Dyeing Polyester Fabrics Research Articles

Effect of wet processing operations on the functional properties imparted to polyester fabrics loaded with different metal oxides NPs part II: Effect of the different sequences of dyeing

The present work aims at investigating the effect of applying different dyeing sequences on the imparted functional properties to partially hydrolysed and bleached PET and PET/CO fabrics loaded with TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The so obtained dyed fabrics have been characterized using SEM, EDX and FT-IR analytical techniques. The obtained results revealed that, an interaction has taken place between COOH groups created on dyed polyester fabrics and each of the applied NPs. Moreover, the effect of loading and sequence of dyeing wet operation on the functional performances of polyester fabrics was evaluated by estimating its antimicrobial efficacy and ultraviolet protection properties. The antimicrobial activity was tested against B. mycoides, E. coli and C. albicans. It has been found that, loading polyester fabrics with TiO2 and ZnO during dyeing process using exhaustion or after dyeing using pad-dry-cure methods paves the way for imparting outstanding antimicrobial activity even after five washing cycles. Moreover, the obtained results have also reviled that, the UPF values are dependent on the sequences of the loading of abovementioed NPs during or after dyeing wet operation.

Effect of dispersant on disperse dyeing for polyester fabric in silicone waterless dyeing system

Disperse dye has a good dyeing property in silicone waterless dyeing system. However, the application of dispersants in this dyeing system has some problems such as unlevel dyeing, dull color, color spot. In this investigation, the effect of dispersant on the disperse dyeing was studied by adding sodium salt of poly naphthalene sulphonic acid into silicone waterless dyeing system. If the dispersant and the dyeing accelerant were used in the same bath, the fixation and level dyeing property of disperse dye would be influenced. Moreover, the more the amount of dispersant, the more dye aggregates on the fabric surface. The particle size and scanning electron microscope analysis were used to further investigate the aggregation of dyes. The results showed that more disperse dyes would be dispersed in the accelerant phase, and the aggregation of disperse dyes was enhanced, thus the aggregations of dyes and dispersants would be sticked on the fabric surface, which was the main reason leading to the poor level dyeing property. Therefore, the dispersant cannot be employed in the silicone waterless dyeing system with accelerant, which indicates the commercial disperse dye is not suitable for dyeing polyester fabric in the silicone waterless dyeing system.

One-step supercritical CO2 color matching of polyester with dye mixtures

Supercritical CO2 dyeing is becoming one of the most important candidates for replacing the high-pollution water-based dyeing procedure because of its no water, zero waste emission and short dyeing process. Although supercritical CO2 dyeing for polyester has been realized successfully with trichromatic disperse dyes, attempts to gain more color through dyeing have mostly failed due to compatibility between different dyes and complicated process. The paper presents a one-bath dyeing of polyester fabrics with Disperse Red 54, Disperse Blue 79 and Disperse Red 167 in supercritical CO2. Compatibility and color matching properties of these three disperse dyes are investigated. Similar increase trends of the dyeing rate curves and the build-up curves indicate satisfactory compatibility. Moreover, commercially acceptable tones of black and dark blue are obtained by using dye mixtures of Disperse Red 54 and Disperse Blue 79 with a mixing ratio of 1:1 and 1:3 in supercritical CO2. By adding a 1:1 mixing ratio of Disperse Red 167 and Disperse Blue 79 in supercritical CO2, dark purple tone appears on the polyester samples. Slightly fluctuating hue angles also show stable tones and excellent reproducibility for the dyed fabrics. The above investigation provides an important data support for the cleaner industrial production of supercritical CO2 dyeing.

