Duties Of Citizens Research Articles

PREVENTION OF WAR AND ECONOMIC CRIMES UNDER MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

The objective of this study is to elucidate the challenges inherent in the prevention of military-economic crime under martial law in Ukraine. In the light of the study's findings, the authors proceed to analyse the measures to prevent military-economic crimes under martial law in Ukraine. This analysis enables the identification and detailed characterisation of three principal levels: general social, special criminological and individual preventive. In the context of studying the general social prevention of military-economic crime, it has been demonstrated that the formation of patriotism among servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations is unfeasible without the implementation of an appropriate set of state and social measures aimed at fostering the consciousness and behaviour of the individual in anticipation of their future role as a serviceman. These measures must be designed to cultivate a range of qualities, including civil, socio-psychological, moral, physical, military professional and volitional qualities, in order to ensure the fulfilment of both the constitutional duty of Ukrainian citizens to protect the Motherland and the effective execution of combat missions in any circumstances. Within the framework of special criminological prevention of military-economic crime, the study substantiates and proves the need to create mental health units at the level of divisions and brigades, which should be headed by psychiatrists and include mental health officers (licensed psychologists and/or social workers with specialised education who have at least one year of experience in relevant medical institutions). The article establishes that the main purpose of individual prevention of military-economic crime is a positive correction of a serviceman's personality aimed at changing his behaviour from anti-social to law-abiding, and therefore the main measures of individual prevention of military-economic crime in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations should be the following: identification of sources of negative influence that contribute to the commission of military economic criminal offences; examination of the personality of typical offenders; forecasting the individual behaviour of persons prone to commit military economic criminal offences; planning individual preventive measures for identified persons; implementation of appropriate corrective influence on the personality of a typical offender aimed at avoiding the commission of military economic criminal offences; control over the behaviour of typical offenders.

Animal Rights in India

India is known for the most biodiversity regions in the world. India is home for about 92,873 animals. Thus there are several reasons due to which animals are getting affected and one of the reason is human's rapacious nature. Also how animals have been exploited for various purpose. This research paper explores the comprehensive framework governing animal rights in India, focusing on constitutional provisions, legislative acts, and landmark judicial rulings. India's Constitution, through Article 51A(g), emphasizes the fundamental duty of citizens to show compassion towards animals. Furthermore, acts such as the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, and the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, provide legal safeguards for animals against exploitation and abuse. These animals rights are managed by the government or non-government organization. Case laws such as the historic judgment include Animal Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja & Ors. (2014) established that animals have intrinsic value and dignity, warranting legal protection. Furthermore, the Supreme Court's directive in People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) India v. Union of India (2014) mandated the implementation of guidelines to prevent cruelty towards animals in markets and transportation. This paper elucidates how the judiciary plays a pivotal role in upholding animal rights by interpreting and enforcing laws, thereby fostering a culture of empathy and accountability towards our fellow beings. Despite legislative measures and judicial interventions, challenges persist, necessitating ongoing advocacy and enforcement efforts to ensure the well-being and dignity of animals across the nation.

Formal long-term care, individualisation and filial responsibility: a multi-level analysis of 21 European countries

PurposeDue to the rapid ageing of the continent's population, a significant surge in long-term care expenses for the elderly is expected across Europe in the coming years. Could a potential solution to this challenge involve the increased informal care provided by adult children? In this context, we examined a general view or moral duty of European citizens regarding whether adult children should assume responsibility for providing long-term care to the elderly.Design/methodology/approachOur multilevel analysis draws on individual-level data from the 2017 European Value Study and country-level data from various European sources encompassing participants from 21 member countries of the European Union.FindingsThe findings reveal that in nations where public long-term care services are sufficiently available and of superior quality, there is a negative sentiment towards the notion that adult children should bear the responsibility for elderly care. In total, 71% of the country-level variance in our dependent variable was explained by the availability and quality of formal long-term care in a country. Furthermore, various individual-level attributes contribute to shaping attitudes towards care-giving responsibility. We observed that women, middle-aged individuals, those without religious affiliations, those with modern gender role attitudes and non-immigrants tended to hold unfavourable attitudes towards the responsibility of adult children in long-term care provision.Originality/valueThere are relatively many studies on the general attitude of the population towards filial obligation. However, so far there have been very few studies available that examine the population's attitude towards the obligation of adult children to commit to their parents' long-term care. Our research explains the variation of the phenomenon in Europe with both country-level and individual-level factors.

