Ear Mange Research Articles

Selamectin Spot-on: A Cure for Scabies in Rabbits

Introduction: Mange in rabbits is a highly contagious zoonotic disease. The disease is caused mainly by Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes cuniculi, Cheyletiella parasitovorax, and Notoedres cati. The most common forms of this disease in rabbits are body and ear mange. Mites infest animals through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated. Case report: An 8-month-old non-descript female rabbit weighing about 700 g was presented to the Teaching Veterinary clinical complex, Mettupalayam, Puducherry, India, with a history of scratching, pruritus and dried crusty lesions on the margins of the ears, snout, around the eyes and legs and patchy hair loss for the past 15 days. Rectal temperature was 38.4°C, heart rate was 210 bpm, respiratory rate was 40 breaths/minute, and the color of the conjunctival mucous membrane was pink. Other signs included inappetence with normal voiding habits and a thin body condition. The collected skin scraping from the affected areas was examined under the microscope with a 10x objective lens, confirming the presence of live motile Sarcoptes spp. Mite species could be determined through the morphological characteristics (adult mites are nearly circular with short legs, and the third and fourth pairs do not project beyond the margin of the body with terminal anus) under the microscopic examination of the skin scrapings. Therefore, 6% selamectin was applied topically on a single spot at the base of the neck. Supportive therapy with multivitamin (vitamin A, D3, E, B12) drops was given orally at 1 ml per day. Conclusion: The rabbit responded well to the treatments within 2 weeks.

Mange in Rabbits: An Ectoparasitic Disease with a Zoonotic Potential.

Mange in rabbits is a very important parasitic disease causing high losses. The disease is caused mainly by Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes cuniculi, Cheyletiella parasitovorax, and Notoedres cati. Body mange and ear mange are the most common forms of this disease in rabbits. Animals can get mite infestation through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated fomites. This infestation is characterized by zoonotic nature and public health burden. The skin affection is characterized by pruritus, alopecia, severe cachexia, and sometimes death. Infestation is diagnosed mainly by skin scraping and microscopic examination. Control measures mainly depend on the use of different types of systemic and topical acaricides and the use of natural products and supportive elements. Vaccine is not commercially available and is still under investigation. Accordingly, this review article was designed to shed the light on the mange disease in rabbits in terms of mite's infestation and susceptibility, clinical manifestations, zoonosis, diagnosis, and control strategies.

Arachnoentomoses of domestic carnivores and effectiveness of insacar total in dogs otodectosis

The research analyzes the epizootological features of arachnomyioses of domestic carnivores of different species on the territory of cities in the Middle Volga region. With varying degrees of extensive invasion, this group of diseases consisted of sarcoptic mange of dogs, ear mange of dogs and cats, demodecosis of dogs, notoedric mange of cats and aphanipterosis of animals. The authors studied the seasonal, age and breed dynamics of sarcoptic mange of dogs, notoedric mange of cats, demodectic mange of dogs and aphanipterosis of cats. The authors established the peaks of invasion in arachnomyioses of various species of domestic carnivores, identified the most vulnerable age groups of animals to diseases. The analysis of the breed predisposition of animals to this group of diseases and the distribution of sick animals by sex was carried out. It is established that arachnomyioses are characterized by regional epizootological features. A new drug Insakar Total C, developed by the staff of FGBNU FNC VIEV RAS (Moscow) for ear mange of dogs, was tested. The research was carried out on dogs of the shelter for homeless animals "Paw of Help" at the Ulyanovsk SAU. During the test, it was found that Insakar Total C shows 100% therapeutic effectiveness in ear mange of dogs of moderate severity. The use of the drug, according to the instructions and instructions, completely frees sick animals from ticks- ear mange. The research was carried out with the grant support of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.

A Comparative pharmacological study on moxidectin and propolis ointment in rabbits naturally infested with Psoroptes cuniculi

Ear mange is an annoying problem for all animal breeders including rabbit's breeders. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of moxidectin and 10% propolis ointment on rabbits infested with Psoroptes cuniculi with especial reference to some related biochemical parameters diagnostic and prognostic value. For this purpose, a total of thirty-two rabbits: 8 non-infested rabbits (control group (CG) and 24 naturally infested rabbits were used. Infested rabbits were equally divided into three groups: 1st group remained without treatment (diseased group (DG)), 2nd group was treated with moxidectin ((0.2 mg/kg body weight) S/C (MG)). Propolis ointment (10%) was applied topically to rabbits of the 3rd group (PG) once daily. Ear scrapes and blood samples were taken on 0, 7, 14 and 21 days. The ear scraping was examined microscopically and the biochemical parameters were estimated and statistically analyzed. The results cleared that moxidectin achieved the complete healing (14th day) faster than propolis ointment (21st day), but MG suffered from a significant (P<0.05) hypoalbuminemia, increased liver and kidney function tests and cortisol levels when compared to PG. Liver and kidney function tests and cortisol yielded good values of the area under the curve, sensitivity%, specificity%, likelihood ratio, PPV%, NPV%, accuracy rate% in DG, MG (except creatinine) and PG. The study concluded that propolis had a prominent antipsoroptic effect without inducing hepatic or renal toxicity. Liver and kidney function tests and cortisol may be useful markers for rabbit mange diagnosis and prognosis and following up its treatment.