Review on Intermolecular Forces between Dyes Used for Polyester Dyeing and Polyester Fiber

Polyester fiber is a manufactured fiber composed of synthetic linear macromolecules in the chain at least 85% by mass of an ester of diol and benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid (terephthalic acid). Fibers of the most common polyester, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET or PET), are generally made from either terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate together with ethylene glycol. Dyeing of polyester fabric with disperse dyes, polyester requires the use of dispersing agents. The chemical characteristics and general application conditions of disperse dyes are characterized by the absence of solubilizing groups and low molecular weight. Dye particles have a size ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 microns, generally contain –NH2, substituted –NH2, or –OH groups in the structure, and get attached with the fiber through H-bond and van der Waals force. Dyes are retained by the fiber by physical forces. Fastness properties are very high in polyester except in certain cases. The dye-fiber (PET) affinity is the result of different types of interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces.

Dyeing of Polyester Fabric with Natural Colorants Extracted from Mahogany (Swieteniamahagoni) Seed Pods

Polyester fabric is usually dyed with disperse dyes which has severe limitations specially toxicity and environmental issues. The aim of the present research is to introduce an ecofriendly dyeing process for polyester fabric with natural dyes. The natural colorants were extracted from mahogany seed pods using the simple acid boiling method. The spectroscopic analysis of the crude extract was carried out by UV and IR spectra of the extracted dyes and illuminated the presence of natural tannins as coloring materials in the crude extract. 10g fabric was dyed in 200cc extracted solution at 130⁰C for 60 minutes in exhaust dyeing method followed by neutralization and soaping. Finally, a light brown dyed fabric was obtained. The dyed fabric exhibited color strength in terms of k/s value of 0.63 (λmax 360nm), lightness of 80.565 and chromaticity value of 12.002 CIE units. Different samples were dyed by fluctuating the dyeing period. The dyeing traits of the dyed materials were judged in terms of their color strength and fatness properties. All testes were carried out following the ISO standards. From the results, it is lucid that the dyed fabric showed acceptable color fastness properties in case of all fastness except color fastness to light. It is observed that dyeing time had profound influence on the color strength (k/s value) of the dyed material. The k/s value increases with the increase of dyeing period up to 120 minutes. The maximum color strength (0.76) was noted for the fabric. The shorter dyeing time produces lighter samples and the longer dyeing time produced colorful samples.
 Journal of Engineering Science 11(1), 2020, 37-42

Supercritical CO2 dyeing of polyester fabric with photochromic dyes to fabricate UV sensing smart textiles

Photochromic molecules are well-established colourants in the manufacturing of niche products, providing reversible colour change effects when irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light. The high material cost of such speciality dyes along with the general high carbon footprint and extensive water consumption of textile products necessitates resource-efficient production processes. The use of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) dyeing technique enables the economic production of textile high-end products, where a uniform through colouration is desired. This study investigates the potential application of two commercial photochromic dyes based on spirooxazine (Sea Green – SO-SG) and naphthopyran (Ruby Red – NP-RR) to polyester fabric using scCO2 dyeing technique and examines their photochromic behaviour. The dyeing was carried out at 120 °C and 25 MPa for 1 h. The photochromic performance was evaluated using a specially designed online colour measurement system capable of simultaneous UV irradiation and continuous measurement of photochromic colour change even after the shutdown of the UV source. The colour yields (K/S values), photoswitching rates and durability against washing were the main parameters examined. The results showed that scCO2 dyed photochromic polyester fabrics exhibited reversible colour changing properties upon UV exposure and removal. The samples dyed with SO-SG demonstrated a comparable degree of photo-colouration, lower background colour, faster colouration and decolouration speeds, but inferior wash fastness compared with NP-RR dyed samples. Particularly, the same class of dyes applied by scCO2 dyeing showed faster fading rates compared with conventionally dyed and screen printed samples. This study shows that scCO2 dyeing method is a potential alternative to develop uniformly coloured photochromic textiles providing excellent photochromic performance with additional economic and environmental benefits.