To promote a teacher training for a humane society

Reflecting on the training of teachers nowadays compels educators to think about the society in which they live, the vision of school, students/children and young people, teachers, and both the present and the future. To problematize the issue at hand, the following questions need to be reflective: What is the conception of education and training? Can it be associated with the Durkheimian view that education is a vertical action of one generation over another, aimed at transmitting a previously established heritage? Should educators understand education as the promotion of global development, as advocated in the concept of paideia? What meanings of education underlie teacher training? In what society do they live? Do educators see themselves before society as passive members or as active participants who assume the rights and duties of citizenship? What vision do teachers have of those with whom, or about whom, their professional identities are developed: students receiving knowledge transmitted by teachers or people with whom they collaborate to construct socio-historical knowledge? How do they understand themselves as teachers: as technicians or as professionals? What are their perspectives concerning training: a reproduction of institutions or a continuous process for professional emancipation? These questions served as the basis for the development of this article. Using a global approach to our present society and considering ideological-educational concepts and conditions for teaching, we aim to situate and problematize teacher training with the goal of promoting a more humanized society.

Subject librarian definition and duties: Connecting the library and the university

This article reports on a qualitative case study of subject librarians at Brigham Young University's Harold B. Lee Library Subject librarians considered their main purpose to be connecting the people at the university with library resources. People skills are a key to being successful in their positions. Their duties of collection development, reference, instruction, liaison, citizenship, professional development, and scholarship are interrelated and work together in important ways. Subject librarians are satisfied with their jobs and corresponding autonomy. They are concerned about librarian stereotypes and want to overcome the ignorance about their positions. They agree that subject knowledge is important but do not agree on a formal degree standard. This study could be used to help develop and improve SL programs. It could inform hiring decisions and improve the practices of current subject librarians by focusing on the key skills of working with others and subject knowledge.

Curriculum development in the framework of the common curricular base (1988-2013)

Here are organized discussions about official curricular documents for Brazilian basic education, published with the seal of the Common Curricular Base, in the time frame from 1988 to 2013. Through the organization and publication of documents such as: National Curricular Parameters (1997, 1998), National Curriculum Referential for Child Education (1998) and National Curricular Guidelines for Basic Education (2010, 2013), put in place the perspective of the Common Curriculum Base, curricular development puts in course the notion of Common Curricular Base, when the purpose was to bring to existence a Common National Base, that is, guidelines that could be general for all national territory for Basic Education. We understand, starting from the Critical Theory of the Curriculum, that dealing with curricular documents implies dealing with processes of selection and distribution of knowledge, linked to conceptions that give shape to the idealized formation path. The discussion of the Common Curriculum Base reinforces the idea that there is basic knowledge necessary for the belonging and the active participation of the subjects in the social contexts in which they are inserted. For the common basic formation, we highlight the agenda of values aligned with the interests and demands, of the historical moment, in the sense of making "common" the rights and duties of citizens, in the face of the society that is intended to build or to feed. As well as, the emphasis on "work orientation", a very present social interest.

Reforming Gift-Giving Traditions to Promote Women's Inheritance in Pakistan: Legal and Islamic Insights

Women’s right to inheritance is established and protected by Islam. Pakistan, as an Islamic country, expects its citizens to obey all of the principles enshrined in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. However, in case of inheritance to women, people often deviate from these guidelines. Although many efforts are in progress to augment the social and economic status of women in this country, despite that malafide practice persists in this society where Pakistani women, before or at the time of marriage, are compelled, due to undue influence, to surrender their inheritance in favor of their brothers. This systemic exclusion of women from inheritance happens through the transfer of property using the guise of gift. Even though courts in the country are cognizant of this practice and are actively trying to tackle it through their judgments, yet their efforts alone are insufficient. In these circumstances, what this society needs are amendments in both criminal and civil laws to unambiguously prohibit the deprivation of women from their rightful inheritance. Additionally, it is also the legal as well as moral duty of every Muslim citizen in this country to uphold the injunctions of Islam, especially regarding the women’s right to inheritance.

