Dynamic Fluctuations Research Articles

Interplay of lattice-spin-orbital coupling and Jahn–Teller effect in noncollinear spinel Ti x Mn1−x (Fe y Co1−y )2O4: a neutron diffraction study

Local magnetostructural changes and dynamical spin fluctuations in doubly diluted spinel Ti x Mn1‒x (Fe y Co1‒y )2O4 has been reported by means of neutron diffraction and magnetization studies. Two distinct sets of compositions (i) x(Ti) = 0.20 and y(Fe) = 0.18; (ii) x(Ti) = 0.40 and y(Fe) = 0.435 have been considered for this study. The first compound of equivalent stoichiometry Ti0.20Mn0.80Fe0.36Co1.64O4 exhibits enhanced tetragonal distortion across the ferrimagnetic transition temperature T C = 258 K in comparison to the end compound MnCo2O4 (T C ∼ 180 K) with a characteristic ratio c t/√2a t of 0.99795(8) demonstrating robust lattice-spin-orbital coupling. However, in the second case Ti0.40Mn0.60Fe0.87Co1.13O4 with higher B-site compositions, the presence of Jahn–Teller ions with distinct behavior appears to counterbalance the strong tetragonal distortion thereby ceasing the lattice-spin-orbital coupling. Both the investigated systems show the coexistence of noncollinear antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic components in cubic and tetragonal settings. On the other hand, the dynamical ac-susceptibility, χ ac(T) reveals a cluster spin-glass state with Gabay–Toulouse (GT) like mixed phases behaviour below T C. Such dispersive behaviour appears to be sensitive to the level of octahedral substitution. Further, the field dependence of χ ac(T) follows the weak anisotropic GT-line behaviour with crossover exponent Φ lies in the range 1.38–1.52 on the H–T plane which is in contrast to the B-site Ti substituted MnCo2O4 spinel that appears to follow irreversible non-mean-field AT-line behaviour (Φ ∼ 3 + δ). Finally, the Arrott plots analysis indicates the presence of a pseudo first-order like transition (T < 20 K) which is in consonance with and zero crossover of the magnetic entropy change within the frozen spin-glass regime.

Muon spin relaxation and emergence of disorder-induced unconventional dynamic magnetic fluctuations in Dy2Zr2O7

The disordered pyrochlore oxide Dy2Zr2O7 shows the signatures of field-induced spin freezing with remnant zero-point spin-ice entropy at 5 kOe magnetic field. We have performed zero-field and longitudinal field Muon spin relaxation (µSR) studies on Dy2Zr2O7. Our zero field studies reveal the absence of both long-range ordering and spin freezing down to 62 mK. The µSR relaxation rate exhibits a temperature-independent plateau below 4 K, indicating a dynamic ground state of fluctuating spins similar to the well-known spin ice system Dy2Ti2O7. The low-temperature spin fluctuations persist in the longitudinal field of 20 kOe as well and show unusual field dependence of the relaxation rate, which is uncommon for a spin-liquid system. Our results, combined with the previous studies do not show any evidence of spin ice or spin glass ground state, rather point to a disorder-induced dynamic magnetic ground state in the Dy2Zr2O7 material.

Dynamics of charge fluctuations from asymmetric initial states

Conserved-charge densities are very special observables in quantum many-body systems as, by construction, they encode information about the dynamics. Therefore, their evolution is expected to be of much simpler interpretation than that of generic observables and to return universal information on the state of the system at any given time. Here, we study the dynamics of the fluctuations of conserved U(1) charges in systems that are prepared in charge-asymmetric initial states. We characterize the charge fluctuations in a given subsystem using the full-counting statistics of the truncated charge and the quantum entanglement between the subsystem and the rest resolved to the symmetry sectors of the charge. We show that, even though the initial states considered are homogeneous in space, the charge fluctuations generate an effective inhomogeneity due to the charge-asymmetric nature of the initial states. We use this observation to map the problem into that of charge fluctuations on inhomogeneous, charge-symmetric states and treat it using a recently developed space-time duality approach. Specializing the treatment to interacting integrable systems we combine the space-time duality approach with generalized hydrodynamics to find explicit predictions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The AI revolution: are crypto markets more efficient after ChatGPT 3?

