Dyed Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Dyeing cotton fabrics using eco-friendly green dye extracted from the leaves of the Melia Azedarach tree

Dyeing cotton fabrics using eco-friendly green dye extracted from the leaves of the Melia Azedarach tree

Cocos Nucifera Dyeing on Cotton Fabric as an Eventual Replacement

A traditional technique for colouring textiles, yarns, or fibres is called "natural dyeing," and it involves employing dyes made from plants, insects, and minerals. The usage of this age-old technique predates synthetic dyes by thousands of years, as documented by numerous cultures across the globe. In this procedure, colour compounds are extracted from natural sources and applied to textiles using a variety of methods, such as resist dyeing, direct application, or immersion dyeing. Natural dyes are typically more environmentally friendly and biodegradable than synthetic ones, which frequently include harsh chemicals and may have adverse effects on the environment. The relationship between natural colouring and traditional workmanship as well as sustainability is one of its most alluring features. It encourages a greater respect for nature and the use of renewable resources. A vast spectrum of colours can also be produced by natural dyes, however they might be more delicate and complex than their synthetic equivalents. Although natural dyeing has numerous benefits, there are drawbacks as well, including color fastness, consistency, and the availability of dye supplies. However, artists and textile aficionados are still exploring and expanding the potential of natural dyeing techniques in modern contexts through careful experimentation, sharing of knowledge, and creativity. The goal of the current endeavour was to employ the extract that was previously described in a sustainable way. Thus, an attempt is made to colour cotton material at different temperatures utilising alum as a colourant extract and a mordant. To extract colour, the coconut husks were soaked and then cooked for half an hour. The colourant extract and mordants were used to dye the fabric for an hour at a moderate temperature. Tests were conducted on the coloured cloth samples to determine their resistance to light, rubbing, and cleaning. Beneficial results were found. The study's findings so suggest that eco-friendly cotton fabric dyeing has a promising future.

Discovering Natural Dyes from Camellia Sinensis and Punica Granatum for Eco-friendly Cotton Fabric Dyeing

Discovering Natural Dyes from Camellia Sinensis and Punica Granatum for Eco-friendly Cotton Fabric Dyeing

SUSTAINABLE DYEING OF MODIFIED COTTON FABRIC WITH REMAZOL DYES IN THE ABSENCE OF SALT AND ALKALI

This research work investigates the chemical modification of cotton cellulose with a cationizing agent (CHPTAC, 3-chloro-2-hydroxylpropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), which resulted in the enhanced dye uptake and increased color strength (K/S) on the dyed cotton fabric in the absence costly auxiliaries, such as sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide. The modified and unmodified cotton fabric samples were dyed using the exhaust dyeing method on a high-temperature dyeing machine with several reactive dyes of the Remazol class in different shade depths. The dyed samples were washed, dried and tested for K/S and colorfastness properties (washing, rubbing, and light), using standard test protocols. The results revealed that the color strength and the colorfastness properties of the modified dyed cotton fabric were significantly better than those of unmodified cotton. Thus, this study attempted a sustainable approach in cotton dyeing without using salt and alkali.

COLOR STRENGTH AND COLOR DIFFERENCE OF COTTON AND SILK FABRICS DYED WITH EXTRACTS FROM BUTTERFLY PEA FLOWERS

Natural dyes have always been of interest due to their non-toxicity and environmental benefits. In this work, cotton and silk fabrics were dyed with extracts from butterfly pea (BP) flowers. Accordingly, the effects of pH value, liquor ratio, dyeing concentration, temperature, exhausting time and mordanting agents on the color strength (K/S) and the color difference (E) of cotton and silk fabrics dyed with BP extracts were investigated. The experimental results showed that the K/S and E values of dyed cotton fabrics were much higher than those of dyed silk fabrics. The research also established the most suitable conditions for dyeing cotton and silk fabrics with BP extracts as being the following: pH of 6.0, liquor ratio of 1:5, dyeing time of 60 min, at 70 °C for cotton and 60 °C for silk. Notably, four different types of mordants, including potassium aluminium sulfate (KAl(SO4)2.12.H2O), copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) and tannin, were used to enhance dyeability of cotton and silk fabrics with BP extracts. There were slight differences in the E values of mordanted and unmordanted samples, while the K/S values improved significantly, especially in the samples mordanted with tannins. Color fastness and color staining to washing and rubbing were also examined, indicating that treated silk fabrics achieved higher values than treated cotton fabrics.

