E-voting Application Research Articles

Penerapan Advance Encryption Standart dalam Pengamanan Elektronik Voting

E-Voting is an election that uses information technology facilities as well as electronic devices where part or all of the process is done digitally. The electoral process by means of E-voting can help the counting process faster and costs less than the conventional electoral process. However, this electronic-based election is prone to manipulation, therefore it requires protection of the system. In this study, AES and CSRF algorithms were implemented to increase security in the E-Voting application. The election is limited to the election of the executive mayor / regent. This study uses Acunetix software to test the level of security. In testing, four versions of the website were made, namely: the website without AES and CSRF, the website only with AES, the website only CSRF and the website using AES and CSRF. The test results on the website with AES and CSRF show a satisfactory increase in security, only one medium level application vulnerability warning and two low level application vulnerability warnings. Test results with Acunetix on websites without AES and CSRF received seven medium warnings and eleven low warnings. The CSRF test results only get two low warnings but the number of data scans is only a few. The AES test results only get four medium warnings and one warning. Thus, the application of the AES algorithm can increase the level of security of the E-Voting system

RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI E-VOTING KETUA OSIS DI SMA PGRI 1 KOTA SERANG

The purpose of design is to develop an e-voting application for election of student council (OSIS) chairman in SMA PGRI 1 Kota Serang. The application will help optimize the process of selecting OSIS chairman through website-based e-voting so as to minimize the risk of errors in calculation of voting results due to human errors. The application design used Waterfall method so that it is easier to develop and use UML (Unified Modeling Language) for visual system modeling. This applicatio.n is developed using PHP programming language, MySQL database and CodeIgniter framework. The process of selecting OSIS chairman is carried out through the application by accessing the URL link and logging in with National Student ID Number (NISN) as the username and password, it will be given by OSIS coach at the time of election. Vote process by clicking the vote button, the number of voting votes that have been given will enter the voting results menu. If the student has already voted, the vote button will be hidden so that students cannot vote twice. This application also applies the Naïve Bayes algorithm to the e-voting application of OSIS chairman, using the probability formula, which is the number of students who choose candidates divided by all students per class. The voting results are obtained from the number of votes of voters who have voted. With the e-voting application, election of OSIS chairman becomes more effective and efficient than conventional or manual voting using paper.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN E-VOTING DALAM PEMILIHAN KEPALA DESA DI KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT

This research intended to explain the implementation of e-voting policy on the head of the village election at Mempawah Region Kalimantan Barat. The election was done for twice occasions, at 2017 and 2018. Purpose of the research was to describe and analyze the implementation process of e-voting policy on the head of the village election at Mempawah Region Kalimantan Barat. The research method in this paper was using qualitative methods with descriptive technique. In order to gain information on the implementation process of e-voting policy on the head of the village at Mempawah Region, Kalimantan Barat. Charles O. Jones (1996: 296) theory stated that the implementation process of e-voting policy was based on three pillars, which are the organization, interpretation, and application. We found that there were some obstacles in implementing e-voting policy, such as the lack of electronic facilities quantity and quality that supported the policy, there were also a lot of people which has not been registered in the e-voting application, and some negatives perception of the e-voting process. Researchers have several recommendations to overcome the problems. First, the government should do socialization on the e-voting election. Second, an improvement in the e-voting system especially on the issue of the person with disabilities. Third, evaluate the regulation. Lastly, increase the coordination among stakeholders within bureaucracy and village staff in order to have a better database of the elector.

Computational Intelligence Approach for Municipal Council Elections Using Blockchain

Blockchain is an innovative technology that disrupts different industries and offers decentralized, secure, and immutable platforms. Its first appearance is connected with monetary cryptocurrency transactions, followed by adaptation in several domains. We believe that blockchain can provide a reliable environment by utilizing its unique characteristics to offer a more secure, costless, and robust mechanism suitable for a voting application. Although the technology has captured the interest of governments worldwide, blockchain as a service is still limited due to lack of application development experience, technology complexity, and absence of standardized design, architecture, and best practices. Therefore, this study aims to build an imperial example for a blockchain electronic voting (e-voting) application using digital identity management for fulfilling immutable, transparent, and secure distributed blockchain features. The paper reviews the current types of e-voting systems and discusses the standard processes. We propose a conceptual design for a blockchain providing a digital identity management service to secure the e-voting application results. The blockchain development process implemented in this study follows the Proof of Concept to verify the e-voting application’s function for illustrating the architecture and description of the application’s business process model. The development is based on the Ethereum platform, which allows the implementation of the Proof of Work consensus algorithm. The developed e-voting application saves time, requires fewer processes, and results in higher accuracy, more transparency, considerable voters’ privacy, and accountable system management. We expect that the e-voting blockchain application will impact governmental processes during the election, reduce spending, support digital transformation, and ensure fairness of results.