This study examines the efficiency of crypto markets in the context of the AI revolution, focusing on AI-Crypto sectors. By employing the Adjusted Market Inefficiency Magnitude (AMIM) and conducting quantile efficiency and liquidity analyses, we observe dynamic fluctuations in market efficiency across sectors like Generative AI, AI Big Data, Cybersecurity, and Distributed Computing. Our findings reveal that most AI-Crypto sectors present a tendency towards higher efficiency in extreme market conditions. The introduction of ChatGPT 3 significantly enhanced market efficiency, with sectors associated with AI experiencing positive mean returns and increased liquidity. Our results suggest that market efficiency in these sectors is not static but evolves with technological innovations and sector-specific characteristics, in that AI-related sectors are driving the recent market dynamics, with increased liquidity and efficiency observed post-ChatGPT 3 launch. This research extends previous work on crypto market efficiency and explores the incorporation of information in AI tokenized projects, underscoring the transformative impact of AI on the crypto market landscape.

Dual-Emissive Detection of ATP and Hypochlorite Ions for Monitoring Inflammation-Driven Liver Injury In Vitro and In Vivo.

Reactive oxygen species play a pivotal role in liver disease, contributing to severe liver damage and chronic inflammation. In liver injury driven by inflammation, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and hypochlorite ion (ClO-) emerge as novel biomarkers, reflecting mitochondrial dysfunction and amplified oxidative stress, respectively. However, the dynamic fluctuations of ATP and ClO- in hepatocytes and mouse livers remain unclear, and multidetection techniques for these biomarkers are yet to be developed. This study presents RATP-NClO, a dual-channel fluorescent bioprobe capable of synchronously detecting ATP and ClO- ions. RATP-NClO exhibits excellent selectivity and sensitivity for ATP and ClO- ions, demonstrating a dual-channel fluorescence response in a murine hepatocyte cell line. Upon intravenous administration, RATP-NClO reveals synchronized ATP depletion and ClO- amplification in the livers of mice with experimental metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Through a comprehensive analysis of the principal mechanism of the developed bioprobe and the verification of its reliable detection ability in both in vitro and in vivo settings, we propose it as a unique tool for monitoring changes in intracellular ATP and ClO- level. These findings underscore its potential for practical image-based monitoring and functional phenotyping of MASH pathogenesis.

Resilience and sustainability: Engineering solutions in disaster‐affected real estate markets

AbstractNatural disasters such as cyclones, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and so on, have a profound influence on real estate. It often results in fluctuations in property values, demand dynamics, and development patterns within affected regions. Reconstruction efforts following natural disasters are critical for restoring property values in affected areas. This study aims to analyze the complex relationship between natural disasters and their effects on real estate trends and examines the role of engineering practices in post‐disaster reconstructions. The data for this investigation was gathered from 411 participants including disaster management experts, real estate professionals, and engineers, and SPSS was exploited to analyze it. The findings identified that natural disasters strongly affect the trends in the real estate market and lead to modifications in the values, demand, and development patterns of properties. The analysis reveals that the use of engineering practices in reconstruction efforts leads to improved structural resilience and long‐term sustainability in disaster‐affected real estate. The novelty of this study lies in the exploration of how natural disasters impact real estate trends and the innovative engineering practices employed in post‐disaster reconstructions, providing insight into crucial strategies for disaster‐resilient real estate development. The result identified that the use of engineering practices in reconstruction positively affects property demand as buyers seek resilient and safe real estate options. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that stringent government policies promote disaster‐resilient real estate development and reconstruction.

Dynamical phase transition in models that couple chromatin folding with histone modifications.