ANALYSIS OF MICRO-NUTRIENTS COMPOSITION OF COCOYAM (COLOCASIAE ESCULENTA) AND SWEET POTATO (IPOMOEA BATATAS L) LEAVES IN MELON SOUP

The study ascertained the micro-nutrient composition of cocoyam and sweet potato leaves in melon soups.The study was conducted to identify vitamins and mineral composition in three types of melon soups. Theinstrument adopted for the study was laboratory analysis of food nutrients using official methods ofAssociation of Official Analytical Chemists. The data for micro nutrients were collected in triplicates fromthe melon soups in the food analysis laboratory, raw triplicate values of each micro nutrient in the soupswere collected and analyzed usingX±SD and ANOVA statistics to test the hypotheses 1 – 4. The findingsrevealed that cocoyam and sweet potato leaves melon soups are as rich as fluted pumpkin leaf melon soup inmicro nutrients, such as vitamin A (Iµ) 16.03: 16.80 while fluted pumpkin 19.88; vitamin C (mg) 26.30:36.89 while fluted pumpkin 28.46; folic acid (mg) 33.44: 40.64 while fluted pumpkin 46.73 among others.For minerals- Na (mg) 29.80: 26.16 while fluted pumpkin 34.19; Fe (mg) 1.41: 1.60 while fluted pumpkin1.24 K (mg) 36.08: 46.46 while fluted pumpkin 34.57; Ca (mg) 11.19: 8.10 while fluted pumpkin 5.88; Mg(mg) 4.62: 3.53 while fluted pumpkin 2.63 among others. The study also showed that there was a significantdifference between the mean values of the micro-nutrients analysis. The study recommended that, theconsumption of cocoyam and sweet potato leaves should be encouraged by families in the country, as wellbe made available in the open market same way the popular vegetables are sold such as fluted pumpkin(Ugu) leaf.

Extraction of Natural Dyes from Delonix regia Flowers for Cotton Fibres

Textile colouration is among the major industry that pollutes the environment with effluents rich in dye chemicals. Most of the dyes used are synthetics which possess health and environmental impacts. Potentially, the use of bio-based dyes and other chemicals can lessen the environmental challenges of the textile effluents. This study reports on sustainable extraction and dyeing of cotton fabric using extract of Delonix regia flowers. The extraction process was done using acid-ified water as a solvent and the dyeing process was free from hazardous auxiliary chemicals. To improve the dyeing performance, banana sap was used as an affordable and eco-friendly bio-mordant. To optimise energy consumption, dyeing experiments were done between room tem-perature and 90 °C. The dyeing performance was assessed through wash fastness, rub fastness and colour strength tests. The cotton fabric was successively dyed with the Delonix regia flowers extract rich in anthocyanin pigments in the presence of banana sap bio-mordant. The optimum dye performance was obtained at a dyeing temperature of up to 60 °C, above which the perfor-mance was negatively affected.

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) bark extract for eco-safe dyeing of mordanted cotton fabric: Colorimetric and biomedical functional properties

Large volume of wastewater containing toxic chemicals often discharged into the environment by textile industry is adversely damaging the quality of the ecosystem. This study aimed to circumvent this unfortunate practice through replacement of toxic chemical-mordants with eco-safe herbal-mordants in the cashew bark (CB) naturally dyed cotton fabric. The high dye yield obtained within short period of time vindicated microwave (MW) radiator as a cost, time and labor efficient modern heating tool in dye extraction from natural source. The MW-assisted CB dye extract was chosen for dyeing cotton fabric based on its desired properties (like high yield, low moisture content and bulk density). It was discovered that dye exhaustion, dye-uptake and tint strength of cotton fabric were enhanced after 4 min MW treatment. Utilization of calcium (II) chloride (CaCl2) and iron (II) sulfate (FeSO4) as chemical mordants, Vernonia amygdalina and Sorghum bicolor leaf extracts as bio-mordants has given a set of attractive shades (yellow to chocolate). The mordanted CB dyed cotton fabrics have desired dye exhaustion, dye-uptake and tint strength. The good colorfastness and biomedical functional properties of MW induced CB dyed cotton fabric were enhanced to excellent after post-mordanted with the herbal-anchors. Overall, MW treatment and exploitation of herbal-anchors have showcased the cotton natural dyeing process as the potential industrial cleaner, ecological-friendly and sustainable practice.