On the Design and Implementation of a Blockchain Enabled E-Voting Application Within IoT-Oriented Smart Cities

A smart city refers to an intelligent environment obtained by deploying all available resources and recent technologies in a coordinated and smart manner. Intelligent sensors (Internet of Things (IoT) devices) along with 5G technology working mutually are steadily becoming more pervasive and accomplish users’ desires more effectively. Among a variety of IoT use cases, e-voting is a considerable application of IoT that relegates it to the next phase in the growth of technologies related to smart cities. In conventional applications, all the devices are often assumed to be cooperative and trusted. However, in practice, devices may be disrupted by the intruders to behave maliciously with the aim of degradation of the network services. Therefore, the privacy and security flaws in the e-voting systems in particular lead to a huge problem where intruders may perform a number of frauds for rigging the polls. Thus, the potential challenge is to distinguish the legitimate IoT devices from the malicious ones by computing their trust values through social optimizer in order to establish a legitimate communication environment. Further, in order to prevent from future modifications of data captured by smart devices, a Blockchain is maintained where blocks of all legitimate IoT devices are recorded. This article has introduced a secure and transparent e-voting mechanism through IoT devices using Blockchain technology with the aim of detecting and resolving the various threats caused by an intruder at various levels. Further, in order to validate the proposed mechanism, it is analyzed against various security parameters such as message alteration, Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack and authentication delay.

SEVA: Secure E-Voting Application in Cyber Physical System

ABSTRACT Election is the right of every citizen. The exercise of this right through the election is a very expensive mechanism. The people of the constituency, where the elections are to be held, are usually given a day off, so that they can vote. But still many people do not vote. To overcome this problem, an application: ”SEVA: Secure E-Voting Application” in Cyber Physical System is hereby proposed which gives the voters the ability to cast their votes over the web from any remote location of the world. The proposed application deployed on the cloud has been designed and developed using cutting edge technologies like Azure Service Fabric using Microservice architecture. The application is deployed on the Five-Node cluster using Server Fabric Local Cluster for demonstration.

Creating a technical architecture framework for m-voting application

South Africa’s general election of 2019 posed many challenges, some of which threatened the credibility of its result, and the entire election process. Some of the challenges were multiple voting, many hours of queuing, which led to fatigue, and a significant decline in the number of voters owing to the limited timeframe. These factors heighten the need for m-voting as an alternative or complementary method of voting in the country. Owing to similar challenges, many studies have been conducted, which consequently focused on development and strengthening of security features of e-voting and m-voting applications. However, many countries, including South Africa are not deploying the applications because of their complex nature, such as not being able to trace and track its components. The complexity is attributed to the lack of an architecture framework. This paper presents a technical architecture framework, to support and guide the development and implementation of m-voting applications, to possibly eradicate complexity and enhance the electoral process in South Africa. The outcome of this study was based on findings from analysis of existing materials and semi-structured interviews, in which the hermeneutics approach was employed.

Empirical analysis of transaction malleability within blockchain-based e-Voting

Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has been used to address a wide range of challenges in diverse domains including voting, logistics, healthcare and finance. Transaction malleability is one of the critical threats for blockchain, which can facilitate double-spending attacks by tampering with the state of a blockchain. This paper investigates the potential of transaction malleability attack within a blockchain-based application (e-voting) with the aim to identify settings which can lead to a successful transaction malleability attack. Therein, we aim to highlight conditions which can cause transaction malleability attack so as to help develop appropriate protection mechanisms. In particular, a successful execution of transaction malleability attack is presented which was conducted on a blockchain testbed hosting an e-voting application. The experiments identified significance of parameters such as network delay and block generation rate to successfully execute transaction malleability attack and have highlighted directions for future research.