Synthesis of 4-arylazo-2-(N-pyrazolylcarboxamido)thiophene disperse dyes for dyeing of polyester and their antibacterial evaluation

The current article aims to synthesize some new arylazo-thiophenes for dyeing polyester fabrics and screen their antimicrobial activities. The new 4-arylazo-2-( N-pyrazolylcarboxamido)-thiophene dyes 4a–e were prepared by the reaction of 2-acetyl-2-arylazo-thioacetanilide derivative 1 with 2-chloro- N-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide derivative 2. The structures of these prepared analogues were established via Fourier-transform infrared and 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The synthesized dyestuffs were applied to polyester fabrics after establishing the optimal dyeing conditions at 130 ºC, high pressure, 3% shade, and liquor ratio 20:1 at pH 5. Furthermore, the dyed fabrics obtained under these optimal conditions resulted in proper colorfastness toward washing, rubbing, sublimation and perspiration, and were adequate for light fastness. They showed respectable antibacterial effectiveness against two bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Salmonella typhimurium (Gram-negative) bacteria. The dyed fabric with dye 4d displayed the best antibacterial activities with percentage reduction of 88% and 76% against S. aureus and S. typhimurium bacteria, respectively.

Novel colored polyurethane nanoparticle for recyclable dyeing polyester fabric

Colored wastewater has to be treated before its discharge, which is a great challenge for the protection of the ecological environment. A novel polymeric dye with nanoparticle morphology has been handily designed to dye polyester fabrics and can be fully recycled to avoid a large number of dyes discharge. It solves the colored wastewater pollution problem in the dyeing process from the source. The colored polyurethane nanoparticles with an average size of 500 nm are prepared via emulsion polymerization. The average content of the colorant monomer on nanoparticle is 2.77%. The colored nanoparticle demonstrates no thermal degradation at 110 °C and no damage under 20 MPa, which means good adaptability for the high-temperature dyeing process. The color depth of dyed polyester fabric can be easily adjusted by changing the concentration of colored nanoparticles in dyebath. The colored nanoparticles in the residual dyebath can be collected by extraction filtration leading to the concentration decreases from 11 mg mL−1 to 0.000025 mg mL−1 after filtered. Both the colored polyurethane nanoparticles and filtered water are fully reused for the next dyeing process to achieve the purpose of avoiding water consumption and residue dyes discharged. This work can promote the development of green and clean dyeing processes in the textile industry.

Wastewater treatment using flocculation method and water reuse for dyeing of polyester fibers

Textile industry uses and pollutes large quantities of water, especially for chemical treatments of textile materials, like bleaching, desizing, dyeing, printing and finishing. After each process, the water is usually drained into the sewage system and fresh water is used for new process of textile treatment. Re-using of wastewater for further processing would be of great importance in term of saving fresh water and diminishing the environmental burden. The goal of our research was to find out whether treatment of dye-house wastewater with flocculation could be efficient enough for water re-use in further dyeing of polyester fabric.Wastewater collected in Slovenian dye-house was treated with a cationic flocculant. Treated water was analysed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), spectral absorption coefficient (SAC) and dry matter and further used for laboratory dyeing of polyester fabric. The fabric was dyed comparatively using technological and treated water under the same conditions in light, medium and dark shade. The colour of dyed samples was evaluated on spectrophotometrically. Wet fastness and colour fastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline) of differently dyed samples were investigated. Change of colour was acceptable for all dyed samples. Fastness to washing and perspiration were good, very similar when comparing samples dyed in technological and those dyed in cleaned water. The colorimetric and fastness results showed a high efficiency of flocculation for dye-house wastewater treatment and reuse of treated water in production.

Miniemulsion of nano encapsulated dye for highly efficient polyester dying

In this work dispersed red- 153 dye was converted to nanoscale using mini emulsion polymerization The particle size and zeta potential was investigated by dynamic light scattering. Dyeing of polyester fabrics was carried out to coated and non-coated polyester fabric before dying process in the temperature range 50-135 ℃ and compared with the polyester fabrics coated and non-coated before dying process with the same dyes in normal size by detecting their ks values. Kinetic study for the dying process was carried out for the nano and normal dye and different fastness properties (washing, light and rubbing) for all dyed fabric were carried out.

