Dynamic Version Research Articles

The combination of target motion and dynamic changes in context greatly enhance visual size illusions.

Perceived size is a function of viewing distance, retinal images size, and various contextual cues such as linear perspective and the size and location of neighboring objects. Recently, we demonstrated that illusion magnitudes of classic visual size illusions may be greatly enhanced or reduced by adding dynamic elements. Specifically, a dynamic version of the Ebbinghaus illusion (classically considered a “size contrast” illusion) led to a greatly enhanced illusory effect, whereas a dynamic version of the Corridor illusion (a “size constancy” illusion) led to a greatly diminished illusory effect. Although these differences may arise from the different processes underlying these illusions (size contrast vs. size constancy), the dynamic variants we tested in our previous work also differed in the nature of the dynamic elements; specifically, whereas the Dynamic Ebbinghaus included a moving target and inducers that changed size and position, the Dynamic Corridor only included a moving target on a static background. Here, we explore further dynamic versions of the Ebbinghaus illusion and the Corridor and Ponzo illusions by separately manipulating three types of dynamic elements: target motion, context translation, and dynamic changes in context. Across five experiments examining 21 dynamic illusory configurations, adding target motion or a dynamically changing context separately resulted in little-to-no illusory effect. In contrast, the combination of target motion and a dynamically changing context led to a robust size illusion, consistent with an interactive effect. However, illusory effects that exceeded the matched classic, static illusory configuration were only observed for the dynamic versions of the Ebbinghaus illusion and the Revealed Ponzo illusions, in which the contextual elements changed size. We conclude that the combination of target motion and a dynamically changing context are necessary to produce dynamic size illusions, but that enhancement above and beyond static illusions may be largely specific to size contrast effects. Our results have important implications for the integration of motion signals, a ubiquitous environmental stimulus, in the perception of object size.

Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Nepal: An Econometric Estimation

Economic growth and employment are taken as the two major objectives of macroeconomic policy schema in both the developing as well as developed countries. This study aims to determine the relationship between the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate of Nepal using the time-series data from 1991-2020. Difference version approach, dynamic version approach and Granger causality test were used to study the relationship between the macroeconomic variables. The difference version and dynamic version approach showed non-significant results for the regression of unemployment rate on economic growth rate which implies that the unemployment rate is not significantly affected by the economic growth rate of Nepal. The Okun’s coefficient in the difference version was -0.057 and in the dynamic version approach it was -0.058. Thus, the Okun’s law doesn’t seem to hold in case of Nepal’s economy. The Granger causality test also revealed that the change in the unemployment rate is not a predictive variable of the GDP growth rate and vice versa. The non-significant relationship between the macroeconomic variables might thus be affected by other factors. Thus, it can be suggested to the government and policymakers to recuperate the ways of solving the unemployment by formulating economic policies that are more directed towards structural and labor market transformation. Tax reduction policy, increase in government spending, skill enhancement programs and youth employment subsidy can also be suggested.

Generalized Fisher Hypothesis Validity for Canada, UK, and Suisse Stock Markets: Evidence from ARDL Models

In this paper we propose a decision support tool for the investor in terms of asset allocation. The key question is to know whether equities are perfect hedge against inflation. We chose three democratic countries having common monetary policy based on the Inflation rate stabilisation targeting (including Canada, UK, and Suisse) over the period 1999M01-2018M04. We see how the stock return evolution is related to inflation rate Pre, during, and Post 2008 Global financial crisis (GFC). Then, some dynamic version of the Generalized Fisher hypothesis (GFH) models is explored by some univariate autoregressive dynamic linear (ARDL) frameworks. We conclude that during crisis period, being on either Suisse or Canadian stock market, investors can have important abnormal gains. 

On interconsumer externalities in a model of sales

I highlight interconsumer externalities in a static model of sales with homogeneous products and bidimensional consumer heterogeneity wherein there exists two-type search intensity heterogeneity and two-type valuation heterogeneity. An increase in the percentage of consumers with high valuation creates a dichotomy in the market. The consumers who experience the increase in their valuation become better off; I call these consumers privileged. All other consumers either become worse off or remain unaffected; I call the consumers who become worse off disadvantaged and the consumers who remain unaffected unprivileged. In the environment with privileged and disadvantaged consumers, the net effect on total consumer surplus is ambiguous. These results come in contrast to a dynamic Coasian version of the model in which if the percentage of consumers with high valuation increases, always all consumers become better off. Public policy interventions that target an increase in the welfare of consumers by altering the mix of the population should (i) distinguish between dynamic and static markets; and (ii) take into account under which conditions in static markets the net effect on consumer surplus is positive.

