Dye Technique Research Articles

Combination therapy of insulin-like growth factor I and BTP-2 markedly improves lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice.

Acute liver injury is a common disease without effective therapy in humans. We sought to evaluate a combination therapy of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and BTP-2 in a mouse liver injury model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We chose this model because LPS is known to increase the expression of the transcription factors related to systemic inflammation (i.e., NFκB, CREB, AP1, IRF 3, and NFAT), which depends on calcium signaling. Notably, these transcription factors all have pleiotropic effects and account for the other observed changes in tissue damage parameters. Additionally, LPS is also known to increase the genes associated with a tissue injury (e.g., NGAL, SOD, caspase 3, and type 1 collagen) and systemic expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, LPS compromises vascular integrity. Accordingly, IGF-I was selected because its serum levels were shown to decrease during systemic inflammation. BTP-2 was chosen because it was known to decrease cytosolic calcium, which is increased by LPS. This current study showed that IGF-I, BTP-2, or a combination therapy significantly altered and normalized all of the aforementioned LPS-induced gene changes. Additionally, our therapies reduced the vascular leakage caused by LPS, as evidenced by the Evans blue dye technique. Furthermore, histopathologic studies showed that IGF-I decreased the proportion of hepatocytes with ballooning degeneration. Finally, IGF-I also increased the expression of the hepatic growth factor (HGF) and the receptor for the epidermal growth factor (EGFR), markers of liver regeneration. Collectively, our data suggest that a combination of IGF-I and BTP-2 is a promising therapy for acute liver injury.

Effect of Natural Agents on the Mechanical and Flame Retardant Properties of Cotton Fabric–Dyeing Technique

Abstract Home textile products manufactured and exported in huge quantities from Karur, Namakkal, Erode, and Salem are the established foremost important geographical locations centers in Southern India. The cotton fibers are less resistant to fire and that leads to unexpected accidents, thus there is an importance of the flame retardance tendency for home textiles. Eco-friendly herbal extract–dyed cotton has been investigated for tensile strength and flame retardant properties. The current research elaborately studies the antibacterial dyed cotton fabric materials in terms of improved flame retardant property through eco-friendly herbal extracts to cotton fabrics with simultaneous analysis on their tensile strength properties. The mangosteen-dyed cotton fabrics showed better results with specifications of 140 g/m2, plain weave with 40 % dye concentration, 240 g/m2, terry weave with 40 % dye concentration and untreated cotton fabrics of 140 g/m2 and 240 g/m2 had the tensile strength of 237.87 kg/cm2, 288.69 kg/cm2 and 238.38 kg/cm2, 288.47 kg/cm2. The flame response studies revealed the the burning time increases from 35 s for untreated 140 g/m2 plain cotton fabric to 50 s and 45 s for the fabrics dyed with mangosteen and borage. Correspondingly, the burning rate changes from 320 mm/min for untreated 140 g/m2 plain cotton fabrics to 290 mm/min and 300 mm/min for mangosteen- and borage-dyed fabrics, respectively. The limited oxygen index (LOI) test results showed that the borage-dyed fabrics exhibited little increased LOI values of 20 over the other treated samples on an average of LOI of 19 in comparison with the untreated cotton fabrics of LOI 18.

Primary Cultures of Rat Astrocytes and Microglia and Their Use in the Study of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

This protocol demonstrates how to prepare primary cultures of glial cells, astrocytes, and microglia from the cortices of Sprague Dawley rats and how to use these cells for the purpose of studying the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the rat hSOD1G93A model. First, the protocol shows how to isolate and culture astrocytes and microglia from postnatal rat cortices, and then how to characterize and test these cultures for purity by immunocytochemistry using the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) marker of astrocytes and the ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) microglial marker. In the next stage, methods are described for dye-loading (calcium-sensitive Fluo 4-AM) of cultured cells and the recordings of Ca2+ changes in video imaging experiments on live cells. The examples of video recordings consist of: (1) cases of Ca2+ imaging of cultured astrocytes acutely exposed to immunoglobulin G (IgG) isolated from ALS patients, showing a characteristic and specific response compared to the response to ATP as demonstrated in the same experiment. Examples also show a more pronounced transient rise in intracellular calcium concentration evoked by ALS IgG in hSOD1G93A astrocytes compared to non-transgenic controls; (2) Ca2+ imaging of cultured astrocytes during a depletion of calcium stores by thapsigargin (Thg), a non-competitive inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, followed by store-operated calcium entry elicited by the addition of calcium in the recording solution, which demonstrates the difference between Ca2+ store operation in hSOD1G93A and in non-transgenic astrocytes; (3) Ca2+ imaging of the cultured microglia showing predominantly a lack of response to ALS IgG, whereas ATP application elicited a Ca2+ change. This paper also emphasizes possible caveats and cautions regarding critical cell density and purity of cultures, choosing the correct concentration of the Ca2+ dye and dye-loading techniques.