Enaminones - Assisted Synthesis of Disperse Dyes. Part 1: Low Temperature Dyeing of Polyester Fabrics

CARRIER coloring is a technique for dyeing polyester materials that is utilized when vital. Use of carriers in coloring empowers the coloring of polyester materials at atmospheric pressure. A series of new disperse dyes has been prepared and used in dyeing polyester fabrics at a temperature of 100 °C and a study of the optimum conditions for the use of both the carrier and the dispersing agent. The relationship between the dye concentration used in dyeing polyester fabrics with dispersed dyes and the color strength K/S were studied using three different concentrations of dye weight. Finally, polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes have shown that they possess acceptable fastness properties of light and are very good fastness against washing, perspiration and rubbing.

Synthesis of new azobenzene dyes clubbed with thiazolidinone moiety and their applications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to synthesize some new azobenzene dyestuffs clubbed with thiazolidinone moiety and their solicitation in dyeing polyester fabrics representing their antibacterial evaluation. Design/methodology/approach Herein, the authors report the synthesis of new thiazolidinone moiety after the coupling of diazotized 4-aminoacetophenone with resorcinol. The newly synthesized dyes were characterized by IR, elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectral studies. The characteristics of dyeing of these dyestuffs were evaluated at optimum conditions. Concurrent with dyeing of polyester fabric for synthesized dyes with their antibacterial activity was estimated. Antimicrobial activity of the dyed fabrics at different concentrations was evaluated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Findings Synthesized azobenzene dyestuffs clubbed with thiazolidinone dyes were applied on polyester fabrics. It was remarked that the modified dyes exhibited better colourfastness properties. Furthermore, the synthesized dyes revealed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Research limitations/implications The synthesized azobenzene dyes for polyester dyeing were not bore earlier. Practical implications The azobenzene dyes were accountable for giving improved colourfastness properties on polyester fabrics. Social implications The synthesized azobenzene derivatives are sensibly expensive and applicable dyes accompanied with good antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Originality/value A common process could be affording textiles of colour and antibacterial assets. The newly synthesized dyes containing thiazolidinone moieties with azobenzene coupler showed interesting disperse colourant for polyester with good antibacterial activity.

Enaminones-Assisted Synthesis of Disperse Dyes. Part 2: High Temperature Dyeing of Polyester Fabrics

Some new disperse dyes has been prepared and used in dyeing polyester fabrics at a temperature of 130 °C and a study of the optimum conditions for the use of the dispersing agent. The relationship between the dye concentration used in dyeing polyester fabrics with dispersed dyes and the color strength K/S were studied using three different concentrations of dye weight. Finally, polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes have shown that they possess very good fastness against washing, perspiration and rubbing and acceptable fastness properties of light.

Nano TiO2 Imparting Multifunctional Performance on Dyed Polyester Fabrics with some Disperse Dyes Using High Temperature Dyeing as an Environmentally Benign Method.

Polyester fabrics were dyed with prepared disperse dyes using the high temperature dyeing method. The dye exhaustion of the dye baths were compared to the low-temperature dyeing method in an attempt to study the proportion of the dye effluent solution that affects the environment. The dye uptake of the high temperature dyeing method (HT) of polyester fabric was compared with low temperature dyeing, hence (HT) increased the color strength of the investigated dyes by 309 and 265%. This means that the amount of dye present in the dye effluents by using the high-temperature dyeing method is almost non-existent, and this is reflected positively on the environment as these wastes pollute the environment. Post-treated polyester fabric was prepared through a two-step hot process after being immersed in a solution of Titanium (IV) oxide nanoparticle sizeTiO2 NPs (21 nm primary particle size) at 80 °C followed by curing at 140 °C. The treated fabric realized an optimum UV protection factor of 34.9 and 283.6 degrees. These fabrics also demonstrated a strong ability to improve the light fastness properties. Finally, the potential applications of such value-added fabrics as self-cleaning and antifungal activities were investigated. The results indicated that the treated dyed fabrics with TiO2 NPs endowed fabrics with the excellent self-cleaning of methylene blue dye. From the above, the treated fabrics with nano-titanium dioxide can be used in some promising fields, for example, medical ones.