Genomic regions can acquire heritable epigenetic states through unique histone modifications, which lead to stable gene expression patterns without altering the underlying DNA sequence. However, the relationship between chromatin conformational dynamics and epigenetic stability is poorly understood. In this paper, we propose kinetic models to investigate the dynamic fluctuations of histone modifications and the spatial interactions between nucleosomes. Our model explicitly incorporates the influence of chemical modifications on the structural stability of chromatin and the contribution of chromatin contacts to the cooperative nature of chemical reactions. Through stochastic simulations and analytical theory, we have discovered distinct steady-state outcomes in different kinetic regimes, resembling a dynamical phase transition. Importantly, we have validated that the emergence of this transition, which occurs on biologically relevant timescales, is robust against variations in model design and parameters. Our findings suggest that the viscoelastic properties of chromatin and the timescale at which it transitions from a gel-like to a liquidlike state significantly impact dynamic processes that occur along the one-dimensional DNA sequence.

Measurement and prediction of road traffic noise at different floor levels of buildings in a mid-sized Indian city

It is widely accepted that residents of high-rise buildings located beside roads are inevitably exposed to significant levels of noise pollution due to traffic operation. This study aims to unveil crucial insights into the dynamic fluctuations of noise levels within the vertical dimensions of high-rise buildings nestled amidst the bustling streets of mid-sized Indian cities where heterogeneous traffic is under operation. Two cycles of data were collected on all floors for hourly duration on the façade line for two high-rise buildings. Traffic volume, speed, distance of the building from centre of the carriageway and honking were used to develop models for Leq and L10 using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The R2 values obtained for Leq and L10 were 0.93 and 0.90, respectively indicating the efficacy of the models in predicting noise level at all floors. Results show that the sound level rises to a certain height of the building and then begins to decrease. Floor level 3, 4, 5 and 6 (height approx. 8.4–21 m) had the maximum noise level compared to the other floors, while the 1st and floor level above 10 were quieter floors. Frequency analysis reveals that buildings closer to roadways experience dominant honking noise, particularly at 3.15 kHz, whereas traffic noise prevails at frequencies up to 200 Hz. This work has the novelty of addressing the impact of heterogeneous traffic noise at various floor levels of Varanasi mid-sized city which has narrow carriageway. Such a traffic has prominence of honking which is modelled perhaps for the first time. The outcome of this research has importance in urban planning and formulating legislations.

Assessing the influence of autumnal temperature fluctuations on cold hardiness in different grapevine cultivars: variations across vine age and bud positions.

The dynamic fluctuations in autumn temperatures, particularly the marked diurnal variations and the subsequent precipitous drops are key and a pivotal role in viticulture, as they critically influence the acclimation process of grapevines to cold, thereby directly impacting their survival and productivity in cold-climate regions. In this comprehensive study, we investigated the cold hardiness of four grapevine cultivars: 'Itasca', 'Frontenac', 'La Crescent', and 'Marquette', focusing on how these cultivars and their individual buds (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th) respond to fluctuating weather and low temperatures typical of autumn [-1.1°C (30°F) -9.4°C (15°F) and -17.8°C (0°F)]. Our results illuminated the striking variability in cold hardiness that was manifest not only among the different cultivars but also within individual buds on the same vine, underscoring the critical influence of bud position on a vine for cold hardiness. 'Frontenac' showed greater cold hardiness at critical temperatures at which 10%, and 50% of the dormant buds were lethally affected by cold (LT10 and LT50) compared to 'Itasca' and 'La Crescent', with 'Marquette' exhibiting intermediate values. However, in cultivars such as 'Itasca' and 'Marquette', certain buds demonstrated a pronounced hardiness when faced with colder temperatures, while others exhibited a heightened sensitivity, thereby revealing a nuanced interplay between bud position and a vine's ability to withstand cold stress. Our study revealed a notable divergence from traditional viticulture understanding; apical buds demonstrated greater cold hardiness than basal buds and opened new paths for research into grapevine physiology. Our results also indicated a significant trend wherein older vines across all studied cultivars displayed enhanced cold hardiness, particularly pronounced at the critical LT50 and the critical temperature at which 90% of the dormant buds were lethally affected by cold (LT90) thresholds, in comparison to younger vines. Moreover, our findings shed light on the impact of autumn's diurnal temperature variations and the subsequent drop in temperatures on vine cold hardiness, thus highlighted the complex interplay between environmental temperature dynamics and dormant bud hardiness. In conclusion, our study showed that the cold damage observed in grapevines in North Dakota was not a result of extreme temperature fluctuations in the fall. This was confirmed by testing the vines after they had reached various threshold temperatures through differential thermal analysis (DTA) and optical differential nucleation and expansion analysis (ODNEAL) methodologies, particularly before the onset of severe pre-winter cold conditions. These comprehensive findings highlighted the complexity of the vine's response to climatic conditions and viticultural management, pointing to the need for specific strategies in vineyard management and cultivar selection to optimize bud hardiness and productivity in the face of various environmental challenges, especially in cold climate viticulture.