Blockchain based E-voting System

The use of technology has become important at this point in helping to meet human needs.Due to the increasing use of technology, new challenges are brought in the process of democracy as most people today don’t trust their governments, making elections is very important in modern democracy . Elections have a great importance in determining who will rule a nation or an organization or it can be said as it is an event that decides the fate of any nation. In modern democracy, elections are very important but large sections of society around the world do not trust their election system which is a major concern for democracy. Even the world’s largest democracies like India, United States, still suffer from a flawed electoral system. Vote rigging, hacking of EVM (Electronic voting machine), election manipulation, and polling booth capturing are the major issues in the current voting system The blockchain is said as emerging, decentralized, and distributed technology that promises to enhance different aspects of many industries. Expanding e-voting into blockchain technology could be the solution to eliminate the present concerns in e-voting system There is no doubt that the ever changing concept of the blockchain, which is the backbone of the famous cryptocurrency Bitcoin has triggered the start of a new era in the Internet and the online services. While most people focus only on bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies; there are in fact, many operations, both administrative and fintech that can only be done online/offline can now safely be moved to the Internet as online services because of immutability of blockchain. What makes blockchain a powerful tool is its smarts contracts and many features which overcomes traditional systems. Smart contracts are meaningful pieces of codes, to be integrated in the blockchain and executed as scheduled in every step of blockchain updates. E-votin, is another trending, yet critical, topic related to the online services. The blockchain with the smart contracts, emerges as a good candidate to use in developments of safer, cheaper, more secure, more transparent, and easier-to-use e-voting systems.Due to its consistency, widespread use, and provision of smart contracts logic, Ethereum and its network is one of the most suitable ones. An e-voting system must be secure, as it should not allow duplicated votes and be fully transparent, while protecting the privacy of the attendees. In this project, we have implemented and tested an e-voting application as a smart contract for the Ethereum network using the Ethereum and the Solidity language.

A Systematic Review of Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain for E-Voting

A blockchain is a distributed, digitized and consensus-based secure information storage mechanism. The present article provides an overview of blockchain based e-voting systems. The primary purpose of this review is to study the up-to-date state of blockchain-based voting research along with associated possible challenges while aiming to forecast future directions. The methodology applied in the review is a systematic review approach. Following an introduction to the basic structure and features of the blockchain in relation to e-voting, we provide a conceptual description of the desired blockchain-based e-voting application. Symmetrical and asymmetrical cryptography improvements play a key role in developing blockchain systems. We have extracted and reviewed 63 research papers from scientific databases that have advised the adoption of the blockchain framework to voting systems. These articles indicate that blockchain-supported voting systems may provide different solutions than traditional e-voting. We classified the main prevailing issues into the five following categories: general, integrity, coin-based, privacy and consensus. As a result of this research, it was determined that blockchain systems can provide solutions to certain problems that prevail in current election systems. On the other hand, privacy protection and transaction speed are most frequently emphasized problems in blockchain applications. Security of remote participation and scalability should be improved for sustainable blockchain based e-voting. It was concluded that frameworks needed enhancements in order to be used in voting systems due to these reservations.

Privacy preserving E-voting cloud system based on ID based encryption

Most of the various sectors in today’s life such as bank, transport, voting, health, electricity, etc., are currently digitalized. In our research paper, we have surveyed the voting system and explored the existing drawbacks of the voting system concerning security and malfunction. The demerits in the existing schemes include less data security, vote modification, man in the middle attack, masquerade attack, denial of service attack, impersonation attack, etc. Such attacks can compromise security and allows attackers to modify the results. To resolve the above-mentioned issues as well as the attacks, this research paper proposes a protocol to overcome security-based issues. In the proposed system, a secure online e-voting system is developed for end-to-end users to avoid misappropriation on the vote during the result publication in India or any other country. The proposed E-Voting Cloud System (ECS) system has three phases: The first phase is the registration phase, the second phase is vote polling, and the third phase is result announcements. In the proposed system, the election commission of India can search and verify the vote data through cloud computing. For a detailed description of our proposed protocol, a cube data storage structure and user differentiated system are first implemented. Based on the cube data structure and user differentiated system model, the proposed protocol helps to store voter data in the cloud with the encrypted model and ECS. Finally, the candidate can decrypt the data using their key. The people can verify the result announced by the ECS. The performance analysis clearly shows that our proposed system is highly secure when compared to the existing system. Using the proposed work, secure data transfer can be performed in an efficient way for online e-voting applications.

