EAG States Research Articles

Новые риски финансирования терроризма с использованием криптовалют в странах ЕАГ и СНГ

The article presents new risks of financing terrorism using cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets in the EAG and CIS countries. Based on an in-depth analysis of law enforcement practice and the specifics of the cultural and national diversity of the EAG and CIS states, the author provides relevant ways of financing terrorism that require adequate counteraction.

Role of Demographic and Socio-economic Factors for Influencing on Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services Among the Scheduled Tribe Women: An Experience from the EAG States of India

Role of Demographic and Socio-economic Factors for Influencing on Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services Among the Scheduled Tribe Women: An Experience from the EAG States of India

A Comparative Study of Infant and Under 5 Mortality Rate and Institutional Births of EAG States with Reference to SDG-3 (Target -2): An Analysis of the NFHS (2019-20)

Children and maternal health are the supreme assets of a nation. Because mothers are reproductive or fertile women and children are the future of the nation. Therefore, both play a vital role for the future of the nation. The increase in economic productivity depends upon the health of the residents of any area. As we know that in 1980s, the social development indicators were included in the development indicators. The social development indicator includes health, education, sanitation, hygiene, etc.; in which health and education play a vital role in economic development. Sustainable Development has 17 goals in which SDG- Goal- 3 is related to Health and Well-being. SDG-3 have 13 targets and 28 indicators defined by United Nations like MMR, U5MR, IMR, HIV, suicide rates, life expectancy, etc. in which Out of 13 target, this study is based on SDG Goal – 3.2 (By 2030, end of preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce IMR to at least as low as 12 per 1000 live births instead of NNMR and Under -5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1000 live births) and Institutional birth of EAG States. The EAG states mainly consist of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. This study is focused upon the comparative study among EAG states in terms of Infant and child mortality rate and institutional birth with the help of NFHS.

RURAL- URBAN DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH OUTCOMES IN INDIA: AN INTER STATE ANALYSIS

The present paper provides an overview of rural- urban differences in health outcomes. The study explained the relevance of rural urban variations and deal with the determinants of rural - urban health variation. It tried attempting to examine the rural-urban Differentials across the major states of India. To investigate the rural -urban Differentials for this purpose, Twenty States have been considered. This analysis has been restricted only within child health, therefore only IMR has been taken into account. The study deals with the rural - urban trend in IMR and made a composite index of Health Determinants on the basis of health outcomes variables, by using the principal component analysis for major twenty states of India. It is quite evident that in case of IMAL, there exists much difference between the rural and urban areas in almost all the states. The states which have done well in urban areas have also performed well in rural areas. For the southern states namely Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh have really done well in IMHC, Goa’s performance in this index is also very commendable. As usual, EAG states lag behind the other states in IMHC in both rural and urban areas. KEYWORDS: Rural Urban Health, IMR and Rural Urban variation in Socio-economic variables of health outcome.

Determinants or barriers associated with specific routine check-up in antenatal care in gestational period: A study from EAG states, India

BackgroundFor a long period of time Empowered Action Group States (EAG) of India are cursed with maternal mortality and morbidity. Most of the pregnant women are not acquiescent to receive the routine check-up during Antenatal Care (ANC) and many of them cautiously skip the same. The study aims to explore the obstacle of ANC in women's perspective and their participation in this. MethodsThe study has incorporated most recent fourth round of National Family Health Survey data conducted in 2015–16. Descriptive statistics along with association test and binary logistic regression model have been applied to understand the differential and determinants of ANC. ResultThe behaviour of not taking ANC check-ups (measuring the weight and BP, tested urine and blood sample, taking iron supplements) during pregnancy was significantly higher among women who married in early age (<18 years), had no formal education, belonged to poor socioeconomic status. ConclusionMost of the maternal health issues during the gestational period are associated with socio-economic and demographic aspects and mostly due to unawareness and ignorance of the people. It would be benevolent in increasing awareness and taking the necessary visit to receive the routine check-up in ANC is for the duo mothers and foetus.

Exploratory study on the operational issues faced in collection, transportation, and laboratory testing related to COVID-19 in remote areas of selected EAG states of North East and East India.