Coloration with nanoparticles: Scope for developing simultaneous colouring and functional properties onto textile surfaces—a short review

AbstractTraditional textile dyeing using synthetic organic dyes is a hazardous method and requires the appropriate treatment of wastewater (i.e., effluent) after the dyeing process. Over time, numerous more environmentally‐friendly dyeing techniques have been innovated as a counter dyeing technique against this traditional dyeing method. Among them, nano‐coloration technology is a revolutionary innovation where textile dyeing can be carried out using solely some typical nanoparticles rather than using an organic dye, which is relatively more sustainable and green, compared to the traditional method. To date, several novel nanoparticles have been considered for a varied class of textiles and they have shown great potential in developing colour and numerous functional properties, namely antimicrobial, hydrophilic, self‐cleaning, ultraviolet (UV) protection, flame retardance and so on. Here, in this review, the recent advances regarding the uses of these nanoparticles as a novel class of colourants for the textile substrates are discussed while their related challenges and future opportunities are also analysed.

Lymph node Staging methods in mammary tumors in female dogs: palpation x sentinel node biopsy

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in both women and female dogs. The lymphnode condition is one of the most important prognostic factors in both species. The main goals of this search are to determine the role of inguinal and axilary palpation preoperatively, to find the sentinel node detection rate using the blue dye technique and its role in predicting metastasis. Fifty female dogs havings mammary tumors were included in this study. The protocol included data collection, clinical examination, blood sampling and radiologic exams before surgery. Blue dye subcutaneous injection was performed just after anesthesia and ten minutes before skin incision. Mastectomy was performed according to the previously established hospital protocol. Eighty-six percent of dogs presented with malignant tumor. Lymph node palpation offered high accuracy, low sensitivity, high speficicity, low positive predictive value and high negative predictive value for metastasis detection. The inguinal sentinel lymph node was detected in 92.3% of the female dogs and the axillary sentinel lymph, in 78.9%. Twenty-five percent of all detected lymph nodes contained metastatic carcinoma. Sentinel node detection rate was high both inguinal and axilary, although sentinel metastasis were rare in both stations. The procedure did not cause any additional morbidity. Thus, the optimal protocol according to this study, is lymph node palpation and, in positive cases, the sentinel node biopsy using the blue dye technique.

Eco-friendly single bath dyeing of wool yarns with extracted cochineal dye: optimization and additives effect

PurposeThe purpose of this study is simultaneous dyeing and mordanting of wool yarns with extracted cochineal dye and aluminum sulfate to the reduction of consuming energy, water and time.Design/methodology/approachThe dyeing process was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. pH, dyeing duration and the presence of additives were chosen as variables and the color strength of samples as a response. The color characteristics and fastness attributes of samples dyed in the best condition were evaluated and compared to pre-mordant dyeing outcomes on wool yarns.FindingsThe best conditions for deep dyeing wool with cochineal dye were as follows: pH 2.5, time 110 min and the ratio of aluminum: additives 1:0 at 100 °C. Color strength of dyed wool yarns by one-bath and pre-mordant dyeing methods were approximately the same. Wool yarns can dye to the on-bath dyeing method such that the dyed samples have similar color strength and fastness properties to pre-mordant dyeing.Social implicationsWool dyeing processes that use one-bath dyeing consume less water and produce fewer effluents. As a result, this strategy conserves water and energy for a higher quality of life. The findings of this study, in general, aid environmental protection.Originality/valueA novel one-bath process for dyeing wool with cochineal dye at heavy depths is introduced. RSM was used to optimize the procedure and determine effective parameters on the color strength of dyed wools. Using extracted cochineal dye and aluminum sulfate in a simultaneous dyeing technique, good color fastness qualities on wool fibers were achieved.

