Dyeing Conditions Research Articles

Dyeing and finishing of cotton fabric with eucalyptus leaves extracts

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to establish a suitable procedure for dyeing and multifunctional finishing on 100% cotton using extracts of eucalyptus leaves in an eco-friendly manner.Design/methodology/approachBox–Behnken design of experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to optimise the conditions of extraction, dyeing and finishing. Phytochemical analysis was performed to determine the chemical constituents of the extracts. Colour strength, fastness properties were evaluated for dyed fabric samples. The effectiveness of eucalyptus leaves extract as an insect repellent, aroma, antibacterial finishing agent, was assessed. Pre-soaking and padding method was used for the application of active essential oil on the fabric.FindingsEssential oil extracted from Eucalyptus globulus leaves have great repellent rate for insects to the extent of 90% and aroma intensity of 72% and antibacterial effect of 100% bacterial reduction up to five washings. The use of citric acid as cross-linking agent helps increase the durability of the finish. Natural dyeing to get light yellow shade is possible with extracts made with water, possessing good fastness properties.Research limitations/implicationsScaling up the extraction process and soaking larger quantities of fabrics in extracted essential oil solution before the pad applications are considered limitations of this study. However, smaller pieces of fabrics can conveniently be handled in this process. It has tremendous potential for practising industrially, to get yellow-shaded multifunctional finished cotton textiles.Practical implicationsProtection against insects, including mosquitoes, bacteria with additional aroma on cotton will be of great use in day-to-day life for the wearer.Social implicationsEco-friendly, renewable sources of ingredients from the plant were used to obtain protection against pathogenic or odour-causing microorganisms using this hygiene finish with multiple end uses.Originality/valueThis original work enables conducting dyeing and multifunctional finishing together in a single stage, which otherwise takes a number of steps, consuming large quantities of water, chemicals and energy to impart similar effects on cotton.

Dyeing silk and cotton fabrics using Fuji apple peel and the properties of the dyed fabrics

A new source of natural dyes, which possessed antibacterial and UV protection properties, was proposed. Natural dyes were extracted from Fuji apple peel. The extract contained two anthocyanins and five quercetin glycosides. Silk and cotton fabrics were dyed using the extract with and without six types of mordants: Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Ti4+, Fe3+, and Cu2+. The properties of the dyed fabrics were investigated by various means. The K/S values were used to show relative color strength of the dyed fabrics and the CIELAB color system was used to show the color hue of the dyed fabrics. The crystallinity of the silk was lower than that of the cotton. The silk was dyed deeper than the cotton regardless of the dyeing conditions, including dyeing temperature, dyeing period, and solution pH. This result comes from the existence of carboxyl and amino groups and low crystallinity of silk fibers. Fabrics with various colors, including pink, green, brown, and gray, were obtained by mordant dyeing. The dyed fabrics had splendid performance; that is, antibacterial and UV shielding properties. Color fastness to washing (color change) was comparably low but was enhanced with Ti4+ and Fe3+ mordants.

Dyeing of cotton fabric with Euclea divinorum extract using response surface optimization method

PurposeThe majority of the synthetic dyes have been found to be non-biodegradable, toxic and carcinogenic. As a result, there has been a growing trend toward the use of natural dyes as alternates to synthetic dyes. This shift calls for more research to come up with more sources of natural dyes to satisfy their increasing demand. Euclea divinorum plant has been used traditionally as a source of dye, however, its textile dyeing properties have not been studied. This study aims to determine the textile dyeing properties of E. divinorum extract.Design/methodology/approachOptimization of dyeing conditions of Euclea divinorum natural dye extract on the cotton fabric was done using response surface methodology (RSM). The combined effects of examined dyeing conditions on the relative color strength (K/S) were studied using a central composite experimental design. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of the statistical model generated for the study. Mordanting effects were measured using standard ISO wash, rub and lightfastness tests.FindingsThe optimum dyeing conditions were found to be 68 min, pH 3.3 and 82°C with color strength 0.609. Temperature and pH showed some interaction effects during the dyeing experiments. The predicted optimum K/S value was validated experimentally using the optimum conditions and was found to be in agreement with the experimental values. All the metallic mordants used enhanced the color strength and provided a variety of brown shades, therefore, a suitable alternative for the toxic synthetic dyes.Originality/valueOptimization of dyeing conditions of Euclea divinorum dye on cotton using RSM and mordanting at optimal conditions has not been done elsewhere.