Therapeutic management of Dermatosis in Rabbits

Psoroptic mange occurs in the ears of domestic and wild animals, particularly in the ears of rabbits. It is caused by Psoroptes cuniculi (Darzi and Samuel, 2001, Bhardwaj et al., 2012). It is a common parasitic disease problem in both pet and commercial rabbits. These ear mites do not burrow, they feed on skin tissue, which irritates the skin and causes lesions and subsequently produces the scabs which protect the mites from the environment and shield them from removal by the animal when it scratches. In India with hot and humid climate, the incidence of the skin infections especially mange in the rabbits is very high (Aulakh et al ., 2003). Mange leads to listlessness, anorexia, emaciation complication of middle or inner ear, wry neck and deaths resulting in considerable economic losses (Ravindran et al ., 2000). Ivermectin is used as a broad spectrum parasiticide in domestic animals and is also recommended for treatment of ear mange in rabbits. Several studies have been conducted on the dose levels and duration of parentral administration of ivermectin in rabbits affected with ear mange (Fajimi et al ., 2002, Jana et al .,2004, Hansen et al. ,2005, Panigrahi and Gupta, 2013). The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of parentral administration followed by oral administration of ivermectin against Psoroptic

Sustained release ivermectin-loaded solid lipid dispersion for subcutaneous delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

This work aimed to develop a sustained release solid dispersion of ivermectin (IVM-SD) in a lipid matrix (hydrogenated castor oil, HCO) for subcutaneous delivery. Solvent-melting technology was employed to prepare IVM-SDs using HCO. The physicochemical properties of the IVM-SDs were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The release of IVM from IVM-SDs was evaluated with HPLC in vitro. Pharmacokinetics of IVM was studied in rabbits following a single subcutaneous administration of IVM-SD formulations. The efficacy of IVM-SD against the ear mange mite was evaluated in rabbits. IVM was completely dispersed in HCO in an amorphous state at a drug:carrier ratio lower than 1:3. No chemical interactions between drug and carrier were found besides hydrogen bonding for the amorphous IVM-SDs. The amorphous IVM-SDs formulations exhibited a sustained release of IVM versus physical mixtures (PMs) of IVM and HCO. The drug release decreased as the drug:carrier ratios decreased, and the release kinetics of IVM were controlled via diffusion. Cytotoxicity of IVM-SD to MDCK cells was lower than native IVM. The IVM plasma concentration of SD1:3 remained above 1 ng/mL for 49 d. Higher AUC, MRT, and Tmax values were obtained at a SD1:3 relative to the IVM group. The IVM-SD improved almost 1.1-fold bioavailability of drug compared with IVM in rabbits. IVM-SD could provide longer persistence against rabbit’s ear mites than a commercial IVM injection. This study shows that these solid lipid dispersions are a promising approach for the development of subcutaneous IVM formulations.

Ear Mange Mites (Notoedres muris) in Black and Norway Rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) from Inner-City Vancouver, Canada

The ear mange mite, Notoedres muris (Astigmata: Sarcoptidae), is a parasitic burrowing mite of black and Norway rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus), which causes a proliferative dermatitis primarily affecting the ears. We characterize the ecology of N. muris in a group of black and Norway rats trapped in an inner-city area of Vancouver, Canada. Rats (n = 725) were trapped for 1 yr (September 2011-August 2012) in 43 city blocks (0.82 km(2)) and one property (0.03 km(2)) within an international shipping port at the northern border of the study area. Mite infestation was diagnosed in 15 of 32 rats (47%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.9-53.6%) trapped in a large indoor facility at the port property. No affected animals were identified outside this facility, either within the port property or in any of the blocks under study. There was a positive relationship between infestation and both weight and nose-to-rump length (proxies for age), suggesting transmission through intraspecific social contact within colonies. This is the first report of N. muris in Canada. The focal distribution of N. muris at the port may reflect an importation event.

EFFECT OF IVERMECTIN AGAINST EAR MANGE MITE (Psoroptes cuniculi) IN NATURALLY INFESTED RABBITS

Thirtv one New Zealand White rabbits, naturally infested with ear mange, were divided into mild, moderate, severely infested and infested-control groups, basad on their mean lesion score. Three animals were maintained as clean-control group. Ivermectin was given subcutaneously to infested rabbits of the 3 first groups, four times at weekly interval, at a dose level of 200µg/kg body weight. The rabbits with mild infestation showed complete recovery with two injections. One rabbit each from moderately and severely infested groups, showed persistence of mild infestation in the form of presence of parasitic eggs till 40th day post treatment. The untreated infested-control animals showed persistence of infestation and clean-control animals remained normal throughout the period of study. lt was concluded that ivermectin can be used safely, as repeated subcutaneous injections at weekly interval at a dose of 200µg/kg 'body weight, for affective control of ear manga in rabbits. The importance of repeated injections of ivennectin to control ear mange in severely infested rabbits has been discussed.