Intelligent Magnetic Microrobots with Fluorescent Internal Memory for Monitoring Intragastric Acidity

AbstractThis study investigates the dynamic fluctuations of pH caused by gastric acid secretion, a process of both biological and clinical significance, with microrobots. Abnormal patterns of acidity often indicate gastrointestinal diseases, underlying the importance of precise intragastric pH monitoring. Traditional methods using fluorescent probes face challenges due to their faint solid‐state fluorescence, limited target specificity, and accuracy. To overcome these obstacles, pH‐responsive fluorescent organic microparticles decorated with magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are engineered. These microrobots exhibit a unique fluorescence switching capability at a critical pH, enabling the monitoring of gastric acidity. The magnetic part of these microrobots ensures magnetic maneuverability to enable targeted navigation. The microrobots’ fluorescence switching mechanism is elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopy, microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analyses, revealing molecular‐level structural transformations upon interaction with gastric acid and antacids. These transformations, specifically protonation and deprotonation of the microrobots’ fluorescent components, prompt a distinct fluorescence response correlating with pH shifts. In vitro and ex vivo experiments, simulating stomach conditions, confirm the microrobots’ efficacy in pH‐responsive imaging. The results showcase the promising diagnostic potential of microrobots for gastrointestinal tract diseases, marking a significant advancement in imaging‐based medical diagnostics at targeted locations.

A daily diary study on associations between school-based ethnic discrimination and school engagement

AbstractBeing the target of discriminatory actions because of their ethnicity can lead ethnic minority students to disengage from school. Research has relied on cross-sectional survey data to show that students who experience more frequent discrimination are more likely to be disengaged from school (i.e., between-person associations). Less is known about whether ethnic discrimination is responsible for day-to-day dynamic fluctuations in school engagement (i.e., within-person associations). The current study focuses on within-person processes to assess how different types (i.e., overt- vs. subtle behavior) and sources (i.e., peer vs. teacher) of school-based ethnic discrimination are linked to behavioral, emotional, and cognitive school engagement at the same- and next-day levels. Participants were secondary school students of Turkish and Arab descent (N = 87, Mage = 15, 62% female) in an ethnically diverse area of north-west Germany. Using an interval-contingent design, participants completed a daily diary once a day over a two week-period using a smartphone application. At the within-person level, multilevel models indicated that more frequent discrimination from teachers was associated with lower levels of cognitive engagement on the same day and emotional engagement on the next day. We found little evidence for links between any discrimination types and sources and behavioral school engagement. This study documents the negative consequences of experiencing school-based ethnic discrimination on student school engagement.