The ϕ-divergence family of measures based on quantile function

The quantile function can be considered an efficient alternative to the distribution function in cases where the quantile functions are tractable while the distribution functions do not have explicit forms. In this paper, we introduce a quantile-based definition of the ϕ-divergence family of measures to assess the discrepancy between two random variables. The proposed measure defines a rich family of divergence measures and includes various common divergences as special cases. Some properties of these measures of divergence are studied and several examples are also provided. Dynamic versions of the quantile-based ϕ-divergence family of measures between residual and past lifetimes are developed and their properties are studied. The suggested divergence measures are also examined in a general class of transformed models which results in some well-known models in the lifetime studies and survival analysis. Furthermore, the non-parametric estimations of the proposed divergence measures are discussed, and the performance of the resulting estimators is evaluated via simulation.

Weighted cumulative residual Kullback–Leibler divergence: properties and applications

Weighted cumulative residual Kullback–Leibler information measure and its dynamic version are proposed and their properties are investigated. Also weighted cumulative Kullback–Leibler information measure along with its dynamic version is introduced. Monotonicity properties of the dynamic information measures are studied. A goodness-of-fit test is developed for exponential distribution using weighted cumulative residual Kullback–Leibler information measure based on complete and censored data. It is observed that proposed tests perform well for monotone decreasing hazard alternatives under censored data. Four data sets are analyzed for illustration.

Linking the mixing times of random walks on static and dynamic random graphs

In this paper, which is a culmination of our previous research efforts, we provide a general framework for studying mixing profiles of non-backtracking random walks on dynamic random graphs generated according to the configuration model. The quantity of interest is the scaling of the mixing time of the random walk as the number of vertices of the random graph tends to infinity. Subject to mild general conditions, we link two mixing times: one for a static version of the random graph, the other for a class of dynamic versions of the random graph in which the edges are randomly rewired but the degrees are preserved. With the help of coupling arguments we show that the link is provided by the probability that the random walk has not yet stepped along a previously rewired edge.To demonstrate the utility of our framework, we rederive our earlier results on mixing profiles for global edge rewiring under weaker assumptions, and extend these results to an entire class of rewiring dynamics parametrised by the range of the rewiring relative to the position of the random walk. Along the way we establish that all the graph dynamics in this class exhibit the trichotomy we found earlier, namely, no cut-off, one-sided cut-off or two-sided cut-off.For interpolations between global edge rewiring, the only Markovian graph dynamics considered here, and local edge rewiring (i.e., only those edges that are incident to the random walk can be rewired), we show that the trichotomy splits further into a hexachotomy, namely, three different mixing profiles with no cut-off, two with one-sided cutoff, and one with two-sided cut-off. Proofs are built on a new and flexible coupling scheme, in combination with sharp estimates on the degrees encountered by the random walk in the static and the dynamic version of the random graph. Some of these estimates require sharp control on possible short-cuts in the graph between the edges that are traversed by the random walk.

Stochastic Properties of Fractional Generalized Cumulative Residual Entropy and Its Extensions.

The fractional generalized cumulative residual entropy (FGCRE) has been introduced recently as a novel uncertainty measure which can be compared with the fractional Shannon entropy. Various properties of the FGCRE have been studied in the literature. In this paper, further results for this measure are obtained. The results include new representations of the FGCRE and a derivation of some bounds for it. We conduct a number of stochastic comparisons using this measure and detect the connections it has with some well-known stochastic orders and other reliability measures. We also show that the FGCRE is the Bayesian risk of a mean residual lifetime (MRL) under a suitable prior distribution function. A normalized version of the FGCRE is considered and its properties and connections with the Lorenz curve ordering are studied. The dynamic version of the measure is considered in the context of the residual lifetime and appropriate aging paths.

Ordered multi-state system signature and its dynamic version in evaluating used multi-state systems

Signature theory plays an important part in the field of reliability. In this paper, the ordered multi-state system signature and its related properties are discussed based on a life-test of independent and non-identical coherent or mixed systems with independent and identical binary-state components. Dynamic properties of these systems are considered through a new notion called dynamic multi-state system signature, and then related comparisons are made based on system lifetimes and costs. Finally, the theoretical results established are illustrated with some specific examples to demonstrate the use of dynamic ordered multi-state system signature in evaluating used multi-state coherent or mixed systems.

Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics <em>In Vitro</em> by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy

Traditionally, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons have been studied as separate entities, restricted to specific cellular regions or processes, and regulated by different suites of binding proteins unique for each polymer. Many studies now demonstrate that the dynamics of both cytoskeletal polymers are intertwined and that this crosstalk is required for most cellular behaviors. A number of proteins involved in actin-microtubule interactions have already been identified (i.e., Tau, MACF, GAS, formins, and more) and are well characterized with regard to either actin or microtubules alone. However, relatively few studies showed assays of actin-microtubule coordination with dynamic versions of both polymers. This may occlude emergent linking mechanisms between actin and microtubules. Here, a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy-based in vitro reconstitution technique permits the visualization of both actin and microtubule dynamics from the one biochemical reaction. This technique preserves the polymerization dynamics of either actin filament or microtubules individually or in the presence of the other polymer. Commercially available Tau protein is used to demonstrate how actin-microtubule behaviors change in the presence of a classic cytoskeletal crosslinking protein. This method can provide reliable functional and mechanistic insights into how individual regulatory proteins coordinate actin-microtubule dynamics at a resolution of single filaments or higher-order complexes.

Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy.

Traditionally, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons have been studied as separate entities, restricted to specific cellular regions or processes, and regulated by different suites of binding proteins unique for each polymer. Many studies now demonstrate that the dynamics of both cytoskeletal polymers are intertwined and that this crosstalk is required for most cellular behaviors. A number of proteins involved in actin-microtubule interactions have already been identified (i.e., Tau, MACF, GAS, formins, and more) and are well characterized with regard to either actin or microtubules alone. However, relatively few studies showed assays of actin-microtubule coordination with dynamic versions of both polymers. This may occlude emergent linking mechanisms between actin and microtubules. Here, a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy-based in vitro reconstitution technique permits the visualization of both actin and microtubule dynamics from the one biochemical reaction. This technique preserves the polymerization dynamics of either actin filament or microtubules individually or in the presence of the other polymer. Commercially available Tau protein is used to demonstrate how actin-microtubule behaviors change in the presence of a classic cytoskeletal crosslinking protein. This method can provide reliable functional and mechanistic insights into how individual regulatory proteins coordinate actin-microtubule dynamics at a resolution of single filaments or higher-order complexes.

Weighted forward looking adaptive coding

Huffman coding is known to be optimal under certain constraints, yet its dynamic version, which constantly alters the Huffman tree as a function of the already processed characters, may be even more efficient in practice. A new forward looking variant of Huffman compression has been proposed recently, that provably always performs better than static Huffman coding by at least m−1 bits, where m denotes the size of the alphabet, and has a better worst case size than the standard dynamic Huffman coding. This paper introduces a new generic coding method, extending the known static and dynamic variants and including them as special cases. In fact, the generalization is applicable to all statistical methods, including arithmetic coding. This leads then to the formalization of a new double-pass coding method that is adaptive in the sense that it uses changing statistics depending on the current position within the processed file, yet it behaves like static coding, as it assumes the knowledge of the distribution in the entire file; this is contrary to online variants that rely only on the text seen so far and adapt the model dynamically. We call the new method positional coding, and its compression performance, using global statistics, is provably always at least as good as that of the best dynamic variants known to date. Moreover, we present empirical results that show improvements by positional coding and its extensions over static and dynamic Huffman and arithmetic coding, even when the encoded file includes the model description.

Political violence and endogenous growth

I provide an illustration of a dynamic version of Robert Bates’ conjecture that technologies of coercion can be critical to generate prosperity. The model provides support for the conjecture under specified conditions, generates implications for growth paths, including transitions away from coercive strategies, and has implications for the evolution of inequality.

On Cumulative Residual Renyi's Entropy

At the entropy measures and their generalization path, in the direction of statistics and information science, recently, Sunoj & Linu (2012) proposed the cumulative residual Renyi's entropy of order α and its dynamic version and studied its main properties. In this paper, we introduce an alternative measure of cumulative residual Renyi's entropy (CRRE) of order α which, unlike the mentioned one, is positive for all distributions and all values of α. We also consider its dynamic version and study their main properties in the context of reliability theory and stochastic orders. We give an estimator of the proposed CRRE and investigate its exact and asymptotic distribution. Numerous examples illustrating the theory are also given.

Breaking CAPTCHA with Capsule Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks have achieved state-of-the-art performance in image classification. Their lack of ability to recognise the spatial relationship between features, however, leads to misclassification of the variants of the same image. Capsule Networks were introduced to address this issue by incorporating the spatial information of image features into neural networks. In this paper, we are interested in showcasing the digit recognition task on CAPTCHA images, widely considered a challenge for computers in relation to human capabilities. Our intention is to provide a rigorous empirical regime in which we can compare the competitive performance of Capsule Networks against the Convolutional Neural Networks. Indeed since CAPTCHA distorts images, by adjusting the spatial positioning of features, we aim to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of Capsule Networks architecture. We train the Capsule Networks with Dynamic Routing version and the convolutional-neural-network-based deep-CAPTCHA baseline model to predict the digit sequences on numerical CAPTCHAs, investigate the performance results and propose two improvements to the Capsule Networks model.