Background:COVID-19 ongoing pandemic has proved beyond doubt that all countries in the world from high income to low- and middle-income countries were unprepared with under-diagnosed and underreported losses of precious human lives on already overstretched healthcare delivery infrastructure. Thus, the urgent need of the hour is to understand and identify the operational issues and challenges encountered in the sample collection process and also at the testing labs in order to respond at the earliest. This early and effective response will help not only to address the identified issues in the whole chain of sample collecting to test result communication but also it will help to improve the functioning of the entire system involved in this process.Objectives:The present study was undertaken to identify the issues faced during various steps involved in laboratory testing as part of the COVID-19 control activities in selected remote districts of North East and East India. Further, perceived adequacy of human resources, equipment, diagnostic kits, and other essential consumables including PPEs vis-a-vis the load of samples received from the catchment areas of the testing laboratories were also explored.Methods:The study was a qualitative research using in-depth interview method to collect and collate the data from the chain of personnel involved in sample collection, storage, transportation, and testing by recorded telephonic interview by state-level collaborators as per the study protocol. The respondents were recruited from randomly selected sites of remote districts for sample collection, storage, transportation, and dedicated testing labs in six states of North East and Eastern India. The study findings were analyzed by two-dimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis to get the collective picture involving transcription, preliminary data scrutiny, content analysis, and interpretation of the verbal IDI; classified and summarized by triangulation; free listing and pile sorting of suggestions.Results:The entire laboratory testing related human resources has been working on war-footing round-the-clock to fulfil the expectation of the stakeholders and maintaining high quality despite the ever-increasing load of sample testing in both the public and private sectors. The findings indicated that the healthcare workers from all levels of laboratory diagnosis have taken it as a challenge to control the pandemic even with limitations of logistics to capacity building. Positive suggestions to improve laboratory services were to increase human resources, infrastructure, IT with the robust mechanism of monitoring and supervision.Conclusions:Upgradation of laboratory capacities and expertise in public health has become one of the points of concern to contain the COVID-19 pandemic of the new millennium.

Disparities In Social Development &amp; Status of Women In Bimaru / Eag States Of India

The problem of Regional disparities in the level of economic development is almost universal. Its extent may differ in different economies. But its existence can hardly be challenged seriously in any country of respectable size. The achievement of Empowered Action Group (EAG) states (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand) in the area of social sector indicators have not come up to the desired level. Since Mid 1980’s Ashish Bose ‘BIMARU’still prevailed. The study revealed that overall female literacy has shown strong correlation with indicators of development, means low income persist but amidst all the shortcomings, the female literacy can drag these states on the path of development with a healthy labor force. More emphasis should be laid on female literacy programs so that these states can also be pulled out of abject poverty. Although Government has stated „Beti Padyoo Beti Bachoo“ and Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan/Right To Education, But ground realities are too far from the slogan given by the Government.

Does Maternity Care Expenditure is Catastrophic? A Cross- Sectional Study of Household`s Expenditure on Maternal Health Care Services in EAG States of India

Objectives: The main aim of this study is to analyze the differentials in average expenditure on prenatal,delivery and postnatal care by socio-economic characteristics of households in EAG states and assessmentof the number of households incurred catastrophic health expenditure on maternity care.Method: We have used 71st round of the NSSO data held on June 2014. For the analysis of prenatal care,delivery care, postnatal care, total maternity expenditure and Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) have beentaken as dependent variables and the independent variables have been chosen based on previous studies aswell as socio-economic aspects, especially in EAG states of India. Bivariate analysis and binary logisticmethod have been used for the data analysis.Results: Results shows that MCE is high in urban sector specially in Orissa among all EAG states. We alsofound that Orissa has the maximum number of household that incurred high catastrophic-health-expenditure.Conclusion: We can conclude that women belong to better socio-economic condition spent more moneyon maternity care and incurred high OOPE where is, it is less among women who belong to poor socioeconomiccondition, due to lack of awareness and other socio-economic hurdles