Study on Water and Salt Transport Characteristics of Sunflowers under Different Irrigation Amounts in the Yellow River Irrigation Area

The control of irrigation volume is of significant importance in arid regions of northwest China. Particularly, it has a crucial impact on the salinization of shallow groundwater areas. In 2022 and 2023, field experiments were conducted to test three distinct under-membrane irrigation treatments. These treatments were assigned water quotas of HW (27 mm), MW (22.5 mm), and LW (18 mm). The HYDRUS-2D model was integrated with a field experiment to accurately simulate the dynamic fluctuations of soil water and salt in the sunflower root zone. The model’s performance was assessed and verified using real-field data from 2022 and 2023, and the simulation results closely matched the measured values. This research also used stable hydroxide isotopes to assess the water supply from various soil layers at different time intervals in sunflower plants. The results indicated that the three different levels of irrigation applied under the membrane had a significant impact on soil water content. Specifically, there was a significant difference in soil water content at a depth of 0–40 cm (p &lt; 0.05), while there was little effect on the water content at a depth of 40–60 cm (p &gt; 0.05). After irrigation, the average salt content in the top 0–20 cm of soil decreased by 7.0% compared to the medium and low irrigation levels, and by 10.8% compared to the medium irrigation level. Additionally, the medium irrigation level resulted in a 10.8% decrease in salt content compared to the low irrigation level, and a 4.1% decrease compared to the medium irrigation level. During the same period, the soil salinity levels at depths of 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm, and 60–100 cm in the area outside the membrane were measured to be 2.7~4.8 g·kg−1, 2.8~4.0 g·kg−1, 2.7~3.4 g·kg−1, and 1.7~2.6 g·kg−1, respectively. These levels decreased by 13.1~55.5%, 0.7~42.8%, −0.4~16.2%, and −72.7~7.5%, respectively. Following irrigation, the HW treatment mostly absorbed water in the 0–40 cm soil layer, while the MW and LW treatments absorbed water in both the 0–40 cm and 60–80 cm soil levels. The results indicated that the most optimal drip irrigation method beneath the membrane in this location was achieved when the amount of water applied was between 25–30 mm. This method demonstrated a combination of water conservation, high crop yield, and effective salt suppression.

Multiscale modelling of chromatin 4D organization in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells

SARS-CoV-2 can re-structure chromatin organization and alter the epigenomic landscape of the host genome, but the mechanisms that produce such changes remain unclear. Here, we use polymer physics to investigate how the chromatin of the host genome is re-organized upon infection with SARS-CoV-2. We show that re-structuring of A/B compartments can be explained by a re-modulation of intra-compartment homo-typic affinities, which leads to the weakening of A-A interactions and the enhancement of A-B mixing. At the TAD level, re-arrangements are physically described by a reduction in the loop extrusion activity coupled with an alteration of chromatin phase-separation properties, resulting in more intermingling between different TADs and a spread in space of the TADs themselves. In addition, the architecture of loci relevant to the antiviral interferon response, such as DDX58 or IFIT, becomes more variable within the 3D single-molecule population of the infected model, suggesting that viral infection leads to a loss of chromatin structural specificity. Analysing the time trajectories of pairwise gene-enhancer and higher-order contacts reveals that this variability derives from increased fluctuations in the chromatin dynamics of infected cells. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 alters gene regulation by impacting the stability of the contact network in time.

Research and Application of the Simulation Method for Product Development Process Based on System Dynamics

Product development is a complex process involving intricate components, dynamics and constantly evolving internal and external environments, as well as numerous influencing factors. In order to accurately simulate and predict the effectiveness of the development process, this paper proposes a system dynamics simulation method based on information maturity. Different types of development processes are simulated, and the discussion includes the impact of activity information correlation, information evolution coefficient, start time, and other parameters on the dynamic behavior of the process. This study examines a specific mold development process as a case study to validate the method’s feasibility, accurately predicting the duration and cost of the process. It also investigates dynamic fluctuations resulting from uncertain events such as changes in customer demand and resource shortages. The method provides support for process optimization and resource scheduling.

