DVD Disc Research Articles

ERROR CORRECTION DEVICE FOR OPTICAL MEMORY OF MASS APPLICATION

Currently one of the most commonly used carriers of digital information is optical multi-purpose DVD discs. At the same time these carriers have a significant disadvantage, namely, a tendency to a relatively large number of errors in the reading of information due to damage of the recording layer during production or operation. The article presents the structural and functional organization of the error correction device for optical mass storage (optical DVDs) that implements the iterative decoding of the product of Reed-Solomon codes. It is given the block diagram of the device, which illustrates the relationships between the components of the device decoders iterations and describes the principle of the receipt and processing of data blocks in the device. The error correction device is N series-connected iterations decoders working on a pipelined basis. All its iterative decoders run in parallel, processing successively received data blocks from the channel. The structure of decoder iterations is disclosed and the functions of their constituent blocks are described with reference to the points of the decoding algorithm. The proposed device receives one code word symbol (8 bits) per 2 clock cycles and, when implementing a decoder on modern ASICs, is capable of providing a throughput of 2 Gbps at a processor clock speed of 500 MHz. This bandwidth allows the device to work in a continuous mode and processing data blocks at the rate of their arrival. Possible ways of increasing the capacity of the device are described. In addition, the article assesses the hardware complexity of the main units of the device, expressed in the number of gates and bits of memory required for its implementation using integrated circuits of a special purpose.

Fabrication of Graphene Supercapacitors for Flexible Energy Storage

In the present work, graphene powder was synthesized by laser scribing method. The resultant flexible light-scribed graphene is very appropriate for use in micro-supercapacitors. The effect of the laser scribing process in reducing graphene oxide (GO) was investigated. GO was synthesized using a chemical mixture of GO solution; then, it was coated onto a LightScribe DVD disk and laser scribed to reduce GO and create laser-scribed graphene (LSG). The CV curves of pristine rGO at various scan rates showed that the ultimate product possesses the ability to store energy at the supercapacitor level. Charge-discharge curves of pristine rGO at two different current densities indicated that the specific capacitance (Cm) increases due to the reduction of the discharge current density. Finally, the long-term charge-discharge stability of the LSG was plotted and indicates that the specific capacitance decreases very slightly from its primary capacitance of ~10F cm−3 and that the cyclic stability is favorable over 1000 cycles.

DVD Review: Rossi, Luigi. L’Orfeo. Pygmalion, musical direction by Raphaël Pichon, staging by Jetske Mijnssen. Recorded at L’Opéra National de Lorraine (Nancy), February 7 and 9, 2016. Arles: Harmonia Mundi, 2017. HMD 9859058.59 DVD and Blu-ray Disc.

DVD Review: Rossi, Luigi. L’Orfeo. Pygmalion, musical direction by Raphaël Pichon, staging by Jetske Mijnssen. Recorded at L’Opéra National de Lorraine (Nancy), February 7 and 9, 2016. Arles: Harmonia Mundi, 2017. HMD 9859058.59 DVD and Blu-ray Disc.

Flexible micro supercapacitors based on laser-scribed graphene/ZnO nanocomposite

We report on the fabrication of graphene/Zno nanocomposite supercapacitor electrodes. Laser-scribing process was implemented in order to reduce the graphene oxide (GO)/ZnO mixture on a DVD disk. With reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/ZnO composite prepared by a mass ratio of 1:25 of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O to GO constituents, nanoparticles of ZnO with sizes ranging from 20 to 50 nm are obtained. Consequently, 12 times improvement in the specific capacitance was achieved at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm2 compared with pristine rGO electrodes. In addition, flexible microsupercapacitor was fabricated by spin coating of the gel electrolyte, showing high stack capacitance of 9 F/cm3 at a current density of 150 mA/cm2. This microsupercapacitor delivers power density of 70 mW/cm3 and energy density of 1.2 mWh/cm3. Furthermore, the performance of device was investigated at different bending angles. The resulted characteristics demonstrate that LSG/ZnO nanocomposite is a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. .

Enhancement of Sensitivity of the Solution-Phase Localized Surface Plasmon by a Nanostructured Substrate

AbstractWe describe a simple and inexpensive method to enhance the sensitivity or improve the detection limit of solution-phase localized surface plasmon (LSPR) sensors of metallic nanoparticles. The substrate surface contains metallic nanostructures which are replicated from DVD disks via the standard soft lithography. By mixing BSA molecules with nanoparticle solution, we demonstrate that the wavelength shift due to the absorption of BSA molecules on nanoparticle surfaces is amplified by more than an order of magnitude in comparison to that over a smooth flat surface.