A novel green continuous dyeing of polyester fabric with excellent color data

Polyester fabrics are conventionally dyed mainly at either high temperature and high pressure or normal pressure using a toxic carrier. These harsh method not only energy consuming but as well affects the environment severely. Thus, for cleaner production and with an eye on energy saving, a green and ecological viable and sustainable continuous dyeing process were developed for polyester fabrics using aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyester fabrics were dyed with CI Disperse Blue 56 in a continuous process by padding the fabric in an aqueous solution of PEG10000 with 100% pick-up. Different factors that may affect the dyeability of polyester fabrics, such as PEG water ratio, drying time and method, curing temperature and time, were investigated. The selected conditions obtained were applied using four disperse dyes; namely, CI Disperse Blue 56, CI Disperse Red 50, CI Disperse Red 343, and CI Disperse Orange 29. A tentative mechanism is suggested for the role of PEG10000 in the dyeability of polyester fabrics that relies on nanodispersed dye together its action as a fiber plasticizer and swelling agent. The excellent color data, levelling and fastness properties of the dyed fabrics using this facile method suggest its potential as a viable and ecological alternative for carrier-atmospheric dyeing and high-temperature dyeing of polyester fabrics with great potential for application to a broad range of synthetic fibers.

Functional Finishing of Polyester Fabric Using Bentonite Nano-Particles

This work is devoted to increase the functional properties of polyester fabric such as UPF, moisture regain, tensile strength at break and dyeability towards basic dye. To achieve this purpose polyester fabric were modified with different concentrations bentonite nano-particles (BNPs) using pad – dry curing technique and IR dyeing machine. The effect of the (BNPs) on the physical and mechanical properties of the treated fabrics such as moisture regain, tensile strength at break, elongation percentage and thickness were investigated. Topographical investigation of the said nano-particles was conducted using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface morphology and surface chemical elements of the treated as well as the untreated fabrics were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis and UPF of the treated polyester fabrics compared to the untreated one were assessed. The colour strength of dyed polyester fabrics with both disperse and cationic dyestuffs as well as the fastness properties were evaluated. Excellent results of the treated fabrics toward physical and coloration properties were obtained.

Synthesis of novel disperse dyes based on curcumin for the creation of antibacterial polyester fabrics

Purpose This study aims to synthesize some new curcumin containing Aroyl derivatives dyestuffs and study their application in dyeing polyester fabrics, rendering to their antibacterial evaluation. Design/methodology/approach Modification of curcumin dye was carried out by introducing benzoyl rings through coupling with curcumin. All newly synthesized dyes were characterized by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, 1 H-NMR and MS). Moreover, the optimal dyeing condition was assigned. Antibacterial activities of the dyed samples at different concentrations of both dyes were studied against gram positive (Staph aureus) and gram-negative (Salmonellatyphimurium) bacteria. Findings Synthesized curcumin containing benzoyl dyes were applied on polyester fabrics. Meanwhile, these synthesized dyes showed reasonable results towards fastness properties at optimal conditions matching the curcumin dye. In addition to their good fastness assets, synthesized dyes displayed antibacterial efficacy towards both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. The dyed polyester fabrics showed higher antibacterial efficacy after multiple events of washing. Research limitations/implications The synthesized benzoyl containing curcumin moiety was not described before. Practical implications Disperse dyes derived from curcumin were prepared via coupling of various diazonium salts of p-aminobenzaldhyde, p-aminoacetopheneone, p-aminobenzoic acid and p-aminobenzoyl chloride with curcumin. The resulting disperse dyes were applied on polyester fabrics at optimal conditions, and antibacterial efficacy of dyed fabrics were evaluated. Originality/value Curcumin being was used in food colouration and was effective for dyeing and antimicrobial finishing on textile fabrics. Novel antibacterial dyestuff containing curcumin moieties with benzoyl amine coupling components showed interesting colourant for polyester fabrics. This work introduced innovative disperse dyes for medical textile applications.

