Ear Shape Research Articles

The Rediscovery of Traditional Maize Agrobiodiversity: A Study Case from Northern Italy

Nowadays, agriculture is under the pressure of climate change and new pathogen outbreaks while farmers are requiring breeders to develop more resistant and resilient genotypes. The genetic base for breeding may be increased through appropriate conservation, description and characterization of local varieties and germplasm collections that have never been used in breeding, and which could be sources of useful alleles. In this framework, the present paper focuses on eight maize landraces of the eastern part of Emilia-Romagna, derived from the Italian maize collection sampled in 1954. Landraces are characterized by a short cycle length and different kernel types—mainly flint-like or an intermediate type of yellow or yellow–orange color—while dent landraces are less represented. Pigmented and white corns are absent even though one landrace (Va213) showed the presence of scattered blue kernels on yellow ears. Ear shape is frequently conical, a trait associated with drought-resistance and common in Italian traditional landraces. Genetic characterization was carried out on 529 individuals by using 10 SSR markers. A total of 68 different alleles, ranging from 4 for markers (phi084 and umc1401) to 11 (phi031) and from 27 (Va217) to 50 (Va211), were evidenced at the individual and population level. AMOVA analysis revealed a small amount (19%) of variability between populations, as supported also by PCoA, with the only exception of Va217, which is different from the others, as evidenced also by phylogenetic analysis. Population structure analysis resulted in the identification of three and four population levels, which are consistent with previous results.

Karakteristik Morfometrik Kambing Lokal di Kecamatan Tambang dan Kecamatan Siak Hulu Kabupaten Kampar

This study aims to determine the Morphometric Characteristics of Local Goats in Tambang District and Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency. The method used in this study is the method of observation and interviews with breeders which were conducted to obtain information about local goats in Siak Hulu District and Tambang District, Kampar Regency. The sampling technique was purposive sampling, namely aged 12-36 months, female goats were not in a state of pregnancy, with a total sample of 60 heads consisting of 30 males and 30 females for each sub-district. The data collected are qualitative characteristics which include: color and pattern of coat color, ear shape and backline. Quantitative properties which include: Face Length, Ear Length, Bust, Chest Width, Inside Chest, Body Length, Shoulder Height, Hip Height, Hip Width, Front Leg Length, Length, Back Leg, Tail Length, and Body Weight. The data obtained in this study were analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Based on the results of morphometric observations of the body size of male and female Kacang goats in Tambang District and Kuok District, the average length of the face, ear length, chest circumference, chest width, chest length, body length, shoulder height, hip height, hip width, leg length was obtained. front, hind legs length, tail length, and body weight were not significantly different (P>0.05).

Study of the Physical and Physiological Response of the Madura as a Breeding Source (Case Study in Waru Sub-District, Pamekasan District)

The study aimed to determine the physical and physiological response of the Madura bull as a breeding source. This study used 30 Madura bulls aged >12-24 months at Waru Sub District, Pamekasan District. The physical evaluation was performed including qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Physiological response was evaluated based on rectal temperature, respiration rate, and pulse rate. Physiological status measurements were carried out in the morning, day, and afternoon. This study used descriptive methods and direct observation. The results showed that qualitative characteristics of Madura bulls including color, ear shape, horn, tail tip warrants, back shape, leg shape and muzzle color already followed the SNI standards for the Madura beef cattle. According to quantitative characteristics, Madura bulls have 157 cm ± 12,6 chest circumference, 121 cm ± 10,8 body length, and 118,83 cm ± 7,21 height on average. These measurements were above the minimum standards set by SNI for the Madura beef cattle. The average temperature rectal of Madura Bull in the morning, day and afternoon were 37.5⁰ C ± 0,46, 38.6⁰ C ± 0,49 and 38.2⁰C ± 0,42 respectively. The average pulse rate of Madura Bull in the morning, day and afternoon were 60.8 ± 0,37, 68.6 ± 4,01, and 65.6 ± 0,67 times per minute respectively. Respiration rate of Madura Bull in the morning, day and afternoon were 19 ± 0,25, 35.6 ± 2,11 and 25.7 ± 0,67 times per minute. Generally, the physiological status of Madura Bull including temperature rectal, pulse rate, and respiration rate were in normal conditions.
 Keywords: Madura Cattle, Bull, Physical, Physiological Response