The impact of the timing of patents on innovation performance

In the context of industry standard-setting, firms face the strategic decision of whether to move faster than competitors or wait for more information that reduces uncertainty. These decisions are even more challenging if there are multiple standards, and if there are benefits to belonging to more than one standard. This paper examines the effect of the timing of patents on a firm's innovation performance. The strategic logic of real options posits that patent timing is determined by the tension between the value of preemption and the value of waiting. We analyze 680 DVD disc patents in DVD patent pools to test the effect of the timing of patents on innovation performance. Consistent with real options logic, under high uncertainty, the later the timing of the patent, the higher the innovation performance, while under low uncertainty there is an early-mover advantage.

Impact of Movie Streaming over Traditional DVD Movie Rental—An Empirical Study

Traditional movie DVD rental model has been challenged by a new business model of movie stream. Movie stream possesses convincing advantages over the traditional DVD rental. E-commerce shows a trend in the movie industry that consumers can stream comparable quality movies and TV shows directly from the Internet instead of waiting for the DVDs in the mail. Thanks to global technology advancement, movie stream has already prevailed. This study focuses on consumers’ preferences of decision making variables for streaming movie from the Internet and the traditional DVD movie rental. The results indicate that consumers are shifting from DVD movie rental to movie stream, while home entertainment industry needs to improve both in technology and customer service. The consumers favor movie streaming and make it better competing with other ways of watching movie. The quality of movie stream and renting DVD disks may be less important for movie viewers. Movie industry should make movie stream easy to watch.

Optical, Nanomechanical and Electrochemical Sensing on a DVD Disc

Our vision is to create a platform where optical, nanomecanical and electrochemical sensors can be integrated and read-out using the mechanics and the optics from DVDs and Blu-Rays. Integrating sensors on a disc allows us to use centrifugal microfluidis which has been developed for more than 50 years and which has proven to be a simple and powerful way to manipulate liquid samples without the need of external pumps [1]. As an example, serum can be separated from a whole blood sample in a few minutes by simply spinning the disc and allowing the cellular components to sediment.Cantilever-like sensors have been integrated on a disc [2] and we now have a method of obtaining large amount of data – allowing us to do statistics on the measurements. Currently, we are studying the specific detection of biomarkers, such as suPAR [3]. Additionally, we try to implement optical microscopy on the spinning platform in order to study and count larger objects such as cells. In this way it will be possible to analyze a given sample for several parameters simultaneously.Electrodes can also be integrated on the spinning platform [4] and hereby it is possible to perform electrochemical measurements at the same time as having the benefit of the centrifugal liquid handling. As an example it is simple to measure in flow conditions and to perform continuous cyclic voltammograms in different concentrations of electrolytes using built-in valves.In conclusion, the merger of sensors and centrifugal microfluidcs combined with sensitive and compact read-out possibilities from optical pick-up heads makes it possible to realize full sample pretreatment and read-out in a both fast and compact manner.

An Approach for the Design of Passive UHF-RFID Tags Mounted on Optical Discs

In this paper, an innovative design strategy for UHF-RFID tags mounted on optical discs (such as DVDs) is presented. By using the metal layer of the disc as the main radiating element, it is possible to overcome the severe limitations of the existing tags for disc identification in terms of read range and bandwidth. The design and synthesis process, based on the proposed circuit model of the tag, is described. A worldwide UHF-RFID tag prototype, for direct mounting on a DVD disc, is designed and fabricated. The measured read range demonstrates that the presented method drastically improves the performance within the whole UHF-RFID band (840-930 MHz), in comparison to the DVD tags found in the available literature.

Emergence of Movie Stream Challenges Traditional DVD Movie Rental—An Empirical Study with a User Focus

Traditional movie DVD rental model has been challenged by a new business model of movie stream. Movie stream possesses convincing advantages over the traditional DVD rental. E-commerce shows a trend in the movie industry that consumers can stream comparable quality movies and TV shows directly from the Internet instead of waiting for the DVDs in the mail. Thanks to global technology advancement, movie stream has already prevailed. This study focuses on consumers’ preferences of decision making variables for streaming movie from the Internet and the traditional DVD movie rental. The results indicate that consumers are shifting from DVD movie rental to movie stream, while home entertainment industry needs to improve both in technology and customer service. The consumers favor movie streaming and make it better competing with other ways of watching movie. The quality of movie stream and renting DVD disks may be less important for movie viewers. Movie industry should make movie stream easy to watch.