Total Elimination of Causes of Death in EAG and Non-EAG States of India

Total Elimination of Causes of Death in EAG and Non-EAG States of India

Differential in Pattern and Risk Factors of Marital Dissolution Among Better Developed and the Poorly Developed States in India

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to determine the differentials in the prevalence and risk factors of marital dissolution in poorly developed (i.e., empowered action group [EAG]) and better developed (i.e., non-empowered action group [non-EAG]) states in India. Data from the India Human Development Surveys (IHDS) Round 2, conducted in 2011 and 2012 in India, are used for the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis has been carried out. Higher education is related to elevated risks of marital dissolution in EAG states, whereas an inverse relationship is observed in non-EAG states. For EAG and non-EAG states, staying with one’s parents and staying alone without a parent after marriage, working, and residing in urban areas significantly increase the risk of marital disruption for women. Lower marital dissolution risk is observed among women who have at least 1 child in both EAG and non-EAG states.

How far we are from achieving universal health coverage? A situational analysis and way forward for India

Introduction: Universal Health coverage (UHC) is required for fulfilment of Health for All. Currently World Health Organization has proposed indicators for tracing coverage of UHC. This study aimed to find the current status of the UHC in India and Indian States. Material and Methods: Data were collected from the national data portals, national surveys and annual reports of ministry. In case of non-availability, numerator and denominator were used from different sources. Data were entered in to Microsoft excel and analysed using Stata-12. Results: Coverage indicators for Non Communicable diseases and cataract surgery were not available in any national survey or national report of ministry. Coverage of none of the health system indicators were found to be 100%. Few indicators like Skilled attendance at birth, TB cure rate, Preventive chemotherapy against filariasis, access to improved water source had a coverage of 80%. Across the states and union territories the coverage was variable but no significant difference was observed between the EAG and Non EAG states. Very few states have achieved the minimum coverage of 80% in various coverage indicators. Conclusion: There is non-availability of some data and some data were collected in duplication. Because of the lack of data, it is not yet possible to compare the UHC service coverage index across key dimensions of inequality. Until these data gaps are overcome, inequalities in service coverage cannot be assessed.

A Comparative Study of Literacy Status between Eag and Non-Eag States of India with Special Reference to Eag States (2001-2011)

Literacy is considered as one of the key foundation stones for any development process in the society. It increases the capabilities of individuals, families and communities to access health, educational, political, economic and cultural opportunities and services. This study deals with the literacy status of Empowered Action Group (EAG) States of India. It highlights the gender disparity in literacy, rural-urban differential in literacy and literacy differential among the various social groups in EAG as well as Non-EAG States. It also examines the district level literacy variations especially in EAG States. The study uses the Census data of 2001 and 2011 to fulfil the objectives. It finds that though the disparity in literacy rates between EAG and Non-EAG States is still substantial, between 2001 and 2011 the growth of literacy rate,especiallyin rural areas, is found to be much higher in EAG States than Non-EAG States. More importantly, between 2001 and 2011, gender disparity in literacy rate has decreased in both EAG and Non-EAG States.

Study on Child Mortality Determinants in EAG States and Assam

Study on Child Mortality Determinants in EAG States and Assam

Frequency and Timing of Antenatal Care Visits and Its Impact on Neonatal Mortality in EAG States of India

The study aims to examine the association between frequency of antenatal care visits and neonatal mortality in EAG states and to explore the relationship between the timing of first antenatal care visit in the trimester and neonatal mortality in EAG states of India. The study uses data from the third round of National Family Health Survey NFHS-3. The timing of the first antenatal visit and the relative number of ANC visits received by the women is studied separately. Logistic regression is applied to find an association between continuity, the timing of ANC received and neonatal birth outcome. Results explain significant association between mothers receiving ANC 4-9 visits had experienced a lower risk of neonatal mortality. Mothers who received antenatal care visit from the first trimester experienced lest pregnancy outcomes and neonatal deaths.