Morphological markers of ear print in Iraqi population

The outer ear is an emerging biometric that has drawn the attention of the research community for more than a decade. Empirical studies confirm, that the shape of the outer ear is unique, and it is also assumed to be stable throughout a human life time. An ear print is a two-dimensional depiction of the external ear pieces that have got into contact with a surface. In 1965, the first criminal ear print identification was made in Switzerland. The variation in shape and size of ear features makes it richer biometric tool than face. Material and method: The study performed a qualitative discrimination of the external ear shape of 143 individuals, including lobe size, lobe attachment, helix rolling, ear protrusion, and antihelix folding, by using ear photographs. Results: Six landmarks were evaluated for auricle morphometry in both sexes. There was variation in the morphological features of the external ear of the sampled subjects. The external ear features vary in both sexes. All variables were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The triangle-shaped ear was prevalent in females and males had an oval shape. ear print

Earbox, an open tool for high-throughput measurement of the spatial organization of maize ears and inference of novel traits

BackgroundCharacterizing plant genetic resources and their response to the environment through accurate measurement of relevant traits is crucial to genetics and breeding. Spatial organization of the maize ear provides insights into the response of grain yield to environmental conditions. Current automated methods for phenotyping the maize ear do not capture these spatial features.ResultsWe developed EARBOX, a low-cost, open-source system for automated phenotyping of maize ears. EARBOX integrates open-source technologies for both software and hardware that facilitate its deployment and improvement for specific research questions. The imaging platform consists of a customized box in which ears are repeatedly imaged as they rotate via motorized rollers. With deep learning based on convolutional neural networks, the image analysis algorithm uses a two-step procedure: ear-specific grain masks are first created and subsequently used to extract a range of trait data per ear, including ear shape and dimensions, the number of grains and their spatial organisation, and the distribution of grain dimensions along the ear. The reliability of each trait was validated against ground-truth data from manual measurements. Moreover, EARBOX derives novel traits, inaccessible through conventional methods, especially the distribution of grain dimensions along grain cohorts, relevant for ear morphogenesis, and the distribution of abortion frequency along the ear, relevant for plant response to stress, especially soil water deficit.ConclusionsThe proposed system provides robust and accurate measurements of maize ear traits including spatial features. Future developments include grain type and colour categorisation. This method opens avenues for high-throughput genetic or functional studies in the context of plant adaptation to a changing environment.

Evaluation of the External Ear and Head Anthropometric Dimensions Among Fars and Turk Workers for the Ergonomic Design of the Earmuffs

Background: Anthropometry plays an important role in the ergonomic design of hearing protection equipment and its compatibility with the dimensions of the external ear and head of workers. Few studies have been conducted on the dimensions of the external ears and heads of workers in Iran with different ethnicities. Objectives: This study aimed to collect the anthropometric dimensions of the external ear and head of workers of two prominent ethnicities of Iran for the ergonomic design of earmuffs. Methods: Following a cross-sectional design, this study was performed on 300 male workers (150 Turk and 150 Fars) aged 20 - 60 years. Anthropometric dimensions of the external ear and head were measured using a spreading caliper, camera, tripod, and tape measure. Photographs were analyzed using Digimizer V5.3.5 software, and data were analyzed using SPSS 21. Results: The mean age of Turk and Fars workers was 33.51 ± 5.41 and 33.95 ± 6.05 years, respectively. The ear shape was oval in more than half of the male workers of the two studied ethnicities. There was a positive correlation between anthropometric dimensions of head and ears in both ethnicities. The 95th percentile of the length and width of the pinna in Fars and Turk workers was larger than the average dimensions of inner ring earmuffs. Conclusions: Hearing protection devices available in the Iranian market should be examined to fit the ear dimensions of different Iranian ethnicities. External ear anthropometric data obtained from this study can be used to redesign the earmuffs in Fars and Turk male workers.

Size and shape of the semicircular canal of the inner ear: A new marker of pig domestication?

