on Two Different Farms Management

This study aimed to evaluate the body weight (BW), morphometry, and physiological status of Etawah Crossbred Doeling (ECD) under different farms management. This study was performed in two farms, Garage (Tlogoadi village, Mlati subdistrict) and Bumiku Hijau (Margomulyo village, Seyegan subdistrict), both located in Yogyakarta and each farm used 6 ECD as the replications (12 animals in total). Parameters of the study consist of body weight (BW), morphometry (chest girth, hip height, body length, chest depth, ear length, ear width, and withers height), physiological status (respiration, pulse, and rectal temperature). The parameter was measured weekly for four consecutive weeks of observation. The results showed that the difference in farm management between Garage and Bumiku Hijau influenced on the BW, morphometry, and physiological status of ECD. The study showed that the BW and all morphometry from the Garage farm was higher than Bumiku Hijau farm (P<0.05). However, the physiological status (except for rectal temperature) from Garage farm was lower than Bumiku Hijau farm (P<0.05). It can be concluded that Garage farm implemented better good farming practices compared to Bumiku Hijau farm.

Characteristics of Phenotypes of Local Goat Quantitative Properties in East Kolaka Regency, Indonesia

Goats are a type of livestock that most people mostly keep to produce meat and milk to meet the protein needs of animal origin. Even local goats, such as kacang and jawarandu goats in East Kolaka Regency are used as a source of community income, especially education costs. This study aims to determine the quantitative characteristics of local goats in the East Kolaka Regency, carried out in three sub-districts: Ladongi District, Lambandia District, and Uluiwoi District, from January to April 2021. The research sample was 496 male and female local goats grouped by age < 1 year to > 3 years to determine quantitative characteristics in the form of bodyweight, chest circumference, shoulder height, and body length. Data and information were tabulated and analyzed descriptively, and a T-test was performed. The results of T-test analysis for body weights of kacang and jawarandu goats in the age group showed significant differences (P36 months, including chest circumference, shoulder height, and body length, while the diversity of head sizes of kacang and jawarandu goats including head length, head width, ear length, and ear width there was no significant difference (P>0, 05) between the head length of male and female goats aged 6-12 months, 13-24 months, 25-36 months and >36 months. So, it can be concluded that between kacang and jawarandu goats, there are differences in quantitative characteristics.

Discriminant Analysis (DA) Technique for Identification Sex and Breed of Rabbits Depending on Morphological Traits

ABSTRACT Rabbits are a basic source of protein in many areas around the world. Rabbits are characterized by meat of good quality and high protein source. It is of importance to study and predict different rabbit characters. A total of 720 data values of three different breeds of rabbits (NewZeland White, Californian, and Rex) and both sexes were used. Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to classify the three rabbit breeds and genders based on the morphological characters (body length (BL), chest circumference (CHC), abdominal circumference (ABDC), thigh circumference (THC), ear length (EL) and ear width (EW)). Data were analyzed using the procedures of DA on SPSS 23 statistical package. The results were that ear width showed a strong participation (0.646) in discriminating the three breeds and explained most of the variance while body length (-0.608) was next in importance as a predictor followed by abdominal circumference (0.531) and the other variables were less contribution. Abdominal circumference is the most significant morphological trait as a discriminating variable (0.695) in discrimination between male and female and explained most of the variance followed by ear width (0.560) then the body length (-0.531). It is found that 59.2 % correct classification of the rabbit breeds using the discriminant functions was achieved and 70.8 % correct classification of the rabbit sexes using the discriminant functions was achieved.

Morphometric characterization and genetic distance in bitches (oryctolagus cuniculus) in several regions in Indonesia

Rabbits are a group of animals that are very popular and enjoyed by the community. Rabbits, in general, have the high biological and economic potential to produce quality meat, skin, and hair, as well as pets (ornamental) and modern business farming. Rabbits are well known in Indonesia and developed mostly for farming. This literature study discusses morphometric characteristics and genetic distances among rabbits. The parameters used were head length (PK), head width (LK), ear length (PTL), ear width (LTL), chest circumference (LKD), chest width (LD), humerus bone length (PH), radius-ulna bone length (PRU), tibial bone length (PT), and body length (PB). The results of body variables measurement in FG rabbits had a higher mean for body size, including PK (12.64 cm), PTL (13.59 cm), LTL (6.47 cm), PH (9.52 cm), PRU (8, 95 cm), and PB (41.97 cm) compared to other families. Genetic distance shows that it has a close genetic distance (0.63106), while the farthest genetic distance is found between Rexb rabbits and ES rabbits, which is 6.96749. The genetic distances and tree phenogram construction are useful for estimating kinship between Rabbits clumps.