Socioeconomic and regional disparities in safe delivery in India (1990-2006)

Background: Giving birth to a child is not only a strain for the body, but it also puts the woman’s health at risk. Globally, nearly 300,000 thousand women die each year as a result of pregnancy related complications. India, with a population of more than 1.21 billion, has the highest maternal mortality in the world (estimated to be 56000 in 2010). Addressing the maternity care needs of women may have considerable ramifications for achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG)-5. The proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (safe delivery) is one of the main indicators used to monitor progress in reaching MDG 5. The main objective of this study was to the traces the changes in utilization patterns and determinants of safe delivery care services by women in India, during last one and half decade, 1990-2006. Methods: Data from three rounds of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), known as the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India were analyzed. Bivariate and multivariate-pooled logistic regression model were applied to assessing the trends and determinants of safe delivery care services utilization, over one and half decade, 1990-2006 and also fit models stratified by survey periods and with interactions among key socioeconomic predictors to show the extent of disparity in the utilization of safe delivery care services among women belonging to different socioeconomic strata. Results: The results from analysis indicate that the coverage of safe delivery has increased from 34 percent to 50 percent during the last one and half decade. Overall, it can be said that, there was an improvement in the level of safe deliveries over the period of time. This improvement was somewhere very marginal, but somewhere very pronounced too. The results shows those women’s education, husband’s education, religion, caste, mass media exposure, birth order and interval, wealth quintile and region of residence were found to be statistically significant determinants in the utilization of safe delivery care services. Women from the Southern region utilizing the highest safe delivery care services compared to other regions. Conclusions: The region specific inequalities, which were greater than the socioeconomic inequalities, may be reduced by expanding outreach health programs to bring services closer to the disadvantaged. Promoting the use of family planning, female education, targeting vulnerable groups such as poor, illiterate, high parity women, involving media and grass root level workers and collaboration between community leaders and health care system could be some important policy level interventions to address the unmet need of safe delivery care services among women. Maternity programmes should be designed keeping in mind the socioeconomic and geographically context, especially women who belongs to EAG states, India.

Do Physical Proximity and Availability of Adequate Infrastructure at Public Health Facility Increase Institutional Delivery? A Three Level Hierarchical Model Approach.

This study aims to examine the inter-district and inter-village variation of utilization of health services for institutional births in EAG states in presence of rural health program and availability of infrastructures. District Level Household Survey-III (2007–08) data on delivery care and facility information was used for the purpose. Bivariate results examined the utilization pattern by states in presence of correlates of women related while a three-level hierarchical multilevel model illustrates the effect of accessibility, availability of health facility and community health program variables on the utilization of health services for institutional births. The study found a satisfactory improvement in state Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, importantly, in Bihar and Uttaranchal. The study showed that increasing distance from health facility discouraged institutional births and there was a rapid decline of more than 50% for institutional delivery as the distance to public health facility exceeded 10 km. Additionally, skilled female health worker (ANM) and observed improved public health facility led to significantly increase the probability of utilization as compared to non-skilled ANM and not-improved health centers. Adequacy of essential equipment/laboratory services required for maternal care significantly encouraged deliveries at public health facility. District/village variables neighborhood poverty was negatively related to institutional delivery while higher education levels in the village and women’s residing in more urbanized districts increased the utilization. “Inter-district” variation was 14 percent whereas “between-villages” variation for the utilization was 11 percent variation once controlled for all the three-level variables in the model. This study suggests that the mere availability of health facilities is necessary but not sufficient condition to promote utilization until the quality of service is inadequate and inaccessible considering the inter-districts variation for the program implementation.

Extent of Anaemia among Preschool Children in EAG States, India: A Challenge to Policy Makers.

Background. India is the highest contributor to child anemia. About 89 million children in India are anemic. The study determines the factors that contributed to child anemia and examines the role of the existing programs in reducing the prevalence of child anemia particularly in the EAG states. Methods. The data from the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) is used. Simple bivariate and multinomial logistics regression analyses are used. Results. About 70% children are anemic in all the EAG states. The prevalence of severe anemia is the highest (6.7%) in Rajasthan followed by Uttar Pradesh (3.6%) and Madhya Pradesh (3.4%). Children aged 12 to 17 months are significantly seven times (RR = 7.99, P < 0.001) more likely to be severely anemic compared to children of 36 to 59 months. Children of severely anemic mothers are also found to be more severely anemic (RR = 15.97, P < 0.001) than the children of not anemic mothers. Conclusions. The study reveals that the existing government program fails to control anemia among preschool children in the backward states of India. Therefore, there is an urgent need for monitoring of program in regular interval, particularly for EAG states to reduce the prevalence of anemia among preschool children.

