Changes In Dynamic Balance Research Articles

Dynamic Balance Training Improves Physical Function in Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of a targeted balance training program on dynamic balance and self-reported physical function in people with medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (OA). DesignSingle-blind randomized controlled trial. SettingExercise gymnasium and community dwellings. ParticipantsIndividuals with medial compartment knee OA (N=40). InterventionsTen weeks of partially supervised exercises targeting dynamic balance and strength performed 4 times per week or no intervention (nonintervention group). Main Outcome MeasuresDynamic balance was measured using the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M), and self-reported physical function was measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index physical function subscale. Secondary outcomes included knee pain, fear of movement, knee joint proprioception, and muscle strength. ResultsForty individuals underwent baseline testing, with 36 participants completing follow-up testing. Adherence to exercise in the training group was high, with 82.2% of all home-based exercise sessions completed. No significant changes were observed in any outcome in the nonintervention group at follow-up. Significant improvements in self-reported pain, physical function, and fear of movement were observed in the training group when compared with the nonintervention group. No other within- or between-group differences were observed. ConclusionsA 10-week dynamic balance training program for people with knee OA significantly improved self-reported knee pain, physical function, and fear of movement; however, there was no change in dynamic balance as quantified by the CB&M. Further research is needed to investigate how exercise may result in improvement on objective measures of dynamic balance.

A Personalized Multi-Channel FES Controller Based on Muscle Synergies to Support Gait Rehabilitation after Stroke

It has been largely suggested in neuroscience literature that to generate a vast variety of movements, the Central Nervous System (CNS) recruits a reduced set of coordinated patterns of muscle activities, defined as muscle synergies. Recent neurophysiological studies have recommended the analysis of muscle synergies to finely assess the patient's impairment, to design personalized interventions based on the specific nature of the impairment, and to evaluate the treatment outcomes. In this scope, the aim of this study was to design a personalized multi-channel functional electrical stimulation (FES) controller for gait training, integrating three novel aspects: (1) the FES strategy was based on healthy muscle synergies in order to mimic the neural solutions adopted by the CNS to generate locomotion; (2) the FES strategy was personalized according to an initial locomotion assessment of the patient and was designed to specifically activate the impaired biomechanical functions; (3) the FES strategy was mapped accurately on the altered gait kinematics providing a maximal synchronization between patient's volitional gait and stimulation patterns. The novel intervention was tested on two chronic stroke patients. They underwent a 4-week intervention consisting of 30-min sessions of FES-supported treadmill walking three times per week. The two patients were characterized by a mild gait disability (walking speed > 0.8 m/s) at baseline. However, before treatment both patients presented only three independent muscle synergies during locomotion, resembling two different gait abnormalities. After treatment, the number of extracted synergies became four and they increased their resemblance with the physiological muscle synergies, which indicated a general improvement in muscle coordination. The originally merged synergies seemed to regain their distinct role in locomotion control. The treatment benefits were more evident for one patient, who achieved a clinically important change in dynamic balance (Mini-Best Test increased from 17 to 22) coupled with a very positive perceived treatment effect (GRC = 4). The treatment had started the neuro-motor relearning process also on the second subject, but twelve sessions were not enough to achieve clinically relevant improvements. This attempt to apply the novel theories of neuroscience research in stroke rehabilitation has provided promising results, and deserves to be further investigated in a larger clinical study.

The Utilization of Power to Predict Changes in Dynamic Balance

The Utilization of Power to Predict Changes in Dynamic Balance

Therapeutic effects of reaching with forward bending of trunk on postural stability, dynamic balance, and gait in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke.

[Purpose] The objective of this study was to perform forward bending of the trunk and reaching training in chronic stroke patients and to investigate subsequent changes in trunk control, dynamic balance, and gait. [Subject] Twenty-three chronic stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups, with 10 patients in the forward bending of the trunk and reaching group and 13 patients in the control group. [Methods] Both groups underwent 30 minutes of rehabilitation therapy, five days a week, for four weeks. The forward bending of the trunk and reaching group additionally performed forward bending of the trunk and reaching training five times a week for four weeks, which involved four sets of pressing buttons 35 times, for a total of 140 button presses per session. The subjects were tested before and after training using the Trunk Impairment Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, Six-Minute Walking Test, and 10-Meter Walking Test. Trunk control, dynamic balance, and walking ability were compared between the two groups. [Result] The results of the study showed that the results of the Trunk Impairment Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, Six-Minute Walking Test improved significantly in the FBR group, while there were no significant differences in the control group. [Conclusion] This study results suggest that forward bending of the trunk and reaching training can be an effective exercise method for chronic stroke patients.