Relationships between Grain Weight and Other Yield Component Traits of Maize Varieties Exposed to Heat-Stress and Combined Heat- and Water-Stress Conditions

It is necessary to identify the appropriate traits that influence yield in a given environment as part of a breeding programme. The objective of this study was to identify the morphological traits that contribute to maize grain weight (GWt) under abiotic stress conditions. Three drought-tolerant maize varieties were grown under no-stress (NHWS), heat-stress (HS), and combined heat- and water-stress (CHWS) conditions. Data from 19 morphological traits were analysed. The correlation results revealed that eight traits consistently produced a significant positive relationship with GWt under the three growth conditions. The path coefficient analysis revealed that in the NHWS, HS, and CHWS conditions, five traits consistently had a positive direct effect on the GWt. Given the magnitude of the positive direct effects, increasing dry biomass yield, harvest index, and grain number in the NHWS; grain number, harvest index, and ear width in the HS; and harvest index, days till silk appearance, leaf chlorophyll content, and grain number in the CHWS will increase GWt. Under various abiotic stress conditions, maize phenotypic expression varied. Therefore, the identified traits that contributed positively to GWt under various stress conditions should be considered when developing a maize improvement programme in a stress-prone environment.

PARTIAL DIALLEL ANALYSIS OF MAIZE INBRID LINES FOR KERNAL YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS IN SULAIMANI-IRAQ

This study was aimed to investigate combining ability among maize inbred lines. Randomized complete block design with three replicates was used to study the general combining ability of parents, and specific combining ability of 12 F1s. Combining ability was studied in a partial diallel cross in maize for traits yield and attribute at two locations (Qlyasan and Kanipanka) at Sulaimani Governorate. The cross 3×6 produced the highest value kernels yield and most of the attributed traits as the average of both locations. Mean squares due to crosses, GCA and SCA were highly significant for most traits as the average of both locations. The ratio of σ2gca/ σ2sca was found to be less than one for all traits except days to silking and rows/ ear at the first location, ears/plant, and kernels/row at the second location, and days to silking, plant height, rows/ear and kernels/row as the average of both locations which were more than one, this confirms the importance of both additive and non-additive gene effect in the inheritance of these traits. Heritability in broad-sense was found to be highest for days to tasseling and silking, ear width, kernels/row, and 300 kernels weight, while for narrow sense, it was low to moderate for different traits.

Korelasi Antara Ukuran Tubuh dan Karakteristik Ambing Terhadap Produksi Susu Kambing Saanen di Daerah Tropis

The aim of this research was to determine the correlation between udder and body size of Saanen goats on milk production in BBPTU-HPT Baturraden. Total of 61 lactating Saanen goats were used in this study. The size of the udder was measured including the width and length of the udder, the inner and outer circusmference of the udder, the shape and volume of the udder, the length, circumference and direction of the nipple. Body measurements were measured including chest circumference, ear length and width, and body length and height. Body and udder characteristics were assessed once before milking while milk production was measured each milking. Data were analyzed using regression analysis. The correlation between body length, chest circumference, height, ear length, ear width, and neck wattle with milk production were 1.0%, 0.0%, 4.1%, 5.1%, 2.1 %, and 0.0% respectively. The correlation between udder volume, udder outer circumference, udder inner circumference, udder width, udder length, nipple circumference, and nipple length with milk production were 54.5%, 49.4%, 41.4%, 55.9,%, 10.9%, 24.2%, and 28.4% respectively. Saanen goat milk production had a correlation with udder characteristics but had no correlation with body size.

Anthropometric Study of External Ear: A Comparative Study

Introduction: Ear is the most defining feature of the face and its structure shows the signs of age and sex. The external ears consist of the auricle and the external acoustic meatus. This study was specifically under taken to study the variations in the auricle dimensions, specially height and width, amongst Nepalese medical and nursing students and compare them. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on medical and nursing students of National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal, with no evidence of congenital ear anomalies or previous ear surgeries. The study consisted of 110 females and 110 males, aged 18–25 years. Results: The descriptive statistics of the ear variables evaluated and measured on both right and left sides. The ear length ranged from 6.31- 6.30 cm with the right ear length being significantly larger than the left ear length (p=0.010). Similarly, the right ear breadth was significantly wider in comparison to the left ear breadth, range from 3.39- 3. 38 cm (p=0.084). The lobular length range 2.38- 2.36 cm (p=0.001) and the lobular breadth range 1.96- 1.93 cm (p=0.000) which were also larger in the right ear compared with the left ear and the differences reached the level of statistically significant. Conclusion: The ear anthropometric measurements of male students showed higher value when compared to the female nursing students. These results support the findings that the sexual dimorphism does exit and showed the statistically significant differences between the sexes. The length of the ear was found to be higher when compared to the width of the ear in both sexes.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of maize ear heterosis during the inflorescence meristem differentiation stage