Investigation of process parameters for eco-friendly indigo dyeing of cotton fabric with reducing sugars

Purpose The application of indigo dyes in the denim industries has been criticised due to the introduction of non-renewable oxidation products into the environment. Previous studies have investigated that reducing sugars can be used as green alternatives to sodium dithionite in the indigo dyeing of cotton fabric owing to their reduced and stable redox potential in the dye bath. The purpose of this study was to dye denim cotton fabric with indigo dye using various reducing sugars and alkalis. The use of sucrose and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for indigo dyeing has been explored for the first time. Design/methodology/approach A mixed factorial design with four variables including alkali, pH, number of dips and type of reducing sugar at different levels was studied to identify a significant correlation between the effect of these variables on the colour strength and fastness properties of the dyeings. Findings Investigations were made to examine the significant factors and interactions of the selected responses in the eco-friendly dyeing method. This process has the potential to reduce the load of sulphite and sulphate generated in the dyebath due to the use of a conventional reducing agent, sodium dithionite. The colour strength of the dyeing reduced with fructose was found to be better than other reducing sugars and significantly influenced by the number of dips, pH levels and the interaction between pH and reducing sugars. Using fructose for indigo dyeing with two dips at a pH of 11.5, using KOH as an alkali, results in higher colour strength values. The fastness properties of the indigo-dyed sample with reducing sugars ranging from fair to good or good to excellent. Specifically, colour change receives a rating of grey scale 3–4, staining 4–5, dry rubbing 4 and light fastness 3–4. These assessments hold true across various factors such as the type of reducing sugar, alkali, pH and the number of dips. The optimised parameters leading to improved colour strength and fastness properties are also discussed. Originality/value This dyeing technique is novel and a green alternative to dithionite denim dyeing. This process is found to be useful for indigo dyeing of denim fabric leading to reduced and stable redox potential in the dyebath and acceptable colour strength of the dyed fabric.

Chitosan as a cationizing agent in pigment dyeing of cotton fabric

Pigment dyeing has gained popularity because it eliminates the need for post-dyeing treatments such as rinsing, neutralization, and washing. Exhaust pigment dyeing demands cotton fiber cationization, often achieved with synthetic agents. This study explores chitosan as a sustainable alternative for cationizing cotton for pigment dyeing. Chitosan has certain advantageous properties that set it apart from synthetic cationic compounds, including biocompatibility and non-toxicity. Cotton fabric was cationized using chitosan at different concentrations and the cationized fabric was subsequently dyed at 3 % shade with pigment using the exhaust method. Cotton dyed with a commercial cationizer served as a comparison. The uniformity of pigment dyeing using chitosan remained unaffected, and comparable K/S values were observed when chitosan replaced the synthetic cationizing agent. Various physical and chemical properties of the dyed fabrics such as color fastness to washing, perspiration (acid and alkali), rubbing fastness, light fastness, stiffness and bursting strength were assessed. Additionally, Fourier Transform-Infrared, Fabric Hand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand evaluations were also carried out to examine the viability of using chitosan instead of a synthetic cationizing agent. This study demonstrates chitosan's potential as a sustainable and effective cationizing agent for pigment dyeing.

Clean dyeing of cotton fabrics by cross-linking reactive dyes with fiber macromolecular chains

Increasing dye utilization, shortening the process and reducing the discharge of colored wastewater are the keys to clean dyeing and finishing of fabrics. In this study, we report a clean dyeing process. The process improved the dye utilization and achieved wrinkle-finishing and dyeing in the same bath by enhancing cross-linking of dyes with fiber macromolecular chains. It was observed by SEM that the cross-section of the dyed fibers showed round or oval shape, and the mid-cavities were reduced or even disappeared. The swelling rate of the fibers and cellulase degradation experiments showed that the dyes formed stable cross-linking structures with the macromolecular chains. Furthermore, differences in the structure of reactive dyes affected the optimal reaction conditions between the dyes and the fibers. Compared to conventional processes, the K/S, color fixation rate, and wrinkle recovery angle of dyed fabrics with different dyes were significantly improved. This illustrated the superiority of this process and the applicability of different structural dyes. Compared to traditional processes, the process saved 29.6 % of dyes and 16.7 % of alkalis. Importantly, the process could save 200 % of water, 9.5 kW h of energy consumption and 61.6 m3 of saturated steam. Ultimately, this process could save 7.22 $ of the cost of dyeing 1 kg of fabric. The concentration of dyes in the dyeing wastewater was significantly reduced. In summary, the clean process has good economic and environmental benefits.