Pengenalan Batik Jumputan Sebagai Media Alternatif Keterampilan Kepada Ibu PKK Perum Solo Elok, Mojosongo, Surakarta

ABSTRACTWomen from low-income families encounter some challenges because of their gender status. Thus, attention is required to improve women’s engagement in the socioeconomic development process, a program implemented by the government in the scope of women’s welfare. However, the program’s impact on women has not been totally positive. Providing training related to Jumputan (tie-dye) batik making is one of the alternatives for women empowerment, particularly among local housewives community (PKK) members in Perum Solo Elok, Mojosongo, Surakarta. Batik is a method of decorating cloth with dye techniques; however, in the majority of Indonesian society, the term batik refers to batik-patterned textiles or printed batik rather than actual batik. This course is intended to support attempts to preserve traditional art, particularly batik artworks. Activities are carried out in collaboration with program partners PKK Perum Solo Elok, Mojosongo, Surakarta. The approach used to carry out this introductory activity prioritizes participant and mentor activeness, which is supported by the use of media and effective and efficient training models, with the goal of training materials being well accepted by trainees, who are PKK members. In accordance with this, the program design, particularly this creative workshop, refers to David Gibson’s concept of design phases divided into three broad groups: planning, design, and implementation. The stages of activity implementation include three methods: mutual approach, personal approach, and partnership approach. This skill is to add a variety of skills to partners in order to develop a hobby and business related to tie-dye batik.

The adsorption behavior and phase transfer catalytic fixation of a special dye SCF-AOL2 on cotton in supercritical carbon dioxide

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) dyeing technique is a powerful alternative method to conventional ones. In this work, the uptake behavior and the build-up performance of a special dye SCF-AOL2 involving a potential reactive group of β-ethylsulfone sulfate on cotton in SC-CO2 was investigated. Particularly, a phase transfer catalytic method, involving series of reactions and a supposed mechanism in a supercritical fixation system was introduced for the special dye fixation by employing a phase transfer catalyst. The results show that the uptake behaviors of the special dye were significantly improved with temperature, pressure and duration in both pure and cosolvent involved SC-CO2 systems. Moreover, the fixation efficiency and the color fastness of the uptake dye on the substrate were notably improved by employing the catalytic fixation method. Furthermore, the dye uptake and catalytic fixation behaviors were also verified with color measurement, dye fixation efficiency, FT-IR analysis and color fastness evaluation.

Investigation and optimisation of process parameters for the green chemistry colouration using banana bio-resources waste

PurposeThe application of synthetic dyestuffs in the dyeing and printing industries has been criticized because of the introduction of contaminants into the environment. With time, the increasing international awareness of environment and ecology preservation has led to the industry’s attention towards natural dyes and their efficient usage compared to synthetic counterparts. Because the need for “Green” goods and services are rising public awareness, this paper aims to use a banana bio-resource waste to dye cotton fabric.Design/methodology/approachFactorial design with three variables, including parts of a banana plant, combination of alkalis and application temperature at three different levels, was studied to identify a significant correlation between the effect of these variables on the colour strength and fastnesses of the dyed cotton fabrics.FindingsDyeing samples achieved with various parts of banana are found to offer significant colour strength and a good wash and rub fastness. Experimental design analysis helped to formulate a standard workable dyeing recipe with the minimum use of resources exhibiting reasonably good wash and rub fastness.Originality/valueThis dyeing technique is novel and can be found useful for partially replacing synthetic dyes with natural colourants possessing good washing and rubbing fastness.

Baking Soda as A Fixation of Remasol is an Effective Method for Colouring Batik to Be Combined eith Other Types of Colours

Batik dyes are made from natural dyes and chemical dyes (rapid, indigosol, naptol, and remasol). Each batik dye requires a fixation material according to the type of colour used. Remasol colour (vinyl sulfone) is one type of reactive colour whose use is the most suitable to smear. Fixation of Remasol colour is using waterglass/sodium (Na2SiO3). Waterglass has a liquid nature, although it hardens easily after being exposed to the sun, it melts quickly when it contacts with water. Therefore, Remasol with waterglass fixation is not suitable when it is used with other colour combinations. For instance, it is combined with naptol. To produce a suitable combination, it is necessary to use baking soda [sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)] as a fixation of remasol. In this study, it is explained about the method of baking soda as a fixation of remasol as a baik dye combined with other types of colours. The result of this research is that baking soda as a fixation of remasol requires a ratio 1 : 1 (1 gram of baking soda : 1 gram of remasol). To produce a colour that matches the quidelines, after being applied, 72 hours of drying is required, after that it is blocked (covered with hot wax). This method can be used to colour batik with the dip dye technique which can be combined with naptol, rapid, and indigosol colours. The result of this study is expected to increase the number of colour variations in one sheet of cloth. For example, one sheet of cloth can use naptol, rapid, and indigosol. Because naptol, rapid, and indigosol have different colours, for example, naptol, rapid, and indigosol do not have turquoise blue. Turquoise only exists in remasol, and vise versa. The shortcoming in this research is that the experimental method carried out is still simple and has not used detailed laboratory test.