Domestication has led to many changes in domestic animal biology, including their anatomy. The shape of the inner ear, part of the mammalian ear, has been found particularly relevant for discriminating domesticated species, their hybrids or differentiating the wild and domestic populations of a single species. Here we assessed the use of the size and shape of the semicircular canals (SCC) of the inner ear as a marker of pig domestication. We studied a total of 63 petrosal bones belonging to wild boar (Sus scrofa, two populations) and domestic pigs (extensively and intensively reared specimens) that were µCT-scanned and from which the size and the shape of the inner ear were quantified through geometric morphometrics, analyzing the 3D coordinates of 6 landmarks and 60 sliding semilandmarks localized on the SCC and the common crus. The domestic pigs have larger SCC than the wild boar from which they also strongly differ in shape (correct cross validation of 95.5%, confidence interval: 92.3%-98.1%). Strong shape differences were detected between the two populations of wild boar, as well as a sexual size dimorphism. All together the results highlight the taxonomic discriminant power of the SCC of the inner ear shape, and its relevance for domestication studies.

Chainlet-Based Ear Recognition Using Image Multi-Banding and Support Vector Machine

This paper introduces the Chainlet-based Ear Recognition algorithm using Multi-Banding and Support Vector Machine (CERMB-SVM). The proposed technique splits the gray input image into several bands based on the intensity of its pixels, similar to a hyperspectral image. It performs Canny edge detection on each generated normalized band, extracting edges that correspond to the ear shape in each band. The generated binary edge maps are then combined, creating a single binary edge map. The resulting edge map is then divided into non-overlapping cells and the Freeman chain code for each group of connected edges within each cell is determined. A histogram of each group of contiguous four cells is computed, and the generated histograms are normalized and linked together to create a chainlet for the input image. The created chainlet histogram vectors of the images of the dataset are then utilized for the training and testing of a pairwise Support Vector Machine (SVM). Results obtained using the two benchmark ear image datasets demonstrate that the suggested CERMB-SVM method generates considerably higher performance in terms of accuracy than the principal component analysis based techniques. Furthermore, the proposed CERMB-SVM method yields greater performance in comparison to its anchor chainlet technique and state-of-the-art learning-based ear recognition techniques.

Ovariectomized rat model and shape variation in the bony labyrinth.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a serious concern in aging individuals, but has not been explored for its potential to alter the shape of the inner ear by way of increased remodeling in the otic capsule. The otic capsule, or bony labyrinth, is thought to experience uniquely limited remodeling after development due to high levels of osteoprotegerin. On this basis, despite the widespread remodeling that accompanies osteoporosis, we hypothesize that both the shape and volume of the semicircular canals will resist such changes. To test this hypothesis, we conducted three-dimensional geometric morphometric shape analysis on microcomputed tomographic data collected on the semicircular canals of an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. A Procrustes ANOVA found no statistically significant differences in shape between surgery and sham groups, and morphological disparity testing likewise found no differences in shape variation. Univariate testing found no differences in semicircular volume between OVX and control groups. The range of variation in the OVX group, however, is greater than in the sham group but this difference does not reach statistical significance, perhaps because of a combination of small effect size and low sample size. This finding suggests that labyrinthine shape remains a tool for assessing phylogeny and function in the fossil record, but that it is possible that osteoporosis may be contributing to intraspecific shape variation in the bony labyrinth. This effect warrants further exploration at a microstructural level with continued focus on variables related to remodeling.

Record of medicinal Jew’s (Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél) ear mushroom growing in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana and its possible health values

Medicinal mushrooms are part of total health delivery system of a nation. A mushroom of recognised health benefits was seen for the first time on a pencil cactus (Euphorbia turicalli L.) in the Greater Accra Region (Adentan Municipal Assembly) in September- October 2021. The fruiting body was gelatinous with the shape of a human ear. The basidiomata were either solitary, densely rosette with caestipose habit either astipitate or with vestigial stipe. The general morphological features were akin to that of Auricularia auricula-judae. Anatomical and morphometric studies showed that the fruiting body had smooth hymenium with a layer of basidia which were cylindrical or club-shaped. The dimensions of the basidia (70.86±4.27 μm long; 9.54± 0.60 μm wide) closely agreed with the range reported for A. auricula-judae. The white/greyish basidiospores were generally sausage-shaped (allantoid) ranging in length (18.47±0.73μm) and width (7.49±0.3μm) closely to reported range. The economical and medicinal values of the mushroom are described and future commercial exploitation through biotechnological technique highlighted.

