Dynamic Performance Measurement Research Articles

A dynamic framework for contractors to measure the performance of highway maintenance based on grey theory

Highway maintenance performance measurement is the key to implementing performance-based contracting (PBC). However, contractors have struggled with accurately understanding client intent and translating performance goals into measurable indicators. To make PBC successfully applied, this study proposes a dynamic performance measurement framework of highway routine maintenance based on grey theory. A performance indicator system is established based on the organizational structure of highway assets and the bill of quantities in the real world. In addition, a statistical analysis using the data about maintenance cost and highway condition score has been conducted to ascertain the weights and thresholds assigned to various indicators. As a result, the performance indicators, their corresponding weights, and thresholds can be flexibly adjusted to accommodate diverse periods and areas. Then, the grey theory has been employed to evaluate the comprehensive performance level of service within a region. This framework is experimented with using the data of three maintenance areas in Shaanxi Province, China: Qiaogouwan, Huaziping, and Ansai. At the end of the process, comparison and sensitivity analysis are conducted. The results demonstrate the model’s reasonability and robustness, providing valuable tools for contractors to assess the performance of highway maintenance in meeting client specifications.

Time consistency of dynamic risk measures and dynamic performance measures generated by distortion functions

. The aim of this work is to study risk measures generated by distortion functions in a dynamic discrete time setup and to investigate the corresponding dynamic coherent acceptability indices (DCAIs) generated by families of such risk measures. First, we show that conditional versions of Choquet integrals are indeed dynamic coherent risk measures (DCRMs) and also introduce the class of dynamic weighted value at risk measures. We prove that these two classes of risk measures coincides. In the spirit of robust representations theorem for DCAIs, we establish some relevant properties of families of DCRMs generated by distortion functions and then define and study the corresponding DCAIs. Second, we study the time consistency of DCRMs and DCAIs generated by distortion functions. In particular, we prove that such DCRMs are sub-martingale time consistent, but they are not super-martingale time consistent. We also show that DCRMs generated by distortion functions are not weakly acceptance-time consistent. We also present several widely used classes of distortion functions and derive some new representations of these distortions.

Comparisons of Load-Based and AHRI 210/240 Testing and Rating for Residential Heat Pumps

The current testing and rating procedure for residential air conditioners and heat pumps is based on a steady-state performance measurement approach with a degradation coefficient to account for cycling losses at part-load conditions. Test equipment performance is measured under various ambient conditions with varying compressor and fan speeds, and the results are propagated through a temperature-bin method to estimate seasonal performance. Although the current rating approach offers a standardized performance metric for comparing the relative performances of different equipment, it involves disabling the native controls and, as a result, does not consider the impact of integrated controls for test units and their dynamic interactions with representative building loads. As an alternative, a load-based testing methodology (CSA EXP07) has been developed in which the dynamic performance of equipment is measured in a test facility by allowing it to respond to a simulated virtual building model. This study compares the steady-state and dynamic load-based performance measurement methodologies for use on a 5-ton residential heat pump system in order to understand the differences and their significance for the next-generation rating procedure. The differences in the two test methodologies' performance evaluation results are discussed with a causal analysis of the observed differences.

Performance measurement system in local governments: A critical analysis and advancements

The literature highlights the need to develop and utilise a balanced, dynamic, and multi-perspective performance measurement system (PMS) for managing organisations. The system should report the key performance indicators (KPIs) to support decision-making processes. Although the useful approaches for the development of this system are described in the literature, they are not sufficiently applied to public organisations. Hence, this paper aims to identify and apply a useful approach for PMS design in a local government according to national legislation. A qualitative case study method is adopted in this research. It is recognised as the most effective method for obtaining an in-depth understanding of complex environments. To define the steps for developing a PMS, the context and regulation of an Italian municipality are investigated in this research. The result highlights the steps of PMS development suggested by national legislation. It illustrates a local government context, highlighting the considerable complexity of the organisational perspective and numerous controls to carry out to be compliant with the legislation background. The contribution of this study is twofold. First, the study contributes to the performance measurement literature through the approach definition of PMS development in local governments. Second, it contributes to practice by providing a useful case study of PMS development of local governments according to a national legislation background. The research describes a useful approach for designing a PMS in a complex and bureaucratic environment. Moreover, it highlights the main steps to develop a performance measurement system in a local government.