Secure and efficient quantum designated verifier signature scheme

A digital signature with designated verifier (SWDV) makes that only the designated verifier can verify its validity. It can be used to protect the privacy and economic interest of the signer. So, the SWDV schemes have many applications in e-voting, auction and some other fields. To make the SWDV secure against the quantum forger, a quantum signature with designated verifier signature (QSWDV) scheme is proposed. Our QSWDV is robust due to its strong security against forgery attack, inter-resending attacks, impersonation attacks and Trojan horse attacks. Its properties such as non-transferability and hiding source can be guaranteed by the signature simulation of the designated verifier. What is more, our scheme can be proved to be information-theoretically secure, which can guarantee the secrecy of the signer’s private key and the unforgeability of the QSWDV. In the proposed QSWDV scheme, the partners neither need use quantum one-way function nor need perform quantum state comparisons, which can reduce the complexity and improve the efficiency the QSWDV scheme.

Secured Aadhar Based E-Voting Application using RSA

The invasion of wireless, mobile phones and various internet technologies has resulted in the new implementation, making the e-voting method very quiet and effective. The E-voting ensures the option of a suitable, simple and secure manner of incarceration and the complete number of votes in an election. This study work offers the e-voting requirements and necessities using a platform based on Android or the internet. E-voting implies voting through electronic devices or websites in the election. An e-voting application is developed using the android or web platform. This request enables the user cast the ballot without going to the polling booth. To prevent fraud respondents using the scheme, the application utilizes adequate authentication steps. Once the polling process is completed in the electronic device, the outcomes can be obtained in a fraction of seconds instantly. All voting counts of applicants are encrypted using RSA and stored in the database to prevent third-party attack and disclosure of outcomes. Upon completion of the meeting, the admin can decrypt the count of votes and publish the outcome and finish the voting process.

An enhanced security mechanism through blockchain for E-polling/counting process using IoT devices

One of the biggest challenges in political mayhem is visible during the election process where no stone is kept unturned in order to gain the power. Further, due to poll violence and waiting in the long queues to cast their votes, numbers of common citizens avoid the voting process completely in order to evade the chaos. In order to reduce these issues or to increase the voting rate, number of smart based or IoT enabled voting applications has been projected by various authors. However, IoT devices can be easily compromised or hacked by the experts (intruders) in order to gain their own access. Therefore, to ensure an enhanced secure and transparent polling process, Blockchain plays a vital role in ensuring the legit votes and their counting without their manipulation in any way. It is also needed in today’s times where the world is available to people in their IoT or smart devices to also give them the opportunity to register their votes hassle free via their smart devices without having to worry about the system getting hacked. Therefore, in this paper, the proposed layout will be based on an enhanced security through Blockchain in E-voting application using IoT devices where the user will create an account with proper verification done via voter id and other biometric methods on a smart device. Every transaction done via this account which in this case will be registering vote will be validated by a miner. The proposed Blockchain mechanism for E-polling using IoT devices is again validated and verified through several parameters such as response time, resource utilization and request processed.

Efficient Ring Signature Scheme Without Random Oracle from Lattices

Among post-quantum alternatives, latticebased cryptography is the most promising one, due to its simple operations, reduction from aver-age-case to worstcase hardness, and supporting of rich functionalities. Ring signature enables a user to sign anonymously on behalf of an adaptively chosen group, and has multiple applications in anonymous e-voting, anonymous authentication, whistle blowing etc. However, most lattice-based ring signature schemes were constructed in the random oracle model from lattice basis delegation and they suffer large verification key sizes as a common disadvantage. This work proposes an efficient ring signature scheme from lattice basis delegation without random oracle based on the extended split-SIS problem, whose security is approximately as hard as the worst-case SIVP problem. Our scheme is proved to be anonymous and existentially unforgeable under latticebased assumptions. Finally, the verification key size is significantly reduced to a small constant, instead of increasing linearly with the number of ring members.

Enhanced Security using Secure Multiparty Computation to E-voting application in cloud

Secure outsourcing of computation on sensitive data is an important topic that has received a lot of attention recently. E-Voting system is interested in method collaboration system to ameliorate the quality of System. Cloud computing is integrating in communication and information technologies in the E-Voting. In fact, the paradigm is to provide the computational resources or result at the end of the services. Further it needs to reveal the voting information result but if faces several challenges in the security it must be overcome without reveal any sensitive data to unauthorized parties. To accomplish this objective, we proposed secure multiparty computation techniques (SMC). The main aim of our work is to use the suitable model for parties to together compute their function based on their inputs without revealing their private inputs. The idea behind is the several collaborate system use to their shared objectives without allow any gathering to information and private information.