BackgroundHeterosis is widely used in many crops and is important for global food safety, and maize is one of the most successful crops to take advantage of heterosis. Gene expression patterns control the development of the maize ear, but the mechanisms by which heterosis affects transcriptional-level control are not fully understood.ResultsIn this study, we sampled ear inflorescence meristems (IMs) from the single-segment substitution maize (Zea mays) line lx9801hlEW2b, which contains the heterotic locus hlEW2b associated with ear width, as well as the receptor parent lx9801, the test parent Zheng58, and their corresponding hybrids Zheng58 × lx9801hlEW2b (HY) and Zheng58 × lx9801 (CK). After RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis, 2531 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two hybrids (HY vs. CK). Our results showed that approximately 64% and 48% of DEGs exhibited additive expression in HY and CK, whereas the other genes displayed a non-additive expression pattern. The DEGs were significantly enriched in GO functional categories of multiple metabolic processes, plant organ morphogenesis, and hormone regulation. These essential processes are potentially associated with heterosis performance during the maize ear developmental stage. In particular, 125 and 100 DEGs from hybrids with allele-specific expression (ASE) were specifically identified in HY and CK, respectively. Comparison between the two hybrids suggested that ASE genes were involved in different development-related processes that may lead to the hybrid vigor phenotype during maize ear development. In addition, several critical genes involved in auxin metabolism and IM development were differentially expressed between the hybrids and showed various expression patterns (additive, non-additive, and ASE). Changes in the expression levels of these genes may lead to differences in auxin homeostasis in the IM, affecting the transcription of core genes such as WUS that control IM development.ConclusionsOur research suggests that additive, non-additive, and allele-specific expression patterns may fine-tune the expression of crucial DEGs that modulate carbohydrate and protein metabolic processes, nitrogen assimilation, and auxin metabolism to optimal levels, and these transcriptional changes may play important roles in maize ear heterosis. The results provide new information that increases our understanding of the relationship between transcriptional variation and heterosis during maize ear development, which may be helpful for clarifying the genetic and molecular mechanisms of heterosis.

Both uniconazole and 5-aminolevulinic acid increase maize (Zea mays L.) yield by changing its ear morphology and increasing photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidants in saline-alkali land

Saline-alkaline stress is one of the most detrimental abiotic stresses that restrict the yield and physiological activity of maize (Zea mays L.). In the present study, maize was planted on saline-alkali land, while 25 mg L-1 uniconazole (S3307) and 40 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were sprayed at the stage of nine expanded leaves. Our results showed that both S3307 and ALA applications significantly increased all ear width, volume, and mass in the maturity stage. Both applications also upregulated photosynthetic efficiency via increasing the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, as well as reduced the intercellular CO2 concentration after the silking stage. In addition, both applications upregulated further the antioxidant system via enhancing the activity of antioxidants and contents of soluble protein and sugar, as well as reducing the malondialdehyde content after the silking stage. Thus, both S3307 and ALA applications can improve maize yield in saline-alkali land via enhancing ear morphology and increasing photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidants.