The effect of self-licking behavior on pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin and clinical efficacy against Psoroptes cuniculi in topically administered rabbits

Ear mange mite Psoroptes cuniculi, one of the predominant parasites in rabbits, can cause considerable weight loss, low favorable fee conversion rates, and meningitis. The present experiment was to investigate the difference of plasma disposition and the variation of clinical efficacy under the effect of animal self-licking behavior in topically administered rabbits. Ten rabbits for pharmacokinetic study in two groups (the self-licking and the nonlicking)were topically administered with 1 mg kg(-1) of eprinomectin. In the self-licking group, rabbits were allowed to self-lick freely, while, to prevent self-licking, each animal in the non-licking group was fitted with a pet collar. Compared to the non-licking group, self-licking behavior contributed to an extremely significant shorter half-life of absorption (14.85+/-2.79 h in licking group vs.29.44+/-7.81 h in non-licking group, p<0.01) and an extremely significant higher C(max) value for eprinomectin (21.95+/-5.36 h in licking group vs. 6.98+/-0.72 ng ml(-1) in non-licking group, p<0.01) in plasma disposition. An extremely significantly shorter mean residence time (50.72+/-3.45 h) in self-licking group was also determined compared with the value obtained in non-licking group (106.66+/-7.39 h; p<0.01). Clinical efficacy study of eprinomectin was examined in rabbits naturally infested with P. cuniculi which were randomly allocated in three groups: the self-licking, the non-licking, and control groups. All rabbits in the self-licking and the non-licking groups were treated with topical eprinomectin at a single dose of 2 mg kg(-1) (day 0). Topical eprinomection led to a complete parasitological recovery in both treated groups on day 14 and remained free of live mites and clinical lesions from day 21 to the end of the study period (day 35).

Efficacy of an injectable formulation of eprinomectin against Psoroptes cuniculi, the ear mange mite in rabbits

Thirty rabbits naturally infected with ear mange mite, Psoroptes cuniculi, were subcutaneously administrated with a single dose of eprinomectin at 100, 200 and 300 μg/kg body weight or vehicle on day 0. The extent of lesions was scored on day −6 (prior to treatment), day 0 (treated), days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, the ear scabs were collected simultaneously; mites in scabs were examined and counted. The results showed that a single dose of eprinomectin at 200 or 300 μg/kg body weight following subcutaneous administration was able to eliminate P. cuniculi infection in rabbits, and a dose of eprinomectin at 100 μg/kg could significantly reduce mites but was unable to eliminate P. cuniculi.

A survey of mites on farm animals in Libya.

In 1985-1988, 2287 farm animals (cattle, camels, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, dogs and rabbits) suspected of carrying parasitic mites were examined at 58 farms throughout Libya. Mites were identified on 1303 of these animals. The commonest parasites on cattle were Psoroptes and Chorioptes, on camels and sheep were Sarcoptes and Psoroptes, and on goats were Sarcoptes and Demodex. Infested horses carrier Psoroptes or Chorioptes, and one donkey carried Sarcoptes. Otodectes was common on dogs, but Sarcoptes was rare and no Demodex were seen. Rabbits often had psoroptic ear mange or sarcoptic body mange. Dermanyssus gallinae and Ornithonyssus bursa were seen on chickens, but no mites were found on pigeons, ducks or turkeys.

耳鳴を主訴とした外耳道ダニ寄生症例 ペットブームの警鐘

A female patient had been suffering from intermittent tinnitus for several days. An otomicroscopic examination revealed a small mite moving on the tympanic membrane. The tinnitus increased when the mite was moving around the pars tensa and disappeared when the mite was moving on the surface of the external ear canal. After removal of the mite, the tinnitus disappeared.The mite was identified as Otodectes cynotis, which causes ear mange in dogs and cats. The patient had kept a dog and a cat inside her house for one year as pets. Examination of their ears revealed many Otodectes cynotis in the external ear canals. It was assumed that the patient was infected with Otodectes cynotis from those animals. As far as we know, this is the first case to be reported of a mite on the tympanic membrane. It is important to be concerned about parasite infestation from pet animals.

Effect of ivermectin on the ear mange mite, Psoroptes cuniculi, of rabbits

Rabbits, naturally infected with ear mange mite, Psoroptes cuniculi, were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of ivermectin at 200 μg or 400 μg/kg of body weight. The effect of the drug was evaluated clinically and parasitologically over 4 weeks. The animals in both groups became negative for mites 6 days after treatment and remained so until the end of trial. The ear lesions disappeared in both groups. However, the regression of lesions was faster in rabbits administered 400 μg/kg of ivermectin.

Existence of Otocariasis (Ear Mange) in Goats in India

Existence of Otocariasis (Ear Mange) in Goats in India