Extraction and Application of Pigment from Serratia marcescens SB08, an Insect Enteric Gut Bacterium, for Textile Dyeing

As an investigative study, the potent bacterium Serratia marcescens SB08 was screened from the enteric gut of sulfur butterfly (Kricogonia lyside). Its pigment potential was tested, and the pigment was identified as prodigiosin by structural studies using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Various conditions, including pH, reaction time, temperature, color intensity, and fastness properties, were studied for pure silk, China silk, and cotton yarns, and the conditions for effective dyeing were optimized. Further, the pigment’s antimicrobial pursuit was tested to counter the common pathogens Bacillus subtilis MTCC2388, Escherichia coli MTCC443, Klebsiella pneumonia MTCC109, Proteus vulgaris MTCC1771, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC1688. The pigment was largely effectual and exhibited utmost zones of inhibition, thus demonstrating the finest antimicrobial effect against the microbes tested. The textile yarn materials soaked with this intrinsic dye pigment also exhibited antimicrobial action.

Influence of dyeing condition on cloth color by yellow dyes from mixed fungi grown in different culturing media

In the present study, cloth was dyed with yellow dyes obtained from a mixture of Aspergillus and Paecilomyces fungi grown in three different media, three mordant techniques, six mordant types and four dyeing repetitions. By matching with the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) color chart, the range of colors developed on the dyed cloth was measured. The results showed that medium-1 and medium-3 produced stronger dyed cloth colors than medium-2; and different mordant types and techniques each also produced more varied cloth colors from both media than did medium-2. Meta- and pre-mordant using different mordant types applied to the dyes from all of the media each produced more varied cloth colors than did post-mordant; while mordant technique using Cu+2 and Fe+2 in the same media each produced more varied cloth colors than did other mordant types. The optimum condition for the cloth dyeing by the dyes in medium-1 and medium-3 added with pre-mordant Cu+2 was 3 times, while with meta-mordant Cu+2 was 3 and 5 times respectively. The optimum condition for the cloth dyeing by the dyes in medium-1 and medium-3 added with pre-mordant Fe+2 each was 1 time, while with meta-mordant Fe+2 was 1 and 5 times, respectively.

Influence of additive organic base on dyeing of cotton fabric under supercritical carbon dioxide using fluorotriazine reactive disperse dye and investigation of optimal dyeing conditions

This paper demonstrates the impact of an organic base on dyeing of cotton fabric using a fluorotriazine-based reactive disperse dye under waterless dyeing conditions with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The cotton fabric was dyed without pre-treatment. The system parameters, including temperature, pressure, time, and dye concentration, were examined. The systematic variation in the parameters indicated that the optimal coloration was achieved by adding 300 mM of α-picoline as an alkali at 120 °C and 25 MPa under scCO2. The dye structure was determined using infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data, showed a good agreement with the structure proposed. The morphological structure was partially identical with no damage to the cotton, as determined using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that fluorotriazine-based dye has a high coloring behavior, with the color strength, leveling properties, and staining fastness rated at 4–5 in terms of a dyeing medium with α-picoline.