Wood Extracts for Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics—Special View on Mordanting Procedures

Natural dyes offer a bio-based opportunity to support the attractive coloration of textile fabrics made from natural fibers like cotton, wool, hemp, and many other textile materials. They can be part of a strategy to realize fully bio-based textiles and clothing materials. In line with this statement, the following study investigates the use of wood extracts for dyeing cotton fabrics. Specifically, extract powders of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum L.), brazilwood (Caesalpinia spp.), and quebracho wood (Schinopsis lorentzii) are used. The aim of the study is to evaluate which colorations can be obtained by the application of those wood extracts and what fastness properties are reached. For this, different modified process parameters and mordants are evaluated. The dyeing process is modified using different mordants based on iron and aluminum salts. These mordants are applied in pre-, meta-, or post-mordant procedures. The color and fastness properties of prepared textile samples are determined by spectroscopic measurements, color measurements, washing procedures, and a Xenotest for measuring the light fastness. Ultimately, it is shown that a broad range of colorations can be realized through different combinations of wood extracts and mordanting procedures. Notably, stronger color depths are reached with pre- and meta-mordanting compared to post-mordanting. Good wash fastness is obtained for some color shades. However, with post-mordanting, better wash fastness can be achieved. The light fastness of the realized samples is only moderate to low. In conclusion, it can be stated that dyes from wood extracts are excellent materials to dye natural fibers if they are combined with the right mordanting agent in pre- or meta-mordanting procedures. The present study is therefore a good proof-of-concept for the realization of fully bio-based colored textile materials.

Extraction and characterization of natural dye from leaves of Lannea coromandelica and application on cotton fabric

Purpose The purpose of this study is to extract and characterize a novel natural dye from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica and the extraction with finding ways of dyeing cotton fabric using three mordants. Design/methodology/approach The colouring agents were extracted from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica using an aqueous extraction method. The extract was characterized using analysis methods of pH, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and cyclic voltammetry measurement. The extract was applied to cotton fabric samples using a non-mordant and three mordants under the two mordanting methods. The dyeing performance of the extracted colouring agent was evaluated using colour fastness properties, colour strength (K/S) and colour space (CIE Lab). Findings The aqueous dye extract showed reddish-brown colour, and its pH was 5.94. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the dye extract from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica contained active chemical compounds. The UV-vis and FTIR analyses found that groups influenced the reddish-brown colour of the dye extraction. The cyclic voltammetry measurements discovered the electrochemical properties of the dye extraction. The mordanted fabric samples showed better colour fastness properties than the non-mordanted fabric sample. The K/S and CIE Lab results indicate that the cotton fabric samples dyed with mordants showed more significant dye affinities than non-mordanted fabric samples. Originality/value Researchers have never discovered that the Lannea coromandelica leaf extract is a natural dye for cotton fabric dyeing. The findings of this study showed that natural dyes extracted from Lannea coromandelica leaf could be an efficient colouring agent for use in cotton fabric.

Development and Application of Reactive Dye Microcapsules for Cotton Fabric Dyeing

Reactive dyestuffs used in textile efficiency cotton dyeing are generally applied as a triple mixture. Most of these dyestuffs are supplied to HT machines in powder form without being suitable for automation. 100% of the dyestuffs used in the dyeing recipe applied in reactive dyeing cannot adhere to cotton. Maximum 70% of it adheres to cotton. If the remaining 30% is dye, the substances pass into the water phase. And the dyestuffs that pass into this water phase include substances that are insoluble in water and difficult to purify. It also increases environmental waste burdens. In project scope; By encapsulating reactive dyes with microcapsule technology, it is aimed to reduce the limits of dyes used and reduce environmental waste. And in this context; Dye saving will be achieved.