Greatwall-phosphorylated Endosulfine is both an inhibitor and a substrate of PP2A-B55 heterotrimers.

During M phase, Endosulfine (Endos) family proteins are phosphorylated by Greatwall kinase (Gwl), and the resultant pEndos inhibits the phosphatase PP2A-B55, which would otherwise prematurely reverse many CDK-driven phosphorylations. We show here that PP2A-B55 is the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating pEndos during M phase exit. The kinetic parameters for PP2A-B55's action on pEndos are orders of magnitude lower than those for CDK-phosphorylated substrates, suggesting a simple model for PP2A-B55 regulation that we call inhibition by unfair competition. As the name suggests, during M phase PP2A-B55's attention is diverted to pEndos, which binds much more avidly and is dephosphorylated more slowly than other substrates. When Gwl is inactivated during the M phase-to-interphase transition, the dynamic balance changes: pEndos dephosphorylated by PP2A-B55 cannot be replaced, so the phosphatase can refocus its attention on CDK-phosphorylated substrates. This mechanism explains simultaneously how PP2A-B55 and Gwl together regulate pEndos, and how pEndos controls PP2A-B55. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01695.001.

신발 굽 높이와 근피로가 젊은 여성의 정적 및 동적 균형에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to investigate the influence of shoe heel height and muscle fatigue on static and dynamic balance in young women. Thirty women who were used to wearing high heels volunteered to participate in this study. The shoe heel heights were 0 cm and 7 cm. And ankle plantar flexor fatigue was experimentally induced. Static and dynamic balance were measured using the one leg standing test (OLST) and the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, respectively. Values in the OLST (shoe heel height 0 cm, <TEX>$28.83{\pm}3.24$</TEX> sec to <TEX>$26.12{\pm}6.13$</TEX> sec; and 7 cm, <TEX>$24.75{\pm}7.09$</TEX> sec to <TEX>$16.86{\pm}9.32$</TEX> sec) and the SEBT in anterior (shoe heel height 0 cm, <TEX>$71.02{\pm}4.57%$</TEX> to <TEX>$69.50{\pm}3.66%$</TEX>; and 7 cm, <TEX>$64.17{\pm}3.53%$</TEX> to <TEX>$59.61{\pm}4.06%$</TEX>) and posteromedial (shoe heel height 0 cm, <TEX>$92.01{\pm}5.61%$</TEX> to <TEX>$90.38{\pm}7.10%$</TEX>; and 7 cm, <TEX>$83.09{\pm}7.29%$</TEX> to <TEX>$76.83{\pm}9.28%$</TEX>) directions were significantly reduced when fatigue-inducing exercise was performed (p<.05). Furthermore, within these parameters, there were significant interaction effects between shoe heel height and fatigue condition (p<.05). These findings suggest that shoe heel height and muscle fatigue contribute to some changes in static and dynamic balance in young women, probably leading to negative effects on physical function during a variety of activities of daily living.

Fibular taping does not influence ankle dorsiflexion range of motion or balance measures in individuals with chronic ankle instability

To determine the effects of fibular taping on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and dynamic balance in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Single-blind, randomized crossover. Twenty-three individuals (age=23.4 ± 2.5 years, height=171.6 ± 12.4 cm, mass=71.5±13.1 kg) with CAI were allocated to either a fibular taping intervention or sham taping intervention (tape applied without tension) over the course of two visits. Weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion ROM and components of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) were measured before and after intervention. There was not a significant change in ankle dorsiflexion ROM when comparing the taping interventions (F1,43=1.03, P=.32), but both interventions resulted in a small increase (F1,43=8.07, P=.007) in dorsiflexion ROM (pre=36.7° ± 6.9°, post=37.7° ± 6.2°). This increase in ROM did not exceed the established minimal detectable change for dorsiflexion ROM. Fibular taping with tension produced an increase (F1,41=5.84, P=.02) (pre=69.0 ± 9.1%, post=70.6±8.6%) in posterolateral reach distance when compared to taping without tension (pre=72.7 ± 11.0%, post=71.4 ± 9.6%), but this increase did not exceed the established minimal detectable change. There was not a significant change in dynamic balance between groups for the anterior (F1,41=2.33, P=.14) and posteromedial (F1,41=.41, P=.53) reach directions. Although small changes in ankle dorsiflexion ROM and posterolateral reach distances were observed, these changes did not exceed established minimal detectable change values for these measures. These results suggest that the benefits of fibular taping are not related to an increase in ankle dorsiflexion ROM or dynamic balance.