Wastewater to Ecological Dyeing Process and Bioactive Compounds Resources: Case Study of Dittrichia graveolens Hydrodistillation Aqueous Residue

The release of aqueous residues generated by the extraction process of essential oils presents a real risk of environmental pollution. This work aims to reduce this risk and produce value-added materials. The aqueous residue of Dittrichia graveolens (D. graveolens) hydrodistillation has been reused in two valorization ways: 1/in the ecological dyeing. 2/in biological field. First, a phytochemical study of the aqueous residue was carried out by determining the content of polyphenols (237 mg EqAG g−1) and flavonoids (91 mg EqC g−1). Second, HPLC analysis allowed the identification and evaluation of catechin (5.92 mg g−1 of extract) and quercetin (4 mg g−1 of extract) as two of the coloring molecules present in this aqueous residue. Third, the eco-dyeing process with the aqueous residue was performed on the polyamide fabric, the process was optimized by the surface response methodology using Minitab software. Thus, the optimum dyeing conditions were evaluated at pH, temperature and duration of 3, 80 °C and 90 min, respectively, giving a maximum value of K/S color yield (equal to 7.5). Fourth, the dyeing process was evaluated by measuring fastness tests for the optimal conditions. Finally, the aqueous residue was assessed for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential from where it is proven that it could be a source of the bioactive compounds.

Grafting of Wool with Alginate Biopolymer/Nano Ag as a Clean Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agent: Characterization and Natural Dyeing Studies

There is a continuous search for green and sustainable materials and processes in textile dyeing and finishing. In the current study, wool yarns were grafted with Sodium Alginate-Silver nanoparticles (SA-Ag NPs) and consecutively dyed with Cochineal or Madder. The weight gain of the samples was measured to find the optimized SA-Ag NPs initial concentration, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study their surface morphology. The effects of the initial dye concentration, pH, temperature on the color strength of the dyed samples were investigated. It was found that the pretreatment enhanced the dye-ability, antimicrobial, and antioxidant characteristics of the samples noticeably. Under the same dyeing conditions, the fixation of dyes on the treated wool fibers was noticeably higher than that of the untreated wool fibers. The colorfastness characteristics of the treated samples dyed with Cochineal or Madder were slightly improved. The results clearly showed that the application of SA-Ag NPs on the wool samples could be considered as a green finishing process with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. A very high level of antimicrobial efficiency (99%) was achieved after the pretreatment, which remained as high as 90% even after ten repeated washing cycles.

Natural Bio-Source Materials for Green Dyeing of Cellulosic Yarns

ABSTRACT There is a growing literature investigating to use natural materials for dyeing textiles on account of their low toxicity, eco-friendliness, sustainability, and better biodegradability. In this way, this article presents the results of a study into the applications of tamarind hull and marzangoosh in a fully eco-friendly manner to dye cotton yarns. The effect of the main dyeing conditions (dye concentration, bath pH, time, and temperature) on the color efficiency (K/S) was investigated with a reflectance spectrophotometer. Results indicate that at optimized conditions, pre-mordanting yarns with tamarind hull as an eco-friendly mordant lead to the formation of an insoluble complex on cotton yarns followed by increased dye adsorption, which enhances the light and wash fastness properties. The SEM photographs showed that pre-mordanting cotton yarns with tamarind hull increase the surface porosity. Finally, based on our observations, it may be claimed that cotton yarns subjected to both pre-mordanting and dyeing exhibited a good antibacterial activity and the procedure proposed in this study seems to be of potential use for the production of medical textiles without adverse environmental impacts.

Coloration of Calcium Alginate Fiber with Dye and Auxiliary Derived from Polyvinylamine (PVAm). I. Complex Dyeing with Polymeric Dyes Containing PVAm

Calcium alginate fiber is a biomaterial with promising application in textile industry. However, the poor dyeing property of this fiber restricts its development. In this study, three PVAm (polyvinylamine) dyes were applied to the exhaust dyeing of calcium alginate fiber and their dyeing behavior under different dyeing conditions was studied. The dyeing results revealed that PVAm dyes were firmly adsorbed on calcium alginate fiber by coordination bonding formed between the primary amino groups in PVAm backbones of dyes and Ca2+ ions in calcium alginate fiber. This special complex dyeing mode was further confirmed by a Langmuir-type adsorption manner of PVAm-1 dye for calcium alginate fiber. By the formation of this stable chelation structure between dyes and fibers, high exhaustion rates (88.9–97.1 %) and excellent color fastness were obtained. SEM and XRD results also showed that the surface and crystal phase of dyed fibers had very slight changes compared to those of original calcium alginate fibers. The strength property of the fiber was also maintained well after this special complex dyeing process.

The Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Natural Dye from Buddlejae Flos

ABSTRACT Buddlejae Flos is a promising natural dye for cotton fabric. Buddlejae Flos extraction and AlK(SO4)2.12H2O were dissolved in 70% ethanol and the cotton fabric was dyed with this solution. And its dyeing kinetics and isotherm were evaluated. The results showed that dye absorption increased with the increase in dye concentration and dyeing temperature. The absorption kinetics of Buddlejae Flos dye onto cotton fabric were best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (R2 > 0.99) and absorption isotherm fitted the Freundlich model better. Optimal dyeing conditions were selected through orthogonal trial: 1:30 bath ratio, 80°C dyeing temperature, 100 min dyeing time, and 1.25 g/L mordant. The Buddlejae Flos dyed cotton fabric presented good antioxidant performance. The wash fastness and rubbing fastness of the dyed cotton fabric are both above 4 grades. It is concluded that Buddlejae Flos has a good potential to act as a source of natural colorant for cotton dyeing in the ethanol-water system.

Bioinspired polymeric pigments to mimic natural hair coloring.

Due to an increasingly aging population, hair dyeing has become more necessary in daily life; however synthetic hair dyes often have the disadvantages of harsh dyeing conditions, a slow dyeing process and biological toxicity. Herein, we developed a bioinspired approach to mimic the natural hair dyeing process under mild conditions. Compared to the existing polydopamine deposition approach with harsh conditions, mild conditions and effective deposition were achieved here. First, in the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase and metal ions, dopamine could be oxidized into polydopamine, a mimic of human eumelanin, and then self-assembled into nanometer-scale pigments. Through optimizing the experimental parameters, various colors and the desired darkness could be achieved within less than 1 minute. In addition, significant durability was observed after continuous washing with polydopamine assemblies as hair dyes. Morphological analysis was applied to verify the deposition of polydopamine assemblies onto the hair surface, which induces the hair color change. Also, animal studies were conducted to evaluate the efficiency and biological toxicity of this approach. Overall, this bioinspired approach could provide a new avenue for biocompatible and effective nanomaterial-based hair dyes for at-home use.

Hetero-functional azo reactive dyes applied on cellulosic fabric and dyeing conditions optimization to enhance the dyeing properties

New dyestuff moieties are introduced in the textile industry to upgrade the quality and aesthetic properties of dyed fabric. To contribute to this research endeavor, the current project was conducted for the dyeing of cellulosic fabric via new hetero-functional reactive dyes R1 and R2 synthesized in our previous study. Optimization of different process variables (temperature, salt, and alkali concentration) and their interactive study for exhaust dyeing was explored and delineated based on a statistical tool response surface methodology. Results divulged that both dyes displayed maximum exhaustion and fixation at a temperature of 61.50°C on the cellulosic fabric. Reactive dye R1 exhibited 87.62 (±3) exhaustion and 82.85 (±3) fixation percentage at their optimum salt (29.07 g/L) and alkali (32.55 g/L) dosage while R2 displayed 81.50 (±3) exhaustion and 77.21 (±3) fixation at its optimized salt (32.55 g/L) and alkali concentrations (22.84 g/L). All process variables showed a positive and synergistic effect on the dyeing properties. Enhanced exhaustion and fixation percentage of R1 as compared to R2 may be accredited to greater planarity and less steric hindrance of R1. Both dyes presented superb color buildup showing good to excellent color fastness on cotton fabric. Future perspectives of the current study comprised the application and assessment of dyeing parameters of these new reactive dyes on polyester cotton (PC) fabric.