Location-free optical microscopic imaging method with high-resolution based on microsphere superlenses

In this paper, we propose a novel location-free high-resolution optical microscopic imaging method based on micropipette-microsphere combined probe. According to optical principle, a physical model is established to determine the value of magnification. With SiO2 microspheres of different diameters such as 3.0, 4.4, 5.6, 7.5 and 10.0 μm, microscopic imaging experiments are carried out. The results show that the microstructure of un-etched DVD disk can be significantly magnified and the image contrast is obviously improved, which is consistent well with the theoretical calculation. Microscopic imaging of microstructures based on SiO2 microsphere array is realized by controlling the microspheres with a micropipette. Furthermore, a kind of micropipette-microsphere combined probe is prepared, by which location-free high-resolution optical microscopic imaging has implemented for the first time.

Markers to construct DC free ( d , k ) constrained balanced block codes using Knuth's inversion

In this reported work, Knuth's balancing scheme, which was originally developed for unconstrained binary codewords is adapted. Presented is a simple method to balance the NRZ runlength constrained block codes corresponding to (d, k) constrained NRZI sequences. A short marker violating the maximum runlength or k constraint is used to indicate the balancing point for Knuth's inversion. The marker requires fewer overhead bits and less implementation complexity than indexing the balancing point's address by mapping it onto a (d, k) or runlength constrained prefix, such as when applying Knuth's original scheme more directly. The new code construction may be attractive for future magnetic and especially optical recording schemes. In fact the current optical storage media, such as the CD, DVD and Blue Ray Disc, all attempt to achieve some suppression of low frequency components of the constrained codes, by exploiting a limited degree of freedom within the set of candidate (d, k) words.

Practical aspects of modern interferometry for optical manufacturing quality control, Part 3

Abstract Modern phase shifting interferometers enable the manufacture of optical systems that drive the global economy. Semiconductor chips, solid-state cameras, cell phone cameras, infrared imaging systems, space-based satellite imaging, and DVD and Blu-Ray disks are all enabled by phase-shifting interferometers. Theoretical treatments of data analysis and instrument design advance the technology but often are not helpful toward the practical use of interferometers. An understanding of the parameters that drive the system performance is critical to produce useful results. Any interferometer will produce a data map and results; this paper, in three parts, reviews some of the key issues to minimize error sources in that data and provide a valid measurement.

Cinema on the edge: Improvised film exhibition and digital projection in rural Australia

ABSTRACTDigital projection technologies are changing the nature of movie exhibition on a global scale. Commercial cinemas are now rapidly embracing the high-end (and high-cost) Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) Standard for projection in place of traditional 35mm film. This new equipment is helping to give exhibitors greater control over their programming schedules, lowering operating costs and enhancing the quality of the film presentation for audiences. The large capital cost of DCI equipment has meant that small, marginal cinemas have largely been excluded from this aspect of the digital revolution. However, they are not being left behind completely. The development of improved, low-cost systems for projecting films on DVD and Blu-ray disc has boosted the viability and flexibility of screenings in remote and isolated locations. This article focuses on the use of DVD projection in rural areas of Australia and examines some of the unique types of cinema enterprises that this technology is helping to support. More broadly, this article questions the veracity of claims regarding the demise of the cinema as a socially and culturally relevant place for viewing films.

Ag dendrites with rod-like tips: synthesis, characterization and fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces

A facile, low-cost and templateless wet-chemical method was reported for the mass synthesis of Ag dendrites with rod-like tips which were characterized by various methods. The columniform tips protruded in random directions, of which the diameters were similar. A series of experiments were carried out to explore the effect of sodium citrate on the morphology of the obtained Ag nanostructures, and it was demonstrated that the concentration of sodium citrate was important for the formation of the cylindrical tips on the Ag dendrites. A possible mechanism was proposed to explain the role of sodium citrate in the synthesis of Ag dendrites with rod-like tips. Based on the roughness caused by the Ag dendrites, a superhydrophobic surface was fabricated in a simple procedure on a glass substrate, and the contact angle of the surface was as high as 156.4°. According to similar procedures, superhydrophobic surfaces were easily attained on a DVD disc and commercial aluminium foil, indicating the as-prepared Ag dendrites can be used to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces on various smooth substrates.