Marine redox dynamics and biotic response to the mid-Silurian Ireviken Extinction Event in a mid-shelf setting

The early Silurian Llandovery–Wenlock boundary interval is marked by significant marine perturbations and biotic turnover, culminating in the Ireviken Extinction Event and the Early Sheinwoodian Carbon Isotope Excursion. Here, we apply multiple independent redox proxies to the early Wenlock Buttington section, which was deposited in a mid-shelf location in the Welsh Basin, UK. To account for the regional geochemical variability in marine sediments due to factors such as sediment provenance, we first define oxic baseline values for the Welsh Basin, utilizing deeper water, well-oxygenated intervals of late Llandovery age. Our approach documents unstable, oscillating redox conditions on the mid-shelf at Buttington. We suggest that these dynamic redox fluctuations are likely to relate to changes in the position of the chemocline or a migrating oxygen minimum zone. Benthic biota, such as trilobites, brachiopods, bivalves and gastropods, appear to have been relatively unaffected by fluctuating oxic-ferruginous conditions, but were more severely impacted by the development of euxinia, highlighting the inhibiting role of toxic sulfides. By contrast, the redox perturbations appear to have placed extreme stress on graptolites, causing many extinction losses regardless of the specific development of euxinia. Supplementary material: The geochemical data for the Buttington section is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7165009 Thematic collection: This article is part of the Chemical Evolution of the Mid-Paleozoic Earth System and Biotic Response collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/chemical-evolution-of-the-mid-paleozoic-earth-system

Ion solvation free energy calculations based on first-principles molecular dynamics thermodynamic integration.

Numerous electrochemistry reactions require the precise calculation of the ion solvation energy. Despite the significant progress in the first-principles calculations for crystals and defect formation energies for solids, the liquid system free energy calculations still face many challenges. Ion solvation free energies can be calculated via different semiempirical ways, e.g., using implicit solvent models or cluster of explicit molecule models; however, systematically improving these models is difficult due to their lack of a solid theoretical base. A theoretically sound approach for calculating the free energy is to use thermodynamic integration. Nevertheless, owing to the difficulties of self-consistent convergence in first-principles calculations for unphysical atomic configurations, the computational alchemy approach has not been widely used for first-principles calculations. This study proposes a general approach to use first-principles computational alchemy for calculating the ion solvation energy. This approach is also applicable for other small molecules. The calculated ion solvation free energies for Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ are close to the experimental results, and the standard deviation due to molecular dynamics fluctuations is within 0.06eV.

Variable-pitch power regulation of tethered-wing systems based on robust gain-scheduling H-infinity control

In this paper, we address the power regulation of tethered-wing systems and illustrate the benefits of employing variable-pitch control to alleviate dynamic mechanical loads and power fluctuations. The proposed control scheme is based on a strategy to maximize the generated power during low-speed wind and prevent force and power overloads during the high-speed wind. To implement this strategy, we employ a tether reeling-speed controller to maintain optimal generator speed in low-speed winds, and a MIMO speed-force controller to prevent power surges in high-speed winds. Additionally, the minimization of the wing’s pitch angle activity during high-speed wind is considered as another control objective in the proposed scheme. The controllers are synthesized using H∞ method and are made robust with respect to the system’s dynamic and parametric uncertainties. The synthesis procedure is predicated on a linear parameter varying (LPV) expression of the dynamics of the system. The effectiveness of the strategy and the performance of the controllers are showcased through simulations conducted with a comprehensive 3-dimensional simulator for tethered-wing systems.