Efficient zero wastewater and salt-free of cotton fiber dyeing via hydrophobic organic chemical/water two-phase dyeing system

For cotton fabric dyeing, a significant quantity of salt and water are typically consumed in the conventional water dyeing bath. In this study, an environmentally friendly alternative was investigated that could eliminate water waste and salt usage, as well as reducing chemical consumption. This method, which employs a hydrophobic organic chemical/water two-phase dyeing system, solely involves fiber swelling, dye dissolution, and the use of alkaline agents. By substituting the water required for heat and mass with an organic chemical, 71.43% dye reduction can be achieved in dye consumption compared to traditional water-based dyeing method. Benefiting from the natural affinity between dyes and cotton fibers, without any interaction with hydrophobic organic chemicals, reactive dye can diffuse into the fiber surface, which can achieve above 98% dye uptake and 90% fixation rate. The K/S value of the dyed cotton fabric is much higher than that of conventional water bath at the same dye concentration, and it is the highest when the water content is 120 %. Moreover, the uniform distribution of dye and the color fastness of the dyed fabric are comparable to traditional water-based dyeing. Due to the influence of intermolecular forces, the aggregation of dye is changed to varying degrees in different hydrophilic and hydrophobic cotton fiber dyeing systems, which further influences the dyeing quality. This study not only improves the utilization of dye but achieves salt-free, no wastewater emission and reduces the dyeing cost, providing an economical and sustainable dyeing method for the industrial dyeing of cotton fabric.

Low waste and low-energy consumption automation renovation of anhydrous dyeing system using anhydrous washing

Supercritical carbon dioxide, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide mixed medium enable cotton fabric anhydrous dyeing, reducing energy consumption, simplifying color matching, improving levelness and color depth, and enabling an expanded range of available reactive dyes. However, residual alkalis, ammonium carbamate, and unfixed reactive dyes remain on cotton fabric, necessitating further treatment to satisfy the requirements for ecological textiles. This study used and recycled ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide to effectively eliminate residual alkalis, ammonium carbamate, and unfixed reactive dyes from dyed cotton fabric and achieved the automation renovation of the corresponding anhydrous dyeing system to minimize waste discharge. The results show that residual alkalis and ammonium carbamate could be eliminated by washing with an ethanol solution containing citric acid, and the unfixed reactive dyes could be eliminated by washing with dimethyl sulfoxide. After being washed with ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide, the dyed cotton fabric exhibits a grade 4 washing and rubbing fastness or higher and a pH value of 7, satisfying requirements for ecological textiles. The renovated automatic anhydrous dyeing system could achieve an E factor of 0.037, while its theoretical energy consumption of solvent recycling was 0, according to the Green Chemistry Principles 1 (prevention) and 6 (design for energy efficiency). It indicates that the automatic anhydrous dyeing system aligns more closely with the requirements outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12 (responsible production and consumption) than previously published dyeing systems.

Synthesis and characterization of resorcinol based trisazo reactive dye ligand and its metal chelates for application on cellulosic fabric

