Abstract
The release of aqueous residues generated by the extraction process of essential oils presents a real risk of environmental pollution. This work aims to reduce this risk and produce value-added materials. The aqueous residue of Dittrichia graveolens (D. graveolens) hydrodistillation has been reused in two valorization ways: 1/in the ecological dyeing. 2/in biological field. First, a phytochemical study of the aqueous residue was carried out by determining the content of polyphenols (237 mg EqAG g−1) and flavonoids (91 mg EqC g−1). Second, HPLC analysis allowed the identification and evaluation of catechin (5.92 mg g−1 of extract) and quercetin (4 mg g−1 of extract) as two of the coloring molecules present in this aqueous residue. Third, the eco-dyeing process with the aqueous residue was performed on the polyamide fabric, the process was optimized by the surface response methodology using Minitab software. Thus, the optimum dyeing conditions were evaluated at pH, temperature and duration of 3, 80 °C and 90 min, respectively, giving a maximum value of K/S color yield (equal to 7.5). Fourth, the dyeing process was evaluated by measuring fastness tests for the optimal conditions. Finally, the aqueous residue was assessed for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential from where it is proven that it could be a source of the bioactive compounds.
Highlights
The textile dyeing and the essential oil extraction industries are among the most successful industries in the Mediterranean basin (Plan, 2002; Baser and Buchbauer, 2015)
The same is true for buyers of essential oils who are generally health conscious and who realize that the product they have purchased is obtained through a non-ecological process
At the end of the extraction process, the colored residual water is totally discharged in the environment without appropriate color removal treatment
Summary
The textile dyeing and the essential oil extraction industries are among the most successful industries in the Mediterranean basin (Plan, 2002; Baser and Buchbauer, 2015). Their fields of activity are not related, these two types of industries have in common, in addition to their geographical proximity, their considerable volume of colored water discharges. The amount of water generated by dyeing one kilogram of fabric is about 60 L, depending on the dyeing process (Bhatt and Rani, 2013) This water, strongly colored, represents a real ecological disaster that pushes more and more "eco-conscious" consumers to boycott textile products containing synthetic dyes. At the end of the extraction process, the colored residual water is totally discharged in the environment without appropriate color removal treatment
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