External Ear Reconstruction By Antia-Buch Chondro-Cutaneous Advancement Flap in a Case of Human Bite – A Case Report

Reconstruction of the external ear is a challenging problem encountered by plastic surgeons. Causes of external ear deformities can be of various etiologies (human bites, animal bites, fights, burns, infections, accidents, or even sports injuries). Full-thickness defects, which cannot be treated by approximating the wound edges, show good results with Antia-Buch’s chondro-cutaneous flaps. A 34-year-old male presented with a history of human bite to his right external ear. The patient had brought the amputated part with him. There was complete amputation of the superior part of the helix with exposed cartilage with a 2 cm defect on examination. The amputated part was an unhealthy crushedavulsed tissue. The patient underwent debridement and washout. Reconstruction of the external ear was done by Antia-Buch helical advancement flap designed over the posterior skin. Post-operatively, the external ear reconstruction yielded good cosmetic results. Animal or human bite defects used to be left open for fear of severe infections, and closure was planned later, but this can be complicated by fibrosis and can result in a change in the shape of the external ear. Primary repair using an Antia-Buch flap and appropriate antibiotic treatment shortens the hospital stay and dressing changes and improves the cosmetic outcome. Keywords: Amputation, Cartilage, External ear, Fibrosis, Human Bite, Reconstructive Surgical Procedures

Exterior characteristics and body measurements of Bligon goat on the different agro-ecological zones in Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Rahmawati RD, Atmoko BA, Budisatria IGS, Ngadiyono N, Panjono. 2021. Exterior characteristics and body measurements of Bligon goat on the different agro-ecological zones in Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 143-150. The Bligon goat is one of the goat breeds those farmers mostly keep in Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study was conducted to determine the exterior characteristics of Bligon goat in different agro-ecological zones in Bantul District. A total of 478 Bligon goats taken from highlands (146 head), lowlands (163 head), and coastal (169 head) were observed and grouped by age (0-6 months), young (6-18 months), and adults (>18 months). The data observed included qualitative traits (body color distribution and ear shape) and quantitative traits (withers height, chest girth, body length, ear length, and body weight). Qualitative data were analyzed descriptively, and quantitative data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that the head hair coat color of Bligon goats was mostly striped (pied), with the percentages in the highland, lowland, and coastal zones being 71.9%, 69.2%, and 67.7%, respectively. The body hair coat color in the highland (52.1%) and lowland (39.6%) were striped primarily, while on the coast, it was white (70.7%). The crest color in the highland (69.9%) and lowland (44.7%) were mostly a mixture of brown, black, and white, while on the coast, it was white (70.1%). The mane ruff (rewos) color in the highland (88.4%), lowland (57.9%), and coast (59.3%) were primarily a mixture of brown, black, and white. Ear shapes in the highland (92.5%) and lowland (73.6%) are open principally, while in the coastal areas are mostly folded (56.9%). The average body size of Bligon goats in the coastal zone was larger than in the lowlands (P<0.05), and in the lowlands was larger than in the highlands (P<0.05). It was concluded that the different agro-ecological zones in Bantul District have different exterior characteristics in Bligon goats both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Forensic DNA phenotyping: Canis familiaris breed classification and skeletal phenotype prediction using functionally significant skeletal SNPs and indels.

This review highlights a novel application of breed identification and prediction of skeletal traits in forensic investigations using canine DNA evidence. Currently, genotyping methods used for canine breed classification involve the application of highly polymorphic short tandem repeats in addition to larger commercially available SNP arrays. Both applications face technical challenges. An additional approach to breed identification could be through genotyping SNPs and indels that characterise the array of skeletal differences displayed across domestic dog populations. Research has shown that a small number of genetic variants of large effect drive differences in skeletal phenotypes among domestic dog breeds. This feature makes functionally significant canine skeletal variants a cost-effective target for forensic investigators to classify individuals according to their breed. Further analysis of these skeletal variants would enable the prediction of external appearance. To date, functionally significant genes with genetic variants associated with differences in size, bulk, skull shape, ear shape, limb length, digit type, and tail morphology have been uncovered. Recommendations of a cost-effective genotyping method that can be readily designed and applied by forensic investigators have been given. Further advances to improve the field of canine skeletal forensic DNA phenotyping include the refinement of phenotyping methods, further biological validation of the skeletal genetic variants and establishing a publicly available database for storage of allele frequencies of the skeletal genetic variants in the wider domestic dog population.