A dual-mode strategy combining SERS with MALDI FTICR MS based on core-shell silver nanoparticles for dye identification and semi-quantification in unearthed silks from Tang Dynasty.

Silk, as one of the representative artifacts of China, profoundly affects the communication between eastern and western civilizations, and dyes, as the color support of silks, reflected crucial historical, cultural and technological information. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) characterized by vibrational information has been extensively employed in dye analysis. However, since natural plants with complex coloring compositions in ancient China were broadly applied in dying textiles, the existing SERS methods often misinterpret results in dye analysis. Besides, semi-quantification of each component was of great difficulty by SERS, limiting the exquisite comparative analyses of different historical samples. For the first time, a dual-mode strategy combining SERS with high mass resolution MALDI FTICR MS was developed in virtue of core-shell silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@PDA), which realized the precise identification and semi-quantification of complex dye mixtures, thus significantly improving the accuracy and applicability of traditional SERS method. Four typical dye components (alizarin, purpurin, berberine and indigo) have been identified and semi-quantified in unearthed dyed silks from Tang Dynasty based on the method. More interestingly, multiple dye components with different contents and their ratio could be precisely determined, which might help in further investigating their dyeing techniques. This dual-mode strategy represents a promising tool for providing solid support for cognition, evaluation and restoration of textile objects in museums and conservation centers.

A novel efficient method for eco-friendly deep dyeing of wool yarns by extracted madder dyes in the presence of additives

Zinc sulfate and magnesium sulfate were used as additives to provide an effective simultaneous mordanting and dyeing process (meta mordant) for wool yarns with madder dyes extracted by ultrasound. In the dyeing procedure, aluminum sulfate and ferrous sulfate were used as mordants. A response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design was used to optimize the dyeing technique. Results showed that the highest color strength of dyed samples was achieved at 105–110 min at 1:30 ratio of aluminum sulfate to zinc sulfate, 1:10 ratio of aluminum sulfate to magnesium sulfate, and pH of 2.5–3. It was observed that the dyeing of yarns with extracted dye and ferrous sulfate could be carried out without using additives. The color properties of dyed yarns using the novel approach were compared to samples dyed using the conventional method (pre-mordant). The findings revealed that dyed samples using the novel approach had the same or greater color strength as dyed samples using the pre-mordant procedure. L* , a* , and b* of the dyed yarns by extracted dyes and aluminum sulfate in the presence of magnesium sulfate were approximately the same with yarns dyed by the pre-mordant method. Also, the color fastness properties of dyed samples by meta mordant method were acceptable in terms of wash, light, and rub fastnesses. Nearly similar or better color stability was achieved compared to the common method. In this respect, a novel efficient one bath method was introduced for deep dyeing of wool yarns with extracted madder dyes which can decrease the negative environmental impacts such as pollutants, water consumption, and energy in comparison to other conventional methods.

Natural Practices: The Creative Autonomy Encoded within First Nations Dye and Weaving Processes of the Chilkat Blanket

This article describes two research residencies undertaken at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) during the months of August and October 2019, wherein Dr. Mark Joseph O’Connell looked specifically at weaving and dye techniques found in a form of ceremonial dancing blanket called the Chilkat. The examination of these artifacts provides valuable information on pre-colonial First Nations industry, the ongoing impacts of colonial processes, and also offers clues to a pre-colonial fashion history, one that re-contextualizes these exquisitely crafted garments and thereby re-situates them within previously held notions of political and social spheres of community life. This research provides a more nuanced and inclusive framework of Canadian fashion history, as well as information concerning pre-colonial First Nations industry and the ongoing impacts of colonial processes; It also to highlights the extraordinary techniques and iconography employed in their manufacture. Efforts toward cultural preservation through creative labor can also be examined through Chilkat artistry, as craft-based agency has served as a conduit for preserving cultural history as well as providing an ongoing means of ensuring First Nations autonomy and agency.

A precise self-built secondary mass database for identifying red dyes and dyeing techniques with UPLC-MS/MS.

