This article substantiates that the constitutional duty of a Russian Federation's citizen is to serve in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. This form is of great importance, since the legislator fixed the obligation of every citizen of Russia to do military service in accordance with Article 59 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Fatherland protection is not only a constitutional duty, but a moral demand for every citizen as well, it is a moral duty. It is aimed at protecting the state and its citizens, material and spiritual values. It is noted that both in theory and in practice there is no unity in interpreting and applying Part 1 of Article 328 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which provides for liability for evasion of military service. According to the results of the study, it is noted that there is no uniformity in approaches to understanding the objective signs of a crime provided for in Part 1 of Article 328 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The current criminal law does not ensure inevitability of criminal liability for crimes related to evasion of military service in Russia.