Measuring performance: Ranking state success over two decades in India

This paper proposes new composite measures of relative and dynamic state performance to improve governance and delivery of public programs in developing countries with a federal structure. We illustrate the use of the indices to rank the performance of 19 major Indian states on two large development programs launched by the Indian government over the last two decades using publicly available data. Although we find volatility in performance over time, there exists a positive correlation between measures of initial (administrative) state capacity, development and accountability with program outcomes. Our findings have important implications for both the design and implementation of large-scale public programs across developing countries.

Dynamic Technical Performance Measurement in Rural Tourism

With the characteristic of low carbon emission and sustainability, the development of rural tourism becomes one of the key parts to achieve mutual carbon target in Chinese tourism industry. However, previous research on China's rural tourism has largely ignored the quantitative examination of rural tourism initiatives. This paper aims to quantify and measure the efficiency as well as efficiency variation of rural tourism in 25 provinces of China using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MPI). The results reveal that the overall efficiency of rural tourism in China is still low, and there exists an obvious regional difference in rural tourism in China. The result not only identify the leading and following regions in Chinese rural tourism, but also reveal how their position in the group changes over time. This is valuable information for managers having to take strategic and tactical decisions to better achieve the low-carbon and sustainable development of China's tourism industry.

Dynamic response and emergency measures under failure conditions of sCO2 Brayton cycle

AbstractThe sCO2 Brayton cycle has gained interest because of its flexibility and ability to provide higher thermomechanical conversion efficiency. Studies on failure conditions and corresponding emergency measures are of great significance to ensure the safety of the system, while there are limited studies related to the sCO2 Brayton cycle because the test circuit has not been applied in practice at present. In this study, we have developed a dynamic model of the CO2 Brayton cycle, and carefully validated its components against experimental data. Preliminary safety assessment and dynamic response under loss of cooling water (LOCW), loss of heat source (LOHS), and pipeline leakage have been analyzed. Emergency strategies are proposed to maintain the safe operation under failure conditions. The primary objective of this study is to reveal the dynamic performance and emergency measures under failure conditions of the sCO2 Brayton cycle. The results demonstrate that the system net power decreases at rates close to 10%/s and less than 0.1%/s under LOCW and LOHS, respectively. The system responds more dramatically under LOCW compared with LOHS. The system needs emergency measures under LOCW, while it has sufficient time to realize a normal slow shutdown under LOHS. The leakage rate is at least five times higher in the high‐pressure pipeline compared with the low‐pressure pipeline for the same area of the leakage hole. Under pipeline leakage, the heat source should be cut‐off slowly, and the rotation speeds of the main compressor and recompressor should be reduced simultaneously to protect the system.

Generalized robust window data envelopment analysis approach for dynamic performance measurement under uncertain panel data

Generalized robust window data envelopment analysis approach for dynamic performance measurement under uncertain panel data

Characterizing the dynamics and uncertainty of queues at signalized intersections with left-turn bay

In most signalized intersections, in order to solve the problem of insufficient road space, left-turn bays are commonly set up at intersections with a shared through and left-turn lane. However, this design tends to result in the potential queue overflow and blockage problems, which further make the discharge process of either left-turn vehicles or through vehicles at the intersections to be interrupted unexpectedly during their respective green phase. As a result, the queueing processes of vehicles present high nonlinearity and uncertainty during a signal cycle. In this paper, a stochastic queueing model is proposed to characterize the dynamics and uncertainty of queues at signalized intersections with a left-turn bay. The proposed model takes full account of the random interaction between the through movement and the left-turn movement under the influence of overflow and blockage of queues. We obtain some average performance indicators as well as the signal-state-dependent dynamic performance measure of queues and its variance at any given time point within a signal cycle. The proposed analytical model is validated against the VISSIM simulation model under different scenarios; the results show a good degree of agreement. In addition, in order to systematically determine the queue dynamics and uncertainty, we also conduct a series of numerical simulations to quantitatively capture the queue characteristics of vehicles at signalized intersections with left-turn bay by considering possible factors.