A macroscopic model for predicating stepwise crystalline swelling of montmorillonite

Bentonite, as an optimal buffer material in high-level radioactive waste (HLRW) repository, is usually unsaturated and sensitive to relative humidity (RH) conditions. Accurately modelling unsaturated crystalline swelling of bentonite is crucial for estimating the performance of a geological repository. In this study, we attempt to extend Laird model, a classical model for crystalline swelling, from saturated to unsaturated. For this purpose, a binary system that comprising air phase and water phase is introduced into Laird model, then the concept of effective diabattivity for atmosphere with a certain RH is proposed. On the basis, the net hydration repulsions under various RHs conditions can be determined. To calibrate the effective diavattivity, the oriented montmorillonite (Mt) tactoids is prepared and the RH controlled X-ray diffraction test is carried out. Moreover, a coupling approach of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and fluctuation–dissipation dielectric theorem is employed to gain interlayer dielectric from dipolar fluctuations, which further improves the model accuracy. The novel model is validated by the experimental results for 3 typical buffer materials, including MX-80, Kunipia and FEBEX bentonites. Comparisons between the predicted and measured basal spacings indicate the proposed model can effectively capture the stepwise nature of crystalline swelling. Besides, the model also provides a quantitative approach to track the evolution of interaction energy during hydration process.

Correlation Between Blood Urea Nitrogen and Short- and Long-Term Glycemic Variability in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Were hospitalized:A Retrospective Study.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and progressively impaired insulin secretion resulting in dynamic fluctuations in glucose levels.High blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels have been linked to decreased insulin sensitivity, suppressed insulin synthesis and increased risk of incident diabetes mellitus in humans as well as insulin use in patients with T2DM.This study characterize the association between BUN levels and short-term and long-term glycemic variability(GV) in the elderly patients with T2DM who were hospitalized. A total of 927 elderly patients with T2DM were included in the study. The short-term GV was quantified using parameters such as standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), time in range (TIR), and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), based on multi-point fingertip blood glucose monitoring. The long-term GV was quantified using parameters such as SD, CV, variation independent of the mean (VIM), and average successive variability (ARV), based on fasting blood glucose(FPG). The relationship between BUN levels and short-term and long-term GV in elderly T2DM who were hospitalized was explored using methods such as Spearman correlation coefficient, linear regression analysis, logistic regression analysis, and interaction tests. In elderly patients with T2DM were hospitalized, there is a significant correlation between BUN levels and both short-term and long-term GV. BUN is negatively correlated with the GV parameter TIR (r=-0.12, P=0.000), and positively correlated with SD (r=0.12, P=0.000), CV (r=0.07, P=0.026), MAGE (r=0.11, P=0.001), FPG-SD (r=0.08, P=0.013), and FPG-CV (r=0.08, P=0.014).Furthermore, the association remains consistent across different age, gender, BMI, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) subgroups (P interaction > 0.05). In elderly patients with T2DM were hospitalized, BUN levels were positively associated with GV.Therefore, monitoring BUN levels were beneficial in assessing the degree of GV.

Viscosity effects on the dynamics of diols and diol-based deep eutectic solvents.

Diols, characterized by the presence of two hydroxyl groups, form extended hydrogen-bonded networks. Increasing hydrocarbon chain length is known to elevate the viscosity of diols. Given the established influence of viscosity on solvent dynamics, it becomes imperative to comprehend the impact of viscosity on the fluctuation dynamics within diols and establish connections with hydrogen bond formation and breaking dynamics. In this study, we employ two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy to investigate the viscosity dependence of the structural evolution dynamics in three diols with varying chain lengths. Complementing our experimental approach, molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to extract hydrogen bond lifetimes. Our findings reveal a linear correlation between bulk viscosity, solvent fluctuation timescales, and hydrogen bond lifetimes. Notably, the selected diols exhibit the capability to form deep eutectic solvents upon mixing with choline chloride at specific molar ratios. In contrast to molecular solvents like diols, deep eutectic solvents are characterized by the formation of heterogeneous nanodomains, comprising various intercomponent hydrogen-bonded networks. Interestingly, our observations indicate that while the fluctuation dynamics decelerate with increasing bulk viscosity in diol-based deep eutectic solvents, the relationship between viscosity and dynamics is not linear, in contrast to the observed linearity in diols. This nuanced understanding contributes to the broader comprehension of the interplay between viscosity and dynamics in both molecular and deep eutectic solvents.