증류수와 에탄올로 추출한 어성초 염액의 색소 특성 및 염색성

The objective of this study was to determine characteristics of ethanol and distilled water extracts of Hottuynia codata and examine their dyeing properties by dyeing cotton and silk fabrics using different extraction and dyeing conditions. After measuring color fastness, antibacterial properties and deodorizing properties of dyed fabric, the following conclusions were obtained. Monosaccharides of phenols tannin and quercetin glycosides were extracted from Hottuynia codata. More flavonoid-based colorant was extracted with ethanol than with distilled water. Distilled water mainly extracted tannins. The ethanol extract showed the presence of chlorophyll. Cotton and silk fabrics showed YG color after they were dyed with ethanol extract. They showed Y color after they were dyed with distilled water extract. Dyeability of ethanol extract was higher than that of distilled water extract and that of silk fabric was greater than that of cotton fabric. As the concentration of the extract increased, the amount of dyeing increased. At dyeing temperature of 80°C with dyeing time of 60 minutes, a relatively high dyeability was found. Dyed fabrics showed high color fastness except for color fastness to sunlight. The fabric dyed with ethanol extract showed higher antibacterial activity and deodorization than that dyed with distilled water extract.

Optimization of Extraction and Dyeing Conditions of Natural Dye from Ratanjot Roots Using Ultrasonic Waves

The present work involves the optimization of extraction and dyeing recipes to standardize the procedure for natural dye obtained from the roots of Ratanjot (Onosma echiodes) using ultrasonic waves. The resultant dye obtained at optimized extraction conditions was applied on wool fabric to study the effect of temperature, dye concentration, time and dyeing pH. Optical density and colour strength (K/S value) were studied for evaluation of optimum extraction and dyeing conditions. It was observed that extraction and dyeing parameters have significant effect on colour characteristics of dyed wool fabric. The optimized extraction conditions were; dye extraction pH 7, extraction time 60 min and temperature 60ºC while optimized dyeing parameters were; dyeing temperature 60°C, dye concentration 2 g/g, dyeing time 75 min and dyeing pH 5. It was also observed that the optimum dye extraction time and pH is same with the conventional heating method but there is reduction in the temperature (60°C), dyeing time and dye concentration consumption in ultrasonic extraction and dyeing method, thus saves the energy, time and amount of dye requirement. Therefore, ultrasound wave represents a promising method for increasing diffusion of dye by the effect of cavitation, as well as for improving the effectiveness of processes as compare to conventional heating method.

UTILIZING NATURAL COLORANTS OF BROWN SEAWEEDS IN BIOACTIVE FABRIC DYEING

The current investigation was carried out to develop a sustainable dyeing method by utilization of marine brown seaweed as natural dye. Moreover, the dyeing process was optimized by varying fixing agent percentage and dyeing time. The influence of different variable on color uptake (K/S), fastness rating and color measurement were examined. The bioactive efficiency of seaweed extract and dyed fabric were also investigated against human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and results were compared with commercial antibacterial and antifungal drugs. It was found that, the optimized dyeing condition has 1% formic acid as fixing agent with 120 min dyeing cycle. At this condition, the dye molecule shows higher exhaustion and fixation % along with acceptable fastness and antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the dyed fabric shows effective inhibition against all test organisms. Fabric samples showed greater antimicrobial efficiency for Candida albicans and least for Escherichia coli.