Novel method for high-density porous polyethylene ear reconstruction stent remodeling to achieve high satisfactory outcomes.

We aimed to explore a novel method for ear reconstruction stent remodeling to achieve high patient satisfactory outcomes. This study is a retrospective review of patients with congenital or acquired ear defects who were prepared for one-stage ear reconstruction with high-density porous polyethylene stent between May 2020 and May 2021. A standardized data collection template was used to collect related variables. In this study, the detailed reconstruction surgery process is carefully described, and the postoperative healing process of the ear reconstruction was closely observed. A total of 26 patients for one-stage ear reconstruction with high-density porous polyethylene stent or autogenous costal cartilage scaffolds were admitted to the department of plastic surgery in our hospital between May 2020 and May 2021. All patients were followed until their ear flaps were alive and details of the ear shape were revealed. The patients with new remolding method were no severe complications and only a patient had stent exposure, and were highly satisfied with both appearance and function. The application of novel remodeling method is a promising way for ear reconstruction stent shaping with little postoperative complication and excellent postoperative patient satisfaction.

Real-Time Human Ear Detection Based on the Joint of Yolo and RetinaFace

Biometric traits gradually proved their importance in real-life applications, especially in identification field. Among the available biometric traits, the unique shape of the human ear has also received loads of attention from scientists through the years. Hence, numerous ear-based approaches have been proposed with promising performance. With these methods, plenty problems can be solve by the distinctiveness of ear features, such as recognizing human with mask or diagnose ear-related diseases. As a complete identification system requires an effective detector for real-time application, and the current richness and variety of ear detection algorithms are poor due to the small and complex shape of human ears. In this paper, we introduce a new human ear detection pipeline based on the YOLOv3 detector. A well-known face detector named RetinaFace is also added in the detection system to narrow the regions of interest and enhance the accuracy. The proposed method is evaluated on an unconstrained dataset, which shows its effectiveness.

Spontaneous Resolution of Ear Lidding in Newborns: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

Ear lidding is a cosmetic outer ear shape deformity commonly observed in newborns. Although lidding is considered a benign condition, psychological concerns such as bullying and depression have been observed in older children supporting correction of the condition. Nonsurgical correction of lidding using molding and splinting techniques has become increasingly popular, achieving successful outcomes in the majority of cases. Spontaneous resolution of the condition has also been reported in the literature however there is minimal prospective data available on the natural progression of ear lidding. In our case series of 11 closely followed newborns, we aimed to characterize the natural progression and resolution of lidding. Ten consecutive newborns participated in the observation plan and all 10 had complete spontaneous resolution of lidding within an average of 40 days. One other newborn's parents self-selected to have molding and splinting treatment. These results suggest that cosmetic treatment for less severe cases of ear lidding may be unnecessary as they have the potential to resolve on their own. Future research in this area could include controlled study designs and more work is needed to identify, which infants will require treatment. Our study may provide helpful reassurance to families and physicians that many newborns may see complete resolution of lidding without intervention.

A rapid prototyping approach for custom training of autologous ear reconstruction

Autologous ear reconstruction is the preferred treatment in case of partial or total absence of the patient external ear. This kind of surgery can be really challenging since precise replication of complex three-dimensional structure of the ear is crucial to provide the patients with aesthetically consistent reconstructed anatomy. Therefore, the results strongly depends on the “artistic skills” of the surgeon who is in charge to carry out a three-dimensional sculpture, which resembles the shape of a normal ear. In this context, the definition of a preoperative planning and simulation process based on the patient's specific anatomy may help the surgeon in speeding up the ear reconstruction process and, at the same time, to obtain better results, thus allowing a superior surgical outcome. In the present work the main required features for performing an effective simulation of the ear reconstruction are identified and a strategy for their interactive design and customization is devised with the perspective of a semi-automatization of the procedure. In detail, the paper provides a framework which start from the acquisition of 3D data from both a healthy ear of the patient (or, if not available e.g. due to bilateral microtia of the ear of one of his parents or from a template) and of costal cartilage. Acquired 3D data are properly processed to define the anatomical elements of the ear and to find, using nesting-based algorithms, the costal cartilage portions to be used for carving the ear itself. Finally, 3D printing is used to create a mockup of the ear elements and a prototype of the ear to be reconstructed is created. Validated on a test case, the devised procedure demonstrate its effectiveness.