DETECTION OF MASSIVE NUMBERS OF DVDS BY A UHF RFID SYSTEM

This paper aims to provide an efiective solution to the problem of detecting a large number of densely stacked DVDs. The number is in the range of 2000. In order to achieve that goal, flrstly the structure and the properties of materials comprising a DVD disc and a DVD case are investigated. The efiect of the metal layer in the disc on the interrogating wave is evaluated via theoretical analysis and simulation. Based on that analysis and simulation, and on numerous experiments on either a single labeled DVD in free space or multiple labeled DVD in a DVD stack, two solutions are proposed whereby over 95% DVDs in a great portion of a 2000 DVD stack could be detected. Eliminating the tags which have weak performance, the percentage can be 100%. This paper not only expands the range of categories detectable by UHF RFID systems but also provides a process and method for item-level tagging in which the number of the items is in the range of thousands.

Acridizinium-Substituted Dendrimers As a New Potential Rewritable Optical Data Storage Material for Blu-ray

A second-generation (acridizinium)12-dendrimer based on a poly(2,2-bis(hydroxymethylpropionic acid)) [bis-MPA] scaffold which can undergo photoinduced (4π + 4π) cycloaddition reactions on exposure to blue-violet light at 405 nm, and be reversed upon irradiation at 257 nm, has been synthesized. This provides an alternative chromophore for rewritable optical data storage media to the existing dye materials such as azo, cyanine, and phthalocyanine dyes for Blu-ray recording. The compound was initially tested in ethanol, showing good reversible properties and photoinduced degree of dimerization. The (acridizinium)12-bis-MPA dendrimer was cast on a quartz plate, using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as a matrix, in order to simulate conditions found in DVD discs for existing dyes. The film showed good transmission, stability, and mechanical properties. Through gray scale recording it may be possible to store more than 75 GB on a single-layer disk of a conventional-sized 5.25 in. disk, using existing Blu-ray disc techno...

The high response and high efficiency velocity control of a hydraulic injection molding machine using a variable rotational speed electro-hydraulic pump-controlled system

High response and high efficiency velocity control of a hydraulic injection molding machine (HIMM) is requested especially for the process of high-tech industries, such as CD and DVD disks, plastic optical lens, light guide plates, etc. Instead of the hydraulic valve-controlled systems that have the problem of low energy efficiency but have been used widely in today’s HIMMs, the paper develops a high response and high energy efficiency electro-hydraulic pump-controlled system driven by a variable rotational speed AC servo motor for achieving high response and high efficiency velocity control in HIMMs. A constant displacement axial piston pump combined with the AC servo motor is developed in this research as the high response electro-hydraulic pump-controlled system for the HIMMs. For that, the control strategy, signed-distance fuzzy sliding mode control (SD-FSMC) is developed to simplify the fuzzy rule base through the sliding surface for practical applications. The developed high response variable rotational speed electro-hydraulic pump-controlled system controlled by SD-FSMC is implemented and verified experimentally for velocity control with various velocity targets and external loading conditions. Furthermore, the energy efficiencies of different experiments are analyzed and compared precisely by the power quality recorder used to measure the electrical power consumed by the AC servo motor.

A video summarization tool using two-level redundancy detection for personal video recorders

Storage of video information is experiencing rapid growth as digital broadcasting services have developed. This has rapidly increased video data storage requirements in DVD and hard disc recorders in recent years. We design a video summarization tool for personal video recorders. This tool provides a video summarization function to grasp the original long video content quickly. This tool is with a two- level redundancy detection procedure. After the video parsing step, it removes redundant video content with the hierarchical agglomerative cluster method in the shot level. Impact factors of scenes and key frames are defined, and parts of shots are selected to generate the initial video summary. Finally a repetitive frame segment detection step is used to remove redundant information. We have developed a prototype model and tested this tool on TV series, movies and cartoons data. The experiment results are given to illustrate the proposed tool.

Creating a more productive, clutter-free, paperless office: a primer on scanning, storage and searching of PDF documents on personal computers

Creating a more productive, clutter-free, paperless office: a primer on scanning, storage and searching of PDF documents on personal computers