86. What Is Beauty? A Crowdsourced Evaluation of Facial Attractiveness

Purpose: Opinions of aesthetic outcomes can vary greatly amongst plastic surgeons. Our specialty creates changes for patients. Often, change can be mistaken for improvement. We are deemed experts of attractiveness, and thus it is not acceptable to have this degree of uncertainty on what is ideal. The authors hope to quantify cosmetic results to determine if postoperative changes are indeed better or worse than preoperatively. Evolutionary psychologists have shown that humans are koinophiles that seek out mates who possess average anatomy for the population. We particularly adore cognitive averages, meaning we subconsciously generate composites of the most recent attractive faces seen. Our study attempts to identify an “ideal” through crowdsourced ratings. We hypothesized a composite of the cohort would be most attractive and investigated which features correlated with attractiveness. Methods: Our male and female cohorts each consisted of 41 standardized frontal-view monochrome photos, with one composite image derived from the other forty. We measured 46 facial features per image, calibrating measurements with facial width-to-height ratio and interpupillary distance. We utilized Amazon Mechanical Turk, a widely used crowdsourcing platform, to receive ratings of images ranging from 1-7, with 1 and 7 being least and most attractive, respectively.Statistical AnalysisAnalysis of variance tests were performed for ratings and facial feature measurements. A Spearman correlation test calculated correlation coefficients between facial measurements and ratings. Lastly, we constructed heatmaps from facial measurements and scores. Results: 2064 evaluations revealed composite male and female scores (means were 5.31 and 5.60, respectively) were the highest of their cohorts and significantly greater (both p<0.0001) than scores of the other 40 photos (means were 4.06 and 4.00, respectively). Average ear width (r=1, p=0.0004) for males and average ear height, medial eye distance, and iris-to-aperture distance (all r=1, p=0.0004) for females had the highest correlations with attractiveness. Conclusion: Our study reports that average facial anatomy and ear features (heavily linked with chin-jaw and eye angles) are highly correlated with attractiveness. This is an initial step into the field of objective cosmetic quantifications and integrating evidence-based medicine into aesthetic surgery.

Auricular Morphometry of Okrika Tribe in Rivers State, Nigeria

Background: The auricle is a complex part of the sensory organ, and is made of cartilage that is covered with skin. Its function is to capture sound. This study was aimed at knowing the auricular dimensions in Okrika tribe in Rivers state. Methods: Auricular parameters from 401 Okrika indigens from 18 years and above were measured using standard Vernier calliper. The Parameters were ear height (EH), ear width (EW), lobular height (LH) and the lobular width (LW) for both right and left ears with the head of the subject in Frankfort horizontal plane. Results: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. All the measured parameters were higher in males compared to females in both left and right ears, implying sexual dimorphism. The mean values of all measured parameters in males were higher on the right compared to the left. Except ear index (T = 0.83; P = 0.41), side differences were observed in all other parameters at P &lt; 0.05. Hence auricular parameters are said to be asymmetrical. In females, the mean values of all measured parameters were higher on the right compared to the left. Except ear index (T = 0.95; P = 0.34) and lobular index (T = 1.30; P = 0.19), side differences were observed in all other parameters at P &lt; 0.05. Conclusion: In this study, we observed that all measured parameters were higher in the right ear than in the left and also larger in males than females. This sex related differences were said to be sexually dimorphic. Therefore this study has provided anthropometric data for the okrika tribe, which will be useful in forensic science and ear reconstructive surgeries.

Prediction of the live weight at breeding age from morphological measurements taken at weaning in indigenous Honamli kids using data mining algorithms

The purpose of this study was to predict live weight at breeding age (LW) based on weaning morphological traits, which birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), withers height (WH), back height (BH), rump height (RH), chest depth (CD), body length (BL), tail length (TL), chest girth (CG), leg girth (LG), front shark circumference (FSC), head length (HL), head width (HW), nose length (NL), ear length (EL), and ear width (EW). For this purpose, measurements were taken from 84 Honamli kids born in 2018. The study also included sex, birth type (BT), and ear type as the nominal predictors. For this purpose, two MARS (Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines), which are interaction (MARS2) and non-interaction (MARS1), and based-tree algorithms, such as CART (Classification and Regression Tree), CHAID (Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector), and Exhaustive CHAID, were used by cross-validation 5 and compared with each other considering the predictive performance by taking into account nine predictive performances criteria. LW has a significantly positive and high linear relationship with WH (0.770), BH (0.770), RH (0.750), BL (0.750), and CG (0.770), respectively (p < 0.01). According to these criteria, second-order interaction MARS2 model had the best performance among all data mining algorithms. Also, the CHAID algorithm was the best predictor of LW among regression tree-based algorithms. The CHAID algorithm predicted that the Honamli goat with 14.426 < WW < 15.575kg and HW > 16.464cm had the heaviest LW at 56.268kg. The MARS2 model showed that the heaviest LW could be produced by WW > 16.10kg, HW > 17cm, Sex-Male × BL > 60cm, WW × BL < 50cm, BT-twin × WW < 15.60kg, BL > 50cm × CG > 62.4cm and male goats. Also, CHAID and MARS2 algorithms explain 92.00% and 94.50% of the variation in LW, respectively. According to the results, it can be concluded that the CHAID and MARS algorithms used in the prediction of LW at breeding age could give an idea to reveal the breed standards examined for breeding purposes. While determining that there are important statistical methods in defining body characteristics at weaning in a complex way, the body characteristics determined by these models can be used as indirect selection criteria.