Vibration Measurement of a Metal Sheet Using Single-Camera Digital Image Correlation with Projection Components

Digital image correlation has emerged as a popular method for the dynamic performance measurement of metallic and polymer sheets, owing to the benefits of being a noncontact, full-field, and high-precision method. Two or more high-speed cameras are required for full-field vibration measurements with three-dimensional digital image correlation, which is generally costly. Perpendicular view to the specimen surface is conventional in two-dimensional digital image correlation, and the out-of-plane displacement is regarded as a part of systematic errors. In this study, a single view method was implemented with no complex optical settings. The full-field vibration displacement of the metal sheet was measured with projection components, and the first four orders of displacement modes were identified. Finite element analysis and traditional experimental modal analysis were then implemented to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. The results show that the dynamic parameters, including the natural frequencies and mode shapes, were well consistent. Meanwhile, there is a significant difference in the length of mode shape vectors. The number of measurement points in the proposed method is 2016, which is far more than the number of measurement points in the traditional experimental modal analysis. This would be convenient and beneficial for damage identification towards thin-wall parts including turbine blade with the continuum hypothesis of mode shapes and a single-camera DIC system. It is worth noting that this is effective with conditions of small deformation vibration and no rigid-body rotation.

Integrating corporate image of corporate social responsibility, stock price crash risk and profitability into a dynamic corporate sustainability performance measurement

Integrating corporate image of corporate social responsibility, stock price crash risk and profitability into a dynamic corporate sustainability performance measurement

RESEARCH ON PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF CIVIL AIR DEFENSE PPP PROJECTS USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS

Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode is increasingly applied in civil air defense (CAD) projects to improve project quality and reduce the government’s financial pressure. Because CAD project has different attributes during wartime and peacetime states, it’s necessary to comprehensively consider the project performance under different states to conduct scientific performance measurement. This paper focuses on the process of construction, operation, and handover of CAD PPP project to construct a unified project performance measurement indicator system, then a system dynamics (SD) model is established to carry out dynamic performance measurement and simulation of CAD PPP project under different social states respectively. A case study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed SD model, model validation, sensitivity analysis and result analysis were included as well. The study result can make the project performance management of CAD PPP more scientific and reasonable, and help decision-makers to formulate effective performance improvement strategies. It’s found out that government plays an important role in CAD PPP projects, when resources are limited, the government should give priority to measures such as reducing tax rates and increasing subsidies to ensure project benefits. The research methods can also provide reference for performance measurement of other PPP projects.

Human resource management (HRM) in the performance measurement and management (PMM) domain: a bibliometric review

PurposeThe literature highlights the key role of human resource management in developing effective organizational performance measurement and management. To understand the state of the art of this role, the paper reviews the literature on human resource management in the performance measurement and management domain.Design/methodology/approachThe paper conducts a bibliometric literature review on 1,252 articles to identify the prevailing research trends and the conceptual structure of human resource management in the performance measurement and management domain.FindingsThe study highlights a growing number of publications and four themes related to human resource management in performance measurement and management. It also underlines the shift from static to the dynamic performance measurement and management systems within organization which is expected to be more suited to current and future contexts.Practical implicationsThe paper highlights the need to manage the identified themes as strategic organizational assets and further develop the strategic dimension of human resource management practices leveraging on project management and information systems.Originality/valueThe paper goes beyond the traditional focus on performance appraisal of human resource management studies and assumes the challenge of connecting two research fields: human resource management and performance measurement and management.