The purpose of this research was to innovate novel trisazo reactive dyestuffs from 1, 2, 4-acid (the 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid), the resorcinol derivativatized chemical substance, the vinyl sulphone para ester, and their transition metal chelates iron (II), nickle (II), copper (II), and zinc (II). For the synthesis, resorcinol in an alkaline medium was coupled to diazotized 1, 2, 4-acid (1-amino-2-naphthol-4- sulphonic acid) to create the 1, 2, 4-acid (the 1-amino-2-naphthol-4- sulphonic acid)- resorcinol mono-azo dye ligand. The 1, 2, 4-acid (1-amino-2-naphthol-4- sulphonic acid)- resorcinol mono-azo dye ligand was passed through coupling with the diazotized vinyl sulphone para este in an alkaline medium to generate tris-azo reactive dyestuff. Metal chelates of reactive dyestuffs have also been generated using 3d transition metals, namely iron, zinc, iron, copper, as well as nickel. The metallization of the synthesized monoazo dye ligands with sulphate salts of iron, nickel, copper, and zinc, as well as the coupling reaction with diazotized vinyl sulphone para ester resulted hot brand novel vinyl sulfone-type trisazo fiber reactive dyes. To evaluate how successfully the novel synthesized dyestuffs dyed cotton fabric, these were applied to cotton fabric in one percent, three percent, and six percent (stock) solutions relative to the weight of cotton fabric, and were examined for their characteristics. These showed excellent light fastness, rub fastness, and wash fastness when applied to cotton fabric. Analytical data and spectroscopic techniques allying optical studies thereby UV-Visible spectroscopy and FTIR spectral interpretation were utilized to confirm the constituents of whole innovative, novel synthesized tris-azo reactive dye substances. Maximum synthesized tris-azo reactive dyestuffs found to have large values of their wash fastness 4 and above on the grey scale, and light fastness 4 and above on the blue scale, respectively, when dyed on cotton cloth. A comparative study of these dyes was also done with existing standards, the pantone color system. The dye adhesion, reactivity, dissolution, as well as stabilizing qualities were all outstanding, indicating that the fabric was well dissolved. Such artificial trisazo reactive dyestuffs were transferred attractively onto the colored cotton cloth, evenly distributed, well permeated into the fiber, and fastened. Consequently, tris-azo reactive dyestuff ligand, and its metal chelates were appraised accomplished wonderfully, while colored cotton cloth. These dyestuffs will further benefit the creation of innovative industrial items. Consequently, this in-house production of creative resorcinol-based dyestuffs will also usher in a futuristic era of investigation for the country’s economic advancement, and in industrialization.

Green encapsulation of textile dyes using lecithin to increase dyeing performance

Purpose The purpose of this study is to use liposome technology in the treatment of fabrics textiles because of its efficient energy saving, reducing time and temperature. Design/methodology/approach The newly prepared lecithin liposome was used to encapsulate dyes for the purpose of increasing dyeing affinity. Different ratios of commercially available lecithin liposomes (1%, 3%, 5% and 7%) were used simultaneously in the dyeing of cotton and wool fabrics. The treated fabrics (cotton and wool fabrics) were confirmed using different analytical procedures such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transition infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet protection factor, colour strength (K|S) measurements and fastness measurements. Findings The results show that increasing liposome ratios in dyeing baths leads to increased dyeing affinity for cotton and wool fabrics compared with conventional dyeing without using liposomes. In addition to that, the colour strength values, infrared spectra, SEM and fastness properties of non-liposome-dyed fabrics and liposome-dyed fabrics were investigated. Originality/value The research paper provides broad spectrum of green encapsulation fabrics using liposome technology to perform the dye stability, dye strength and fastness.

An approach for the valorization of bio-waste pistachio shells (Pistacia vera L.): Dyeing of cellulose-based fabrics

The waste management subject is a very important issue today and in the future. Therefore, lots of scholars are endeavoring to investigate the valorization of wastes from different sources, such as paper, metal, glass, and vegetables. In this study, the pistachio soft and hard shells, as an industrial waste material, were used as natural dye sources. For this purpose, waste were collected from Gaziantep province in the south of Türkiye. Then, the soft and hard pistachio shells that had been dried in the shadow were investigated in terms of FTIR analysis and then used as a dyestuff source in the dyeing of cotton fabrics with the help of bio-mordants and metal mordants. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the soft and hard shell of pistachio was assessed through the DPPH and FRAP assay methods, and the antibacterial activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for selected dyed samples. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the CIE L*a*b* color values and (K/S) of cotton fabrics that had been dyed. The results exhibited that the tested wastes could be useful for the coloration of the cotton fabrics, and depending on the used natural dye source, mordanting agent, and mordanting method, the colors were found to have changed, but in general, light brown-ecru-brown colors were observed in the dyed samples. Meanwhile, the fastness of the samples was examined, and the sources were found to exhibit limited light fastness values but good or perfect washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. In conclusion, the evaluated conditions were found to be useful for the coloration of cotton, and even more importantly, the pistachio soft and hard shells were observed to reveal great potential for use in textile dye houses as a natural dye source.

Greenly and Efficiently Dyeing Cotton Fabric with Custom-Tailored Reactive Dyes via Electron Beam Irradiation

Greenly and Efficiently Dyeing Cotton Fabric with Custom-Tailored Reactive Dyes via Electron Beam Irradiation