A Web e-voting system with a data analysis component

Purpose Currently, electronic election is one of the most popular issues of e-democracy. This has led to the development of applications and several security mechanisms to address such necessity. The problem that arises is that such applications are created either on demand for a specific election process, or experimentally for scientific purposes. The purpose of this study is to present a new e-voting system, called VOTAN. The VOTAN system involves a combination of new features with basic advantages, the implementation as open source software, its modular organization covering the functional requirements of a typical electronic voting system (EVS) and the capability of data analysis of candidates and voters. Design/methodology/approach VOTAN stands for VOTes Analyzer. It is a secure application for the conduct of electronic elections through the internet based on its own security protocol. It also includes a data analysis component which analyzes the election results and investigates the factors that play a crucial role. The major advantages of the system are that it is an open source and includes a data analysis module that can distinguish important variables from the elections and help make predictions for the outcome based on the selected variables. It is a practical solution to the existing e-voting applications and is ideal for small communities such as organizations, universities and chambers. Findings Its main advantage, compared to similar e-voting systems, is the integration of the data analysis component. The analysis of the data produced from elections is considered a critical process to fully comprehend the outcome of the elections and its correlation to specific attributes/variables of the election process. The data analysis module is a unique feature of VOTAN. It facilitates the selection of the most important attributes that influence the outcome of elections and creates a mathematical model to predict the outcome of an election based on the selected attributes. The method used in the module is the LDA. Originality/value The originality of the paper derives from the data analysis component and its security protocol/schema that fulfils several requirements.

Pemanfaatan Analytical Hierarchy Process (Ahp) Pada E-Voting Pemilihan Ketua OSIS

The selection of the head of the intra-school student organization (OSIS) is an annual event that is regularly conducted once a year in schools. Todays the election process applied in schools based on the acquisition of the most votes or called conventional voting. The selection is done using the ballots distributed to the students. Problems that occur in conventional voting are quite a lot of invalid ballots, students do not choose, the cost required is high enough and has a pattern of increased costs each year. In addition, in determining the elected candidates when found the same number of votes often confusion and re-election and result in scattering costs for the selection process. Today's increasingly sophisticated technological developments can be used to overcome problems in the conventional voting process by applying e-voting that has a number of advantages. The purpose of this research is to develop e-voting application in choosing the chairman of OSIS as an alternative way of choosing the chairman of OSIS based on decision-making method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP. The system development method used is extreme programming (XP). The result of this research is the e-voting application of OSIS chairman election.

Analysis and Design of 5O-NICE E-VOTING Applications Based on Android

E-Voting is an online or digital candidate selection method. This method makes it easy for users to make selections because it does not require a paper to become efficient and practical. Integrated STT Nurul Fikri has created an E-Voting system for the head of Bem and Deputy Bem. As time goes by, STT Nurul Fikri wants to develop this method by implementing the NICE program into the E-VOTING application. In this study, the authors discussed the process of analysis and design of the Android-based 5O-NICE E-Voting Application. The authors also collected data from observations and interviews as well as questionnaires. To do the test, the writer uses Blackbox Testing. The results obtained by the author from the analysis and design of this application are to add NICE values ​​to the Integrated STT student Nurul Fikri.

Eye tracking-based behavioral study of users using e-voting systems

In recent years, a set of usability requirements for e-voting systems have been put into place. However, there is not a coherent perception of the exact content and scope of these requirements as yet. Various e-voting applications have been created with this very purpose, but they have not been totally effective due to their ease of usability. In order to find out what the critical issues are regarding usability for these types of applications, this paper carries out a study based on the user’s behavior while using two e-voting systems applications. This study has been carried out using the eye tracking technique through which it was possible to identify two problematic areas that affect their ease of use. With this technique, a visual tracking of the user’s eyes is done in order to analyze qualitatively (gaze and heat maps) and quantitatively (statistical) the different tasks that must be performed by the user. The results show that the applications have issues displaying non-relevant information as well as an absence in the system of specific steps in order to complete the process of voting successfully and avoid user mistakes. According to the above, the perception about the security of the system increases if the information included is clearer and understandable to the user.