A novel functional disperse dye doped with graphene oxide for improving antistatic properties of polyester fabric using one-bath dyeing method

A novel functional disperse dye doped with graphene oxide for antistatic properties of polyester fabric was achieved, which means that the dyeing and antistatic finishing can be simultaneously obtained by a one-bath method. Functional dyes were used to dye polyester fabric by a high-temperature, high-pressure dyeing method. The surface microscopic morphology of the dyed polyester fabric, and the dispersion properties of the disperse dye, graphene oxide, and the functional disperse dye, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the dyeing temperature on the particle sizes of three dyeing liquors were explored; this revealed that the temperature of the dyeing process had no effect on particle size. The dosage and reduction time of graphene oxide were investigated. The surface electrical resistance of the dyed fabric, 9.8 × 106 Ω, obtained at a condition of 2% (o.m.f) graphene oxide with a reduction time of 30 min, achieved A-grade antistatic standard. Furthermore, the rubbing and washing fastness of the treated fabric were 4- and 4 ∼ 5 grades, respectively. This preparation of the functional disperse dye provides a possibility in one-bath dyeing and antistatic finishing of polyester fabric.

Extraction of phenolic components from an Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) crop and their potential as antimicrobials and textile dyes

The present work focuses on the use of solid and agricultural residues from Aloe vera crops, as a source of antimicrobial agents and textile dyes. The roots from an A. vera plantation post-harvest were extracted with ethyl acetate, purified and phytochemically characterized to obtain five metabolites: aloesaponarin-I (1), deoxyerythrolaccin (2), lacaic acid D methyl ester (3), aloesaponarin-II (4), and aloesaponol-I (5). Acid hydrolysis of the solid industrial residue gave aloe-emodin (6) as the main product with a good yield. All of the components were tested for the first time against phytopathogenic bacteria strains, and deoxyerythrolaccin and lacaic acid D methyl ester were active against Xanthomonas campestris with MIC values of 46.86 and 93.75 μg/mL, respectively. Aloesaponarin-I and aloe-emodin, the main products, were tested as dyes for polyester fabrics using different mordants and pH bath conditions. The colour of each material was investigated in terms of the CIELAB L*, a* and b* values, and the colour fastness to light and washing was investigated according to the Mexican standard methods (NMX-A-074-INNTEX-2005; NMX-A-105-B02-INNTEX-2010). Aloesaponarin-I dyed polyester bright yellow but the final colour was very sensitive to the pH of the dye bath. Aloe-emodin dyed polyester deep yellow, and the fabrics showed good colour fastness to light and to domestic laundering. This study provides evidence that the phenolic components obtained from agricultural residues of the aloe industry can be useful organic alternatives as antimicrobial agents and textile dyes.

Synthesis of new thiophene dyes clubbed with sulfonamide for the creation of antibacterial polyester fabrics

The current study targets to synthesize some new sulfonamido-hydroxythiophene dyes for dyeing polyester fabrics with estimated antibacterial activity. The structure of sulfonamide dyes was adapted by conducting with sulfadimidine and sulfamethaxole through the coupling reaction. The synthesized derivatives were established by spectroscopic tools (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance). Hydroxy-thiophene-containing sulfonamides were utilized for dyeing polyester fabric. The prepared sulfonamido-hydroxythiophene dyes were applied on polyester fabrics after establishing the optimum dye conditions, and afterward their dyeing properties, light, washing, perspiration, rubbing and sublimation fastness were determined. Meanwhile, the improved dyes demonstrated respectable fastness results and antibacterial properties against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.