Effectiveness of Core Muscle Stabilization Training on Dynamic Balance in Mechanical Low Back Pain Patients

Objective: To assess & find the effect of core muscle stabilization training on dynamic balance in mechanical low back pain patients. Design: Prospective Experimental Study. Participants and Outcome Measure: 30 Subjects with Mechanical Low Back Pain were selected and Core Muscle Stability Training was given. Outcome measures were recorded pre & post training program using STAR Excursion test. Result: Data was collected & analysed using Student's paired t-test to determine changes in dynamic balance, whereas correlation was done amongst right & left lower limb in each direction pre & post training, it showed a significant difference in anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, posterior & anteromedial directions of right lower limb and anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, posterior, posteromedial and anteromedial directions of left lower limb. Conclusion: Core stabilisation training is significantly effective in improving dynamic balance in mechanical low back pain patients.

The Effects of a 10-Week Group-Based Exercise Program on Lower Extremity Strength, Balance and Functional Mobility in Community- Dwelling Older Adults: A Pilot Study

Background: Many factors contribute to falls including strength deficits, balance impairments and fear of falling. Evidence suggests frequency of falls can be reduced through group-based exercise. Purpose: To 1) determine if a 10-week moderate intensity group-based exercise program focused on strengthening, conditioning and balance training would impact lower extremity muscle strength and functional mobility among healthy individuals 60 and over and 2) to examine the impact of this exercise program on specific quantitative aspects of balance including sway and stability using the Xeno Walkway System (Protokinetics). Number of subjects: Seventeen community-dwelling older adults (14 females, 3 males with a mean age of 77 years) participated in a group-based exercise program twice a week for 10 weeks. Methods: The program consisted of 45 minutes of exercise following: a 10-minute warm-up, flexibility exercises, upper and lower extremity strengthening exercises with weights and elastic bands, and balance training. Pre and post data were collected using the following measures: Timed Up and Go test to assess functional mobility; 30- Second Chair Rise test to measure functional lower extremity strength and endurance, and Xeno Walkway System to quantify changes in static (eyes open and closed) and dynamic balance (Four Square Step test). Results: Participation in a group-based exercise program resulted in statistically significant differences in Timed Up and Go scores (p=0.001), 30-second Chair Rise test (p=0.001), and Four Square Step test for duration (p=0.049) and velocity (p=0.004). No significant changes were noted in static balance.

Changes in Somatic Parameters and Dynamic Balance in Female Rhythmic Gymnasts Over a Space of Two Years

Abstract Introduction. Body build and the ability to maintain balance play an important role in the development and improvement of specialised motor habits and complex technical elements necessary to achieve significant sporting results in rhythmic gymnastics. The aim of this study was to determine changes in the level of ability to maintain dynamic balance and in the construction of somatic young female rhythmic gymnasts during a period of two year training. Material and methods. The research material consisted of 13 girls. When the first measurements were taken gymnasts were aged 7 - 12 years. In the study we utilised posturography and the Heath-Carter Anthropometric Somatotype Method. The analysis of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences (p &lt;0.05) in the values of the dynamic balance indicators of the gymnasts' bodies in all three consecutive measurements over a course of years. Results and conclusions. It was noted that as the young gymnasts progressed in their training, their ability to maintain dynamic balanced increased. Based on the characteristics of the model, we developed an exemplary set of dynamic balance of rhythmic gymnasts. The somatotype of the tested athletes surveyed had been changing in the direction of increase in the proportion of components of endomorphy and mesomorphy. The balance ability of rhythmic gymnasts stabilised during their puberty associated with changes in body proportions ratio i.e.: height, weight and somatotype. The results and conclusions drawn can be an important part of selection and choice and can be used to control the dynamic balance in rhythmic gymnastics.