Kanarya Otu (Senecıo Vernalıs) Bitkisinin Doğal Boyamacılıkta Kullanılabilirliğinin Araştırılması

Plants, which are the biggest source of natural dyes, have been used as coloring agents since the beginning of humanity. In this study, the usability of eastern groundsel, which is thought to be an alternative for the textile dyeing industry, especially for sustainable and renewable textile production, was investigated. Dyeing processes were performed with different concentrations of dyeing baths of natural dye which is extracted from the crowns of the eastern groundsel (Senecio vernalis) plant. After dyeing, dye flotte concentrations were determined using UV-visible spectrophotometer and the percent uptake of natural dye on cotton fabric was measured Spectrophotometric color analysis of the fabrics was performed and fastnesses of the samples were evaluated. It was found that the coloration of cotton fabrics with the use of Eastern groundsel (Senecio vernalis) in suitable dyeing application conditions could be managed with almost sufficient fastnesses.

Dye adsorption and intensity in bobbin crusade in dyeing mixed acrylic and cotton yarn

This study investigated different dyeing conditions for a cross bobbin acrylic cotton blend yarn, with the aim of identifying, through the bleaching of cotton fiber. Interference from the addition of softener regarding the tone difference across the bobbin, especially the inner end, was also studied. With these dyes, the concentration profiles of the basic dye and the reactive dye were determined and it was found that the dyeing of acrylic fibers is governed by pseudo-first order kinetics while dyeing cotton fibers fits well with pseudo-first and second order kinetics. For the dyeing of acrylic fibers, the direction of bath circulation did not affect the intensity of thread color. The best results for color intensity were obtained with mercerized yarn bobbins. There was a trend toward higher color intensity at the inner end of the bobbin when softener was added. This occurred due to the higher flow velocity inside the bobbin.

Effluent-free deep dyeing of cotton fabric with cacao husk extracts using the Taguchi optimization method

Textile dyehouses are under scrutiny because they discharge colored and hazardous effluents to waterways. There is a need to develop an alternative dyeing system that does not produce any hazardous effluent. The waterless dyeing method could be a viable eco-friendly alternative to the traditional aqueous dyeing method. In this work, cacao husk extracts were used as a natural dye in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) medium for the dyeing of cotton fabric, and subsequently, the dyed cotton was treated by a fixation treatment with a cationic dye-fixing agent in the D5 medium. The cotton fabric dyed with cacao husk extracts exhaustion in the waterless D5 medium exhibited better exhaustion, fixation rate, color strength (K/S), and colorfastness to washing and rubbing compared to the fabric dyed with the same extracts using the conventional aqueous dyeing and dye-fixing methods. The dye exhaustion percentage and the dye fixation rate were 95.6% and 94.8% in the D5 medium respectively, which is significantly higher in comparison to a 48.2% dye exhaustion percentage and a 35.3% dye fixation rate in the conventional water medium. An orthogonal array design (L9) was adopted to optimize the dyeing conditions with respect to exhaustion percentage. The results indicated that the dyebath temperature was the most important factor for achieving the optimal dye exhaustion, and dyeing time also showed considerable effects. Linear regression was used to predict the exhaustion percentage, and the resulting p value of 0.000 demonstrated that a strong coefficient was proven among all selected factors. This study has demonstrated that dyeing of cotton fabric with cacao husk extracts in the D5 dyeing system can be a viable method for the textile industry with minimal environmental pollution.

Cleaner dyeing and antibacterial activity of wool fabric using Henna dye modified with Acacia nilotica pods

Natural dyes have promising features; however, there are some drawbacks limiting their application in textile dyeing, for example, low dyeing, and fastness properties due to the weak interaction with textiles. Many attempts have been made to improve these shortcomings by using additional chemicals such as metallic mordants which are classified as hazardous chemicals that cause some serious environmental problems. Therefore, we have designed a facile green method for the extraction of natural dye from Henna leaves using Acacia nilotica pods to improve the color intensity and enhance fibers/dye affinity. In this study, wool fabrics were dyed with Henna and Henna/Acacia dye at different dyeing conditions. FTIR and UV–vis spectrums showed peaks corresponding to tannin and its derivatives in the aqueous extract of modified Henna. Modified Henna dyed samples exhibited noticeable improvement in the color strength (K/S value), washing, rubbing, and lightfastness with excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.