Effects of Different Intercropping Models on Growth and Yield Traits of Maize in Red Soil Dryland

In order to develop the suitable planting mode of maize in red soil dryland, improve the related plant and ear characters of maize, promote high quality and high yield, and improve economic benefits. The experiment was conducted in the Science and Technology Park of Jiangxi Agricultural University from May 13, 2020 to October 18, 2020 and from May 5, 2021 to October 7, 2021. Taking maize as the control, three intercropping treatments of maize intercropping soybean, maize intercropping peanut and maize intercropping sweet potato were set up to compare their effects on agronomic characters such as plant height, stem diameter and ear width of maize and yield. The results showed that the plant height and ear height of maize intercropping soybean reached the maximum in two years, with plant height of 208.9 cm and 191.9 cm, ear height of 80.2 cm and 58.4 cm, respectively. The ear length and grain number per row of intercropping treatment were better than that of monoculture treatment. The ear length of maize intercropping and soybean reached the maximum, which were 16.5 cm and 19.0 cm respectively, and the grain number per row was also higher than that of other treatments. The yield of maize intercropping soybean was the highest, 42.1 kg and 43.5 kg respectively in two years. Compared with monoculture, intercropping can improve stem diameter, ear height, ear length, grain number per row and other ear traits, so as to improve corn yield, among which maize intercropping soybean is the best. The results of grey correlation showed that ear length and plant height had a great influence on maize yield. The comprehensive analysis shows that the use of maize intercropping soybean model is conducive to achieve high quality and high yield.

Morphometric Analysis of External Ear to Estimate the Stature and Sexual Dimorphism in North Indians: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Anthropometry is an essential technique to understand the variations in the human body that is implicated during various reconstructive surgical procedures, and for the identification of individual during crime scene in forensics. Analysis of ear morphology plays a role in understanding the sexual dimorphism and stature in the human population. It has been found that the ear morphology changes from one region to another. Aim: To study the morphometric parameters of the ear for stature estimation, and to identify sexual dimorphism in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study of 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) aged 17-25 years was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study participants were selected from the MBBS, BDS and Nursing undergraduates studying in Banaras Hindu University (BHU). The various aspects of ear morphology (ear length, ear width, lobule length, lobule width) were measured. Student’s t-test, Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation and Linear regression equation were calculated. Results: The mean age for males were 19.17 years and females were 19.52 years. Measurements for ear length, width and lobule width of both ears were higher in males than females. The mean right and left ear length in males were 60.77±3.74 and 59.99±3.83 mm, and that for females were 56.59±3.044 and 55.55±3.68 mm, respectively. The mean right and left ear width in males were 30.60±2.81 and 30.81±2.69 mm and that for females, the values of ear width for right and left ears were 28.55±3.12 and 28.81±2.80 mm, respectively. A strong correlation between right and left ear length and stature in females were observed using linear regression coefficient analysis. The correlation coefficient between stature to right and left ear length in females were 0.554 and 0.51, respectively (p-value=0.030). Conclusion: Ear length and width, and lobule width of the right and left ears were significantly higher in males. There were no significant differences observed in lobule length. There was a strong correlation between the stature and right and left ear length in females, moderate strength of association was seen in stature with ear width and lobule length in females.

Estimation of stature from external ear morphometry: A preliminary study

External ear is a defining feature of the face that gives a decent and definite look to a human face with an aesthetically fine appearance. Along with hearing, they are one of the most important body parts helping in human identification. The cross-sectional study was undertaken on a total of 149 dead bodies brought for postmortem examination from May 2019 to December 2019 of which 93 were males of age between 18 to 82 years and 56 were females of age between 19 years to 92 years. Total four parameters of the right and left ear that is length (EL), Ear breadth (EB), Ear lobule length (ELL), and Ear lobule breadth (ELB) of the adult population were studied with a digital vernier caliper capable of measuring nearest 0.01 mm and was correlated statistically with body length. In the right ear, the correlation coefficient (r-value) was higher in males for ear length, ear lobule length and lower in right ear lobule breadth, however in the left ear it was higher in females for ear length and ear lobule breadth, but it was higher in males in case of left ear lobule breadth. In the right ear the determination coefficient (r 2 value) was higher in males for ear length, and ear lobule length, and it was higher in females for ear breadth and ear lobule breadth, however in the left ear it was higher in females for ear length, ear breadth but it was higher in male for ear lobule length and ear lobule breadth.