動的バランス能力の加齢変化と等尺性膝伸展筋力との関係&lt;br&gt;-定期的に体操教室に通っている20～85才の女性を対象として-

This study examined age-related changes in dynamic balance (DB) ability, and the relationship between DB ability and isometric knee extension strength (IKES). Subjects were 100 females who regularly performed some light gymnastic exercises at a gymnastics club once or twice a week. Subject ages ranged from 20 to 85 years old. The measured items were height, body weight (BW), IKES, and DB ability. Results were as follows: 1. The average DB ability tended to gradually decrease as the subjects got older. There were some significant differences in the average DB ability between the 20 to 29 and 60 to 69 age groups, and between the 20 to 29 and over 70 age groups. 2. It was shown that there was a significant negative correlation between age and DB ability (r=0.471, p<0.001). 3. There was a significant negative correlation between age and IKES/BW (r=0.579, p<0.001). 4. It was shown that there was a significant positive correlation between IKES/BW and DB ability (r=0.368, p<0.001). 5. There was a significant negative correlation between BMI and DB ability (r=0.370, p<0.001). This study showed that DB ability rapidly decreased over 60 years old, and also the value tended to be higher in persons with a higher knee extension strength and lower BMI. Therefore, it was suggested that it is important to increase the knee extension strength and maintain an appropriate BMI in order to maintain DB ability.

Effect of experimental horizontal mandibular deviation on dynamic balance

There are two aspects of human balance: static balance and dynamic balance. However, to the author's knowledge, no studies have investigated how changes in the stomatognathic system influence dynamic balance. This aim of this study was to determine the effect of horizontal mandibular deviation on stability of upright posture on an unstable platform in order to clarify the relationship between the stomatognathic system and the dynamic balance. Fifteen healthy adult participants were selected. To determine the effect of changes in the stomatognathic system on dynamic balance, three experimental conditions were established: a resting mandibular position, a position in which experimental horizontal mandibular deviation was maintained by a splint, and a mandibular rest position maintained by a splint. Each participant was instructed to stand in a natural upright posture on an unstable board, and resulting variation in angle of the board was then measured. Measurements were taken 15 times under each condition. Variation in angle of inclination of the board as dynamic balance was the largest in the splint-maintained deviated mandibular position. Horizontal deviation in mandibular position interfered with stability of upright posture on an unstable platform, suggesting that changes in the stomatognathic system affect dynamic balance.

Can A Six-week Training Program Improve Dynamic Balance And Functional Movement In Middle School-aged Children?

Tests of dynamic balance, such as the Y Balance Test (YBT), and movement quality, such as the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), have been able to identify individuals at risk for lower extremity injury. Performance on these tests has been suggested to improve with training but there are no reports that have examined whether these changes are apparent in a youth and whether changes can occur with a standardized intervention. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of a six-week training program on YBT and FMS scores in middle school aged youth. METHODS: Two classes of 8th grade middle school students (31 boys, 41 girls) were recruited for the study. Students participated in a six-week training program aimed at improving dynamic balance and functional movement twice weekly. Students' dynamic balance was assessed using the YBT protocol and quality of movement was assessed using the FMS. Variables of interest for the YBT included maximal reach distance in all three reach directions, the composite score, and bilateral symmetry. Variables of interest for the FMS included scores for each of the seven movement tests along with an assessment of the composite score. Statistical analysis was conducted using a two-way ANOVA controlling for gender differences between the pre and post measurements (p<0.05). RESULTS: A significant interaction was observed for the composite FMS score that displayed a 17% increase in the boys compared to no change in the girls over the course of the program (B: 46.8 to 54.8, G: 56.9 to 57.7, p=0.01). Main effects for time, all of which improved over the course of the training program, were observed for all variables assessed on the YBT and for the FMS variables of deep squat, lunge, push up, and rotary stability. Main effects for gender were observed for the active straight leg raise and deep squat with girls exhibiting improved scores. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest that a standardized six-week training program can improve functional movement and dynamic balance scores as measured by the FMS and YBT. The improvements in functional movement were more pronounced in boys compared to girls while the changes in dynamic balance were consistent across gender. The different improvement in functional movement quality may potentially be due to the relative increased maturation that would be expected in girls of this age.

Heat Balance Is Attained During Postexercise Recovery Despite Residual Body Heat Storage