Public Spending on Health and Childhood Mortality in India

The present study attempts to investigate the association between public spending on health and childhood mortality in India; using time-series cross-sectional data from various government sources for the period 1985-2009. Infant and child (age 1 to 4 years) mortality rates were used as the indicators for childhood mortality. Ordinary least squares, generalized least squares and fixed effects regression models were used to investigate the association between public spending on health and childhood mortality. The findings suggest insignificant association between public spending on health and childhood mortality both at the country level and for the EAG states. On the contrary, per capita state income and female literacy were significantly associated with improved childhood survival. Percentage of the population living below the poverty line was significantly associated with infant and child mortality only in the EAG states. The findings call for a number of other measures along with increased public spending on health to reduce infant and child mortality in India.

Influence of mothers′ chronic energy deficiency on the nutritional status of preschool children in Empowered Action Group states in India

Introduction: Malnutrition not only blights the lives of individuals and families, but also acts as a major barrier to social and economic progress In India, particularly in the EAG states. Under this backdrop, this study aims to assess degree of chronic energy deficiency and its determinants and to investigate the impact of low BMI of women on children's health status. Materials and Methods: Data drawn from the National Family Health Survey-III, conducted 2005-06, from Empowered Action Group (EGA) states. A multiple linear regression analysis was done to see the relation between CED status of women and different socioeconomic factors and to find out the influence of CED on children's health status. Results: The 20th century witnessed a significant proportion of overweight and obese individuals coexist with the undernourished in many developing countries however the EAG states experiencing high prevalence of under-nutrition (34percent) and low incidence of overweight (13percent). Jharkhand, Bihar and Chhattisgarh reported significantly higher profession of chronic energy deficiency than the rest of the EAG states. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analyses show that age of women, place of residence, caste, women's education, and wealth index are significantly associated with underweight. The chronic energy deficiency women produce more number of anaemic children than the counterparts. Around forty percent of the low weight babies are born to the chronic energy deficit women. Conclusion: The burden of chronic energy deficiency indicates that there is a need for special public health programs that are able to address chronic energy deficiency.

Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in Rural Empowered Action Group States in India: An Application of Cox Frailty Model

In India there has been a decline in overall under-five mortality, with some states still showing very high mortality rates. It is argued that there is family clustering in mortality among children aged <5 years. We explored the effects of programmable (proximate) determinants on under-five mortality by accounting for family-level clustering and adjusting for background variables using Cox frailty model in rural Empowered Action Group states (EAG) in India and compared results with standard models. Analysis included 13,785 live births that occurred five years preceding the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-06). The Cox frailty model and the traditional Cox proportional hazards models were used. The Cox frailty model showed that mother's age at birth, place of delivery, sex of the baby, composite variable of birth order and birth interval, baby size at birth, and breastfeeding were significant determinants of under-five mortality, after adjusting for the familial frailty effect. The hazard ratio was 1.41 (95% CI=1.14-1.75) for children born to mothers aged 12-19 years compared to mothers aged 20-30 years, 1.42 (95% CI=1.12-1.79) for small-sized than average-sized babies at birth, and 102 (95% CI=81-128) for non-breastfed than breastfed babies. Children had significantly lower mortality risks in the richest than poorest wealth quintile. The familial frailty effect was 2.86 in the rural EAG states. The hazard ratios for the determinants in all the three models were similar except the death of a previous child variable in the Cox frailty model, which had the highest R2 and lowest log-likelihood. While planning for the child survival program in rural EAG states, parental competence which explains the unobserved familial effect needs to be considered along with significant programmable determinants. The frailty models that provide statistically valid estimates of the covariate effects are recommended, when observations are correlated.