On dynamic cumulative past inaccuracy measure based on extropy

An alternate measure of extropy based on the cumulative distribution function rather than the probability density function of a random variable is called the cumulative past extropy (CPE). In this communication, the concept of CPE has been extended to cumulative past extropy inaccuracy (CPEI) and then to a dynamic version of it. A characterization problem for the proposed dynamic extropy inaccuracy measure has been studied under the proportional reversed hazard rate model. We also discuss the stochastic ordering of dynamic cumulative past extropy and certain results based on it. Some well-known lifetime distributions have been characterized using the proposed dynamic cumulative past extropy inaccuracy (DCPEI) measure. Three methods for nonparametric estimation of the DCPEI measure based on kernel and empirical estimators are proposed. Simulation results show that the kernel-based estimators of the DCPEI measure perform better than the empirical-based estimator under different sample sizes and times. A real data set is considered to show the behavior of the estimators in real cases.

Inequality assessment in a dynamic framework with heterogenous agents

We propose a method to carry out an inequality assessment in a dynamic and cross-sectional framework, by applying the dynamic version of a suitable inequality index, such as the Gini coefficient, as a function of time. We use our methodology to a setup where the optimal value functions is the individuals’ income flows while the initial conditions characterize their level of wealth. When the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman system of equations can be solved in closed form, the monotone path of the income distribution is established. Extending the model according to a government intervention gives the possibility to study, first policy for reducing income inequality under a specific exogenous target, and second to minimise income inequality across individuals.

IndiCleft – A web-based standardized research tool and resource for cleft anomalies

Introduction: In India, approximately 35,000 new cleft patients are born every year. Many patients receive suboptimum, improper, little, or no treatment. The cumulative burden of cleft care is up to 1 million cases. The spectrum of problems is varied, the caseload is enormous, and the logistics of treatment delivery are complicated. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) task force project was launched in 2012 to evaluate the status of cleft care in India and develop strategies to provide comprehensive cleft care through a dynamic multidisciplinary and multidimensional tool. ICMR task force project (2012–14) was conducted in Delhi, and the National Capital Region reported that at least 50% of studied cases had complex and multiple treatment needs. The needs identified were related to surgical, orthodontic, dental, ENT and Speech, rehabilitation of mutilated dentition, and various psychological disturbances among patients with Cleft anomalies. Aim: The aim of this study was to develop and test web-based application to create a system for national data of patients with cleft anomalies and digitize the patient records in a standardized preagreed format. Methods and Results: Corresponding to contemporary digital technologies and evolutionary improvements in data collection, web-based data collection instrument, including text, photographs, X-rays, and audio files, was considered the most appropriate. The experts from varied domains in consultation with ICMR and National Informatics Centre evolved a web-based data collection instrument which is named the “IndiCleft tool.” The tool has been tested and used over the years and is presently being upgraded to dynamic version for a national data and patient care registry. Conclusion: The present article describes the process of the development of a “dynamic” web-based data collection instrument. The IndiCleft tool is the national resource on cleft data in India.

“Hominids with an Infected Brain” Engage in Viral Debate: Agamben and Žižek on the Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Human Relationships

“Hominids with an Infected Brain” Engage in Viral Debate: Agamben and Žižek on the Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Human Relationships

Numerical hygrothermal frequency of pre-damage shallow shell panel: A nonlinear FE approach

ABSTRACT In this work, the nonlinear eigenvalues of the debonded composite panel (flat, single and doubly curve) are evaluated under unlike humidity and temperature conditions. To obtain the said modal responses a macro mechanical isoparametric finite element-based numerical model of pre-damage laminated composite is developed. The structural panel deformations are counted through two different kinematic theories with small deviations (related to the drilling degrees of freedom). The geometrical distortions of the panel component are expressed using the common Green’s strain relation in Lagrangian scope. The governing differential equation (converted to nonlinear eigenvalue equations) is derived from a dynamic version of the variational principle. The direct iterative approach has been adopted to compute the nonlinear frequencies in association with the finite element steps. Also, the element sensitivity behavior of the obtained numerical solution is verified and extended further to check the efficacy (comparing the results from the published domain). In continuation, the nonlinear modal values are computed through a series of examples considering the role of debonding with the structural parameters in detail.