A rapid decay in local heat loss responses has been demonstrated during recovery from exercise despite sustained elevations in core temperature. However, it is unclear how dynamic heat balance changes during recovery relative to exercise. PURPOSE: To measure dynamic human heat balance during exercise followed by recovery. METHODS: Concurrent rates of metabolic heat production (M-W) and whole-body heat loss (HL) were measured by whole-body direct calorimetry to give rate of body heat storage (S) and change in body heat content from rest (ΔHb) in six male participants throughout 60-min of cycle ergometry at 40% of VO2peak and 60-min recovery at 30°C and 30% relative humidity. Core temperature was measured in the esophagus (Tes) and rectum (Tre), and regional muscle temperature in the vastus lateralis (Tvl) and triceps brachii (Ttb). RESULTS: After 60-min exercise, S approached zero and ΔHb was 289±38 kJ, paralleled by core temperature elevations of 0.82±0.17°C for Tes and 0.53±0.13°C for Tre, and muscle temperature elevations of 2.45±0.63°C for Tvl and 2.27±0.57°C for Ttb. After 10-min recovery, M-W returned to pre-exercise levels, and only 22.5±6.9% of the exercise-induced increase in HL remained despite core temperature elevations of 0.40±0.23°C for Tes and 0.43±0.14°C for Tre. After 60-min recovery S approached zero, due to a pre-exercise level of M-W and only 5.1±2.9% of the exercise-induced increase in HL remaining. However Tes was elevated by 0.22±0.14°C and Tre by 0.20±0.10°C, and muscle temperature was elevated by 1.00±0.47°C for Tvl and 0.93±0.51°C for Ttb. At the end of recovery, ΔHb from pre-exercise rest was 148±40 kJ. CONCLUSION: A balance between the rates of whole-body heat production and heat dissipation (i.e. S≈0) was attained after 60-min of exercise and again after 60-min postexercise recovery. However the accumulation of body heat content was greater during exercise than the dissipation of body heat content during recovery, primarily due to a greater rate of decay of total heat loss. This resulted in ~51% of exercise-induced heat content remaining in the body, giving elevated postexercise core and muscle tissue temperatures. Supported by U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command and NSERC

Influencia de un programa de entrenamiento con saltos en la fuerza explosiva, la velocidad de movimiento y el equilibrio dinámico de personas mayores

Objective To analyze the influence of a training programme with jumps on explosive force, speed-agility and dynamic balance in a sample of elderly men. Material and methods A 24-week study was carried out in Cordoba (Spain) in participants with a mean age of 69.2 ± 5.1 years divided into three groups: an experimental group with 45 men, a male control group with 48 men and a female control group with 45 women. The experimental group underwent two training sessions per week for 22 weeks; sessions comprised continuous vertical and horizontal jumping. The following tests were performed: jump test (using an AFR Technology ® IR platform), speed-agility test, dynamic balance test, and anthropometric tests. The association between variables was studied with a significance level of P<.05 (95% CI). Results The experimental group showed a significant increase ( P<.05) in jump test heights, a significant decrease ( P<.05) in mean time in the speed-agility test and no significant change in dynamic balance. The male control group showed a decrease in strength (−.49% and −2.48%) and in speed of movement ( P<.05), but no significant change in dynamic balance. The female control group showed decreases in movement and in dynamic balance. Conclusion These results highlight the significant influence of the physical training programme tested on increasing lower-limb explosive force and speed of movement, while maintaining dynamic balance.

Is fall prevention by vitamin D mediated by a change in postural or dynamic balance?

The objectives were:(1) to validate a quantitative balance assessment method for fall risk prediction; (2) to investigate whether the effect of vitamin D and calcium on the risk of falling is mediated through postural or dynamic balance, as assessed by this method. A secondary analysis of a double blind randomized controlled trial was employed, which included 64 institutionalized elderly women with complete balance assessment (age range: 65-97; mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: 16.4 ng/ml (SD +/-9.9). Participants received 1,200 mg calcium plus 800 IU cholecalciferol (n=33) or 1,200 mg calcium (n=31) per day over a 3-month treatment period. Using an electronic device attached to the lower back of the participant, balance was assessed as the degree of trunk angular displacement and angular velocity during a postural task (standing on two legs, eyes open, for 20 s) and a dynamic task (get up from a standard height chair with arm rests, sit down and then stand up again and remain standing). It was found that both postural and dynamic balance independently and significantly predicted the rate of falling within the 3-month follow-up. Vitamin D plus calcium reduced the rate of falls by 60% [relative risk (RR)=0.40; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.94] if compared with calcium alone. Once postural and dynamic balance were added to the regression analysis, they both attenuated the effect of vitamin D plus calcium on the rate of falls. For postural balance, the RR changed by 22% from 0.40 to 0.62 if angular displacement was added to the model, and by 9% from 0.40 to 0.49 if angular velocity was added. For dynamic balance, it changed by 1% from 0.40 to 0.41 if angular displacement was added, and by 14% from 0.40 to 0.54 if angular velocity was added. Thus, balance assessment using trunk angular displacement is a valid method for the prediction of falls in older women. Of the observed 60% reduction in the rate of falls by vitamin D plus calcium supplementation compared with calcium alone, up to 22% of the treatment effect was explained by a change in postural balance and up to 14% by dynamic balance.