Dyes on ancient silks have been a worth studying field through human's history, although current reports ignore the connection between natural dyes origin and relevant colour reduction methods, which poses an insurmountable obstacle for restoration of historical silks. In this paper, a series of 12 red hue silks from six natural dyes (sappanwood, Chinese madder, safflower, lac, cochineal, dragon's blood) via three different dyeing techniques were used to establish a self-built precise tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) database. With organic solvent extracting on those manual-dyed silks, ultraperformance liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization - quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was utilized to form preliminary MS database for screening and identifying of the potential dyes compounds without standard references. Furthermore, combining the targeted MS/MS mode and the matching threshold of 70.00, a self-built secondary MS/MS database was successfully established, which contains 33 compounds, 32 chromatograms and 32 MS/MS fragments. As for real sample application, the self-built precise MS/MS database had revealed that the dyes on two historical silks (Shanghai Museum, China) belong to Chinese madder just with different mordant dyeing ordinal. Additionally, by experimental restoration, visually indistinguishable silks (ΔEab* < 1.5 NBS) were successfully restored. This explorative methodology can further inspire the traceability of biological dyestuffs, which lays instructive foundation on protection and restoration of artefacts, connecting the archaeological science and human art.

Study on the dyeing process of fast-growing fir veneer with reactive dyes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to improve the dyeing effect of fast-growing fir wood dyed with reactive dyes. Design/methodology/approach In this study, five factors including temperature, the dosage of dye accelerator, dyeing time, the dosage of fixing agent and fixing time were investigated. Then, the color difference and light resistance of the wood surface after dyeing were used as the evaluation indicators; the best dyeing process under the two indicators was obtained through the range analysis. Finally, the two indicators were considered comprehensively, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to obtain the best dyeing process under the comprehensive indicators. Findings The results show that when the comprehensive index was used as the evaluation index, the optimal dyeing process for reactive red X-3B dyeing fast-growing fir veneer was that the dyeing temperature was 65°C; the amount of dye accelerator was 25 g L−1; the dyeing time was 2 h; the amount of fixing agent was 15 g L−1; and the fixing time was 35 min. Originality/value The technique of wood dyeing is an important method to increase the value of wood products. When using different kinds of dyes or dyeing substrates for wood dyeing, the dyeing process is different. This study determined the best process for reactive dye dyeing of fast-growing fir veneer and provided a solution for improving the value of fast-growing fir wood.

The Use of Composite Textile Techniques as Upholstery Fabric for Interior Furnishing

This is an art studio Practice-based study that employed the creativity of using Ikat technique, Embroidery technique, leather material, and woven Kente fabric from cotton and rayon yarns to create the design for the production of artistic Upholstery for interior furnishing, using yarn dyeing, traditional loom, and sewing and embroidery techniques in textiles. While plain cotton and synthetic materials for Sofa production abounds in Ghana, the study found the combination of Ikat technique, embroidery, woven kente and leather as a composite material in the production of upholstery in Ghana not exploited in the Upholstery industries. Descriptive and studio/practice-based research methods were employed under the qualitative research approach as the research design for the study. The study presents systematic processes involved in the production of upholstery design for sofas. The study proved that the medium chosen is good for upholstery design for sofas in interior furnishing. Weaving techniques were used to generate a well-defined weave structure from dyed yarns which was augmented by leather material woven in a twill structure with embroidery stitches. All the techniques combined yielded a good design for Upholstery.

Validation sentinel lymph node biopsy study in cN0 axilla using low-cost dual dye technique: potential solution for resource poor settings.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) using radio-pharmaceutical and a blue dye is gold standard for axillary staging in clinically node-negative breast cancer. High costs and limited availability of radio-pharmaceutical and/or gamma probe are major deterrents in performing SLNB in developing countries. In this study, we evaluated feasibility of SLN identification (SLN-IR) of fluorescein-guided (FG) SLNB in combination with methylene blue dye (MBD). This was a prospective cross-sectional non-randomized validation study in patients with clinically node-negative axilla. Patients underwent validation SLNB using fluorescein (and blue LED light) and MBD. Axillary dissection was performed irrespective of SLNB histology. SLIN-IR and False Negative Rate (FNR) were assessed for both groups. The SLNs were identified in 29 (96.6%) pre-chemotherapy patients and 23 (82%) post Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NACT) patients. The median number of sentinel lymph nodes identified was 3 (range of 1-5) in pre-chemotherapy patients and 1 (range of 1-3) in post NACT patients. The SLN-IR using MBD was 90%, FD was 86.7% and combined MBD FD was 96.7% in pre-chemotherapy patients. The SLN-IR using MBD was 82%, FD was 71% and combined MBD FD was 82% in in post NACT patients. The false negative rate (FNR) in pre-chemotherapy group was 8.0% (MBD), 8.3% (FD) and 7.4% (MBD + FD). The FNR in post NACT group was 8.7% (MBD), 10% (FD) and 8.7% (MBD + FD). This prospective validation study showed adequate SLN-IR and FNR using low-cost dual dyes in early breast cancer patients and can be used in low resource settings. However, SLNB in post NACT axilla though viable along with a satisfactory FNR, is associated with low identification rate and needs further evaluation.