The impact of dynamic capabilities and dynamic performance measurement on competitive performance: evidence from Thai hotel entrepreneurs

This research aims to provide empirical evidence on the causal relationships among the effects of dynamic capabilities and the dynamic performance measurement on high performance organizations (HPOs) and the competitive performance of hotel businesses in a world-class tourism destination of Thailand. The research using questionnaires to collect data from 115 hotel businesses located at a world class tourism destination in Thailand. The data were first analysed using descriptive statistics and then confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were conducted. The study results reveal that the causal relationship model fit the empirical data ( 2 = 74.39, p-value = 0.15, 2/df = 1.18, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.92, NFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.04, and SRMR = 0.03). In addition, the results also indicate that the dynamic capabilities have a direct positive effect on dynamic performance measurement. The study reflects that being a HPO not only has a direct positive effect on competitive performance but is also a complete mediator in transferring the effects of the dynamic capabilities and dynamic performance measurement to competitive performance. Under an increasingly dynamic environment, traditional performance measurement innovations that only consider measurement and management tend to lead to imperfections and lower benefits. Additionally, traditional performance measurements are static characteristics; therefore, it is essential to catch up with the dynamic environment. This research will provide empirical evidence of the causal relationship of how dynamic capabilities and dynamic performance measurement affect a HPO and competitive performance towards excellence under a dynamic environment.

Company performance measurement systems: History and prospects

Subject. The article considers the most well-known Performance Measurement Systems, i.e. Strategic Measurement Analysis and Reporting Technique (SMART), Balanced Scorecard System (BSC), Integrated Dynamic Performance Measurement System (IDPMS), Performance Prism System (PPS), Dynamic Multi-Dimensional Performance Model (DMP). Objectives. We focus on identifying the specifics of the analyzed systems and determining the direction of their development. Methods. The study employs general scientific methods. The specifics of efficiency measurement systems are described and compared by a single set of parameters (the composition of stakeholders, whose interests are taken into account, practical applicability, dynamic adaptability, the presence of links between strategy and technological operations, innovation, etc.). Results. We analyzed the said efficiency measurement systems, described their strengths and aspects that need to be developed in further research. The findings can be used to create a system to measure the performance of Russian manufacturing and trading companies that produce goods for individual consumers. Conclusions. The systems like SMART, BSC, IDPMS, PPS and DMP are significant developments that help companies achieve their goals. These systems are universal. They serve as a methodological framework for creating a particular system for measuring a company's performance, taking into account its industry-specific requirements. These systems enable to solve some economic and management problems, but do not allow, for example, to determine the optimal business model of the company. It is appropriate to develop efficiency measurement systems by incorporating the value-based management principles.

Shape optimization of free-form shell structures combining static and dynamic behaviors

Structural performance under seismic loads is necessarily checked after the static load is considered in the design of a structure. If it fails to pass the specified safety requirements, the structure has to be redesigned, resulting in additional time and computational cost. Therefore, in this study, we present four shape optimization problems to obtain rational shapes for free-form shell structures with both high static and dynamic performances. The strain energy under static loads is the measure of static performance, and the lower bound on the fundamental natural frequency or strain energy under seismic loads is the measure of dynamic performance. An optimization problem is first formulated for minimizing the strain energy under frequency constraint, where the self-weight and live loads are applied. The strain energy corresponding to the equivalent seismic static load is next minimized. To prevent unfavorable shape when the design variables are dense, we also consider the surface curvature as the other objective function in a bi-objective optimization problem. Several numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Relationships between types of balance performance in healthy individuals: Role of age