A further study on the stability of a baroclinic flow in cyclostrophic balance

[1] Stability of a baroclinic basic flow in gradient wind balance is examined for a very wide range of parameters. When the Rossby number is sufficiently small, it is found that the baroclinic instability occurs not only in the basic flow in geostrophic regime, but also in that in cyclostrophic one. As the Rossby number increases, the baroclinic instability disappears in the nearly geostrophic regime. However, the unstable mode appears again when the dynamic balance changes into the cyclostrophic one; its growth rate is fairly larger than that of the baroclinic instability in the geostrophic regime. It is shown that the baroclinic instability problem in the Venus cloud layer (45–70 km) is not so deviated from that in the terrestrial troposphere, while the cyclostrophic balance is essential in a situation of the Venus lower atmosphere, where the unstable baroclinic wave is predicted to appear.

Neuroendocrine influences and repercussions of the menopause.

In summary, the evidence that both the ovary and the brain are key pacemakers in the menopause is compelling. Our appreciation that estrogens are important neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors has grown rapidly. Future studies will allow us to better understand the ensemble of factors that interact to maintain regular reproductive cyclicity and how this precise dynamic balance changes with age. Furthermore, understanding how estrogen exerts trophic and protective actions should lead to its use as an important therapeutic agent in the maintenance of normal neural function during aging and after injury.

Age-dependent changes in dynamic body balance as evaluated by the Body Tracking Test (BTT)

Stability of Posture and gait decays with aging. In this study, we constructed the Body Tracking Test (BTT), to evaluate dynamic body balance function as opposed to static balance. Healthy volunteers of various ages (total, 272 persons) were subjects of the study. The principle of the BTT was for the subject to attempt to track an optical moving target displayed on a computer screen by shifting his or her body's center of gravity that was also displayed. The target moved for a span of 15 cm horizontally on the 14-inch screen, and also, in lateral and antero-posterior (horizontal and vertical) on CRT directions at a constant velocity of 0.125 Hz. Sixty-seconds recordings are obtained. In BTT, the gain for target against tracking was fixed at 2.0 (target:tracking = 1:2). The target was 100 cm anterior to the platform where the subject stood erect with the feet close together. The criteria for evaluation of the tracking function were determined by our preliminary study, titled "Index of BTT movement", and was useful during our present study. These criteria were determined ranking to E from A. The A rank indicated best tracking. Determination of rankings were performed by good or not tracking line against target trace line on recorded papers. Age-dependent changes in scores were obtained and analyzed. Results suggested that the tracking ability started to deteriorate after age 40, and these differences were observed in lateral and antero-posterior (horizontal and vertical on CRT) directions for all age groups. Tried for a with 30 years old changes, increase of a rate that A ranking occupies with a lateral direction law fast stimulation BTT from 20-year-old changes though, didn't try for a significant difference with a antero-posterior direction law fast stimulation BTT. Try start were 50-year-old changes with an antero-posterior BTT, 40-year-old changes with a lateral BTT E ranking. C, D, rate that E ranking occupies increases consequently to become 80-year-old changes and advanced age from 60 years on. For the tendency, a small tendency tried for the rate for antero-posterior stimulation BTT compared with a lateral stimulation BTT. Whether thought about for this, an of direction is prompt nearly against an outside stimulation since it keeps a balance with standing and being mended.

Infant learning about balance control across changes in body postures

To examine the effect of a targeted balance training program on dynamic balance and self-reported physical function in people with medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (OA).Single-blind randomized controlled trial.Exercise gymnasium and community dwellings.Individuals with medial compartment knee OA (N=40).Ten weeks of partially supervised exercises targeting dynamic balance and strength performed 4 times per week or no intervention (nonintervention group).Dynamic balance was measured using the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M), and self-reported physical function was measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index physical function subscale. Secondary outcomes included knee pain, fear of movement, knee joint proprioception, and muscle strength.Forty individuals underwent baseline testing, with 36 participants completing follow-up testing. Adherence to exercise in the training group was high, with 82.2% of all home-based exercise sessions completed. No significant changes were observed in any outcome in the nonintervention group at follow-up. Significant improvements in self-reported pain, physical function, and fear of movement were observed in the training group when compared with the nonintervention group. No other within- or between-group differences were observed.A 10-week dynamic balance training program for people with knee OA significantly improved self-reported knee pain, physical function, and fear of movement; however, there was no change in dynamic balance as quantified by the CB&M. Further research is needed to investigate how exercise may result in improvement on objective measures of dynamic balance.