The effect of pH and tanning agents on the quality of sheep leather using the ecoprinting dyeing method

Leather eco-printing is an eco-friendly dyeing technique performed by transferring colors from plants. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of pH and tanning agents on the quality of sheep leather using eco-printing dyeing method to produce an eco-friendly animal product. A total of 30 sheep crust leather were randomly assigned using a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, with three replications. The first factor was the leather tanning agent namely vegetable and mineral, while the second was pH of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The plants used in eco-printing were Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) leaves, Kenikir flowers, Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) leaves, Ganitri (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) leaves, Ferns (Pteridophyta) leaves, Lanang (Oroxylum indicium) leaves and Teak (Tectona grandis) leaves. Color sharpness and fastness data were collected and then analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed interactions between the tanning method and pH (P = 0.01) on color sharpness, with the highest values produced in mineral leather processed under pH 9. Mineral leather had higher color sharpness and fastness values with P < 0.05 compared to vegetables. Furthermore, the pH significantly affected sharpness (P < 0.01) but had no effect on colorfastness. Based on the results, the combination of mineral tanning with a pH of 9 can be applied for eco-printing to produce the best sheep leather product.

OPTIMIZATION OF REACTIVE DYEING PROCESS FOR CHITOSAN TREATED COTTON FABRIC

The colour of textiles plays an important role in the marketability of fabrics, due to its psychological and eye-catching effects on consumers. Synthetic dyes are widely used in the textiles industry due to their ability to reproduce different colours and shades, easy application method and huge production to fulfill the demands of ever-increasing population. Reactive dyes are most commonly used for cotton fabric, due to their brilliant colours and good washing fastness. However, the major problem with reactive dyes is that they consume huge amounts of alkali or salts as mordant for the fixation of dyes on cotton fabric. Most of the commercial dyeing units and textile export houses have started seeking possibilities to use safe synthetic dyes for dyeing different textiles for targeting the niche market. For that purpose, appropriate standardized scientific dyeing techniques and procedures need to be adopted. In the present study, the use of chitosan as mordant, instead of alkali or salt, was investigated for dyeing cotton fabric with reactive red dye, and the dyeing variables were optimized to attain the maximum colour strength value. The results of study showed that higher percent dye absorption (78.90%), colour strength (18.72) and good wash fastness rating (4/5) were achieved for the chitosan treated dyed fabric, compared to the alkali treated dyed sample (68.36% and 13.03, respectively).

Ecological dyeing of cotton fabric with Matricaria recutita L. in the presence of human hair keratins as an alternative copartner to metallic mordants

A growing interest is being nowadays shown in sustainable and green textile dyes aimed at reducing the adverse environmental impacts associated with unsafe materials. It is the objective of the present work to salvage human hair waste by using renewable plant materials and herbaceous dyes. For this purposes, human hair keratin is used as a novel low-cost bio-agent to improve the affinity of natural colorants to cellulosic materials and Matricaria recutita flower extract as an agricultural dye not only to reduce the waste released into the environment but also to produce biocompatible products with value added properties. The influence of the main dyeing conditions on the performances of this dyeing process were studied. The energy of the hydrogen bond and the hydrogen bonding distance of dyed samples were also estimated by the (OH) stretching band. It is found that while M. recutita might serve as an abundant and environmentally safe source of natural dye, hair keratin used as a modification agent could improve cotton fabric dyeability toward M. recutita extract. The bio-textiles thus obtained exhibit good properties of light and wash fastness due to their hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic properties. Moreover, the samples subjected to the proposed pre-treating and dyeing technique offer improved UV protection. The use of biodegradable human hair keratin as a new sustainable modification agent in cotton dyeing process resulted not only in improving of dye uptake of cotton fabrics but also will be helpful in minimizing the environmental problem of hair waste and byproducts. Hence, the proposed novel approach might serve as an excellent and economical replacement for the common dyeing procedures as it alters the microstructure of cotton materials at no environmental costs.