BackgroundBalance is considered to be task-specific as indicated by studies reporting only small-sized and non-significant correlations between types of balance (e.g., static, dynamic). However, it remains unclear whether these associations differ by age and the comparability of studies is limited due to methodological inconsistencies. Research questionAre associations between types of balance performance affected by age in children, adolescents, and young adults? MethodsStatic, dynamic, and proactive balance performance was assessed in 30 children (7.6 ± 0.6 years), 43 adolescents (14.7 ± 0.5 years), and 54 young adults (22.8 ± 2.8 years) using the same standardized balance tests. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for associations between types of balance and statistically compared to detect differences between age groups. ResultsExcept for the association between static (i.e., medio-lateral [M/L] sway) and proactive (Y-balance test) balance performance in young adults (r = .319, p < .05), our analyses revealed small-sized and non-significant associations between measures of static, dynamic, and proactive balance performance in children (-.302 ≤ r ≤ .245, p > .05), adolescents (-.276 ≤ r ≤ .202, p > .05), and young adults (-.120 ≤ r ≤ .161, p > .05). Significant differences between age groups were observed for associations between dynamic and proactive balance, which were lesser in young adults (r = .161) compared to adolescents (r = -.276, p = .017) and children (r = -.302, p = .023) and for associations between static (i.e., M/L sway) and proactive balance, which were larger in young adults (r = .319) compared to adolescents (r = -.131, p = .029). ConclusionsPractitioners (e.g., PE teachers) should be aware that associations between types of balance performance are small and hardly affected by age in youth. Therefore, they should be trained and tested individually in children, adolescents, and young adults.

Measuring Performance: Ranking State Success Over Two Decades in India

This paper proposes new composite measures of relative and dynamic state performance to improve governance and delivery of public programs in developing countries with a federal structure. We rank the performance of 19 major Indian states on two large development programs launched by the Indian government over the last two decades using publicly available data. Although we find volatility in performance over time, there exists a positive correlation between measures of state capacity, development and accountability with program outcomes. Our findings have important implications for both the design and implementation of public service programs of such large scale.

A dynamic performance measurement system for supply chain management

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a dynamic model for measurement supply chain performance (SCP) based on a dynamic balanced scorecard (DBSC). Balanced scorecard (BSC) can be defined as a popular performance measurement method that can translate the strategy into a set of performance indicators and manage the status of implementing the various strategies. However, BSC is unable to simulate the complicated environment and the dynamic behavior of performance metrics. Therefore, the author combines BSC with system dynamics (SD) to explore a more efficient tool for measurement SCP.Design/methodology/approachA dynamic causal model is proposed based on the causal hypotheses. The developed DBSC enables managers to evaluate and measure the SCP in a much-balanced way. Using DBSC makes it possible that different SCP metrics to be reviewed and distributed into the four above-mentioned perspectives. It also enables supply chain (SC) managers to evaluate different strategies to improve SCP.Findingsinvestigates two strategies to improve SCP as follows: (1) competitive strategy and (2) harvesting big data and using data mining techniques to determine the customer's expectations and then compares the results of these two strategies based on the four perspectives of DBSC and introduce the best strategy. Finally, harvesting big data and data mining is selected as the best strategy.Originality/valueThis study proposes a novel strategic management tool for measurement SCP and simulation of the complicated environment and the dynamic behavior of performance metrics. The proposed DBSC model enables managers to compare different strategies and select the best strategy.

On the relevance of self-service business intelligence to university management

PurposeNearly 40 years since they first appeared, there is renewed interest in dashboards, engendered by the diffusion of business intelligence (BI) desktop software, such as Power BI, QlikView and Tableau, denoted collectively as “self-service” BI. Using these commodity software tools, the work to construct dashboards apparently becomes easier and more manageable and no longer requires the intervention of specialists. This paper aims to analyse the implementation of this kind of commodity dashboard in a university, exploring its role in performance management processes and investigating whether the dashboard affects the organisation (or not).Design/methodology/approachThis paper focusses on an action research project developed by the authors, where the objective was to design and implement a dynamic performance measurement tool fitting the needs of department directors. The three authors were all involved in the project, respectively, as project manager, dashboard implementation manager and accounting manager of the studied organisation.FindingsThe results reveal a specific but complex change to the procedures and outcomes in the organisation studied, where the dashboard becomes a boundary infrastructure, thereby reviving technical and organisational problems that had been latent for years.Originality/valueIn this paper, the authors contribute to the debate on the digital age and the role of accounting with their exploration into the “revolution” of self-service BI tools. The democratisation and flexibility of these instruments put into discussion two core and somewhat controversial functions of accounting: data integration and personalised reporting.