The quantification of head-related transfer function’s dependency on anthropometric features

The work quantifies the anthropometric dependency of the head-related transfer functions(HRTFs). The human body modifies the soundwaves while traveling to the ear canal from different spatial locations, and the HRTF defines the transformation. The peaks and notches in the HRTF magnitude spectrum, generated by the complex asymmetrical shape of the outer ear (pinna), are essential for sound localization in the elevation plane. However, the anthropometric dependency of HRTF is not well quantified in the literature. The huge experimental cost of conventional HRTF measurement methods is a hurdle in these studies. To overcome this, distance-dependent HRTFs have been evaluated using the finite element-based computational tool on surface meshes of the human upper body with different pinnae. The size and interaural position of the pinna were altered, and various HRTF simulations were carried out in the study. The frequency shift of the spectral peaks and notches in the magnitude spectrum was examined to understand its anthropometric dependency. The dependency of HRTF on human anthropometric features was appraised in the proposed work. It can be beneficial in predicting personalized HRTF according to the size and interaural position of the subject’s pinna.

Analysis of the curative effect of a domestic ear orthosis system in the treatment of congenital auricle deformity

ObjectiveTo evaluate the therapeutic effect and determinants of jingle ear orthosis in the correction of infant ear malformation and to evaluate its clinical application value. MethodsIn this retrospective study, 156 patients with 233 ears who had used the beautiful ear orthosis system in Jiangxi Province in the last 3 years were included. The patients were grouped according to age at initial correction, sex, and type of deformity, and data on duration and age of orthotic use and complications were obtained. ResultsWe studied 156 paediatric cases with 233 ear deformities, 79 of which were single-ear deformities. In total, 77 cases had an ear shape deformity, and an implicit ear was the most common deformity. For a good therapeutic effect evaluation standard above 96.57%, the mean duration of follow-up was 1 month. The initial correction age was an important factor in the correction effect while gender had no obvious influence. The difference in the mean wearing time was not statistically significant (p = 0.233, p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the ratio of correcting effects between the 6 types of deformities that were excellent or good (p = 0.086, p > 0.05). ConclusionsDomestic auricle orthosis is an effective nonsurgical treatment for ear malformation. The correction effect is related to the initial correction age. The younger the child is, the better the treatment effect is, and the shorter the treatment time is. Complications are common in older infants. Therefore, prompt non-surgical correction performed can improve the effective rate of treatment.

Genome-Wide Assessment of Runs of Homozygosity and Estimates of Genomic Inbreeding in a Chinese Composite Pig Breed.

The primary purpose of the current study was to assess the genetic diversity, runs of homozygosity (ROH) and ROH islands in a Chinese composite pig and explore hotspot regions for traces of selection. First, we estimated the length, number, and frequency of ROH in 262 Xidu black pigs using the Porcine SNP50 BeadChip and compared the estimates of inbreeding coefficients, which were calculated based on ROHs (FROH) and homozygosity (FHOM). Our result shows that a total of 7,248 ROH exceeding 1Mb were detected in 262 pigs. In addition, Sus scrofa chromosome (SSC) 8 and SSC10, respectively, has the highest and lowest chromosome coverage by ROH. These results suggest that inbreeding estimation based on total ROH may be a useful method, especially for crossbreed or composite populations. We also calculated an inbreeding coefficient of 0.077 from the total ROH. Eight ROH islands were found in this study. These ROH islands harbored genes associated with fat deposition, muscular development, reproduction, ear shape, and adaptation, such as TRAF7, IGFBP7, XPO1, SLC26A8, PPARD, and OR1F1. These findings may help to understand the effects of environmental and artificial selection on the genome structure of composite pigs. Our results provide a basis for subsequent genomic selection (GS), and provides a reference for the hybrid utilization of other pig breeds.