BARRA LIMPA- NÃO AO LIXO NA CIDADE E NO RIO, RECICLANDO ATITUDES.

Objectives: This study presents the results of the Barra Limpa project that was developed at the Júlio Müller State School, in the city of Barra do Bugres-MT. The aim of the project was to bring not only the school community but also the society closer to the environment, discussing environmental education, recycling of trash and also bringing information of an important scientific nature so that students can make their community a healthier place promoting integration between organizations that work with different dimensions of citizenship, making citizenship rights effective in the daily life of the population, brought schools and the community the knowledge necessary to build citizenship, involved different bodies that ensured the rights and duties of citizens. individual in society. Methodology: We carry out concrete actions such as technical study visits in some places, such as the Paraguay River, which is located in Barra do Bugres-MT, in vacant lots and in our own school, where the garbage was improperly deposited. Lectures were given to correctly orient the school community on water, hygiene methods, public safety. Results: We made alternative teaching materials using scraps, culminating with an exhibition of the works, the implementation in the school environment of a pilot project for the separation of garbage, the organization of an educational booklet. Conclusion: We realized with the development of the project a great change in the behavior of those who did not believe that each one doing their part, can instead make changes, and have a cleaner, healthier environment for all beings that Inhabit.

Rights and Responsibilities of Non-Muslim Citizens in Pakistan:

Every corner of the Holy Prophet's (PBUH life illuminates the lamp of guidance. One of the most important attributes of his Seerah is being a ruler. The principles you left as a ruler are still useful in the modern era. As ruler of Madina, he gave the status of a state which was a confederation of units with Socio- political autonomy. He made various covenants for the development and defence of the state of Madina. One of the most important of which is remembered as the charter of Madina (Methaq-e- Madina).
 Part of the charter of Madina sets out the rights and duties of all citizens including non-Muslims. And it specifically mentions the Jewish tribes who have lived here for a long time and almost occupied the financial resources of Medina. Therefore, there was a need to determine their rights and duties in an Islamic state, so that they would play a vital role in the development and stability of the State. Under the Madina Seerah charter, they were guaranteed protection of all kinds of religious, political and social rights and liberties. The Madina charter is in fact, an important document for a peaceful society and is also a fundamental part of his political and constitutional struggle. This study is an effort to explore the Charter of Madiana for religious minorities’ rights and duties in the context of Pakistan as an Islamic State. The analytical research methodology will be adopted in this study to reach the conclusion.
 In view of the charter of Madina, there are some similarities between the State of Madina and Pakistan. The constitution of Pakistan also guarantees that every citizen has the right to practice any religion. Therefore, the dissertation under investigation is important as it will provide an opportunity to be aware of the rights and duties of non-Muslims citizens living in Pakistan in the light of the charter of Madina.
 Keywords: Madina Charter, non-Muslims, rights and duties, Pakistan, reflections

Wojciech Bogumił Jastrzębowski’s Draft of the European Constitution of 1831 – Genesis, Main Assumptions and Significance

Wojciech Bogusław Jastrzębowski’s federative concept of a united Europe was developed during the November Uprising. The printed text of the 1831 pamphlet Constitution for Europe, the manuscript of which is kept by the Archive of Old Records in Warsaw, was conceived as a project for a pan-European constitution. The main aim of the future federation of nations was to prevent any further wars on our continent. In the 77 articles of the Constitution, Jastrzębowski specified, inter alia, the principles of the functioning of the common institutions of the monarchical federation and the national institutions. He also defined the mutual relations between nations and community authorities, criminal sanctions for breaching European and national laws, as well as the fundamental rights and duties of citizens of a united Europe. The author of the project stipulated the equality of all before the law and the abolition of all state privileges.

Renegotiating Citizenship through the Lens of the ‘People’s War’ in Second World War Britain

Abstract This article re-examines the importance of the ‘people’s war’ by exploring the word history of the phrase. The article shows that the term was widely used and understood on the British home front during the Second World War. Our focus is on how it provided a framework to renegotiate citizenship. Drawing on a wide range of popular newspapers, magazines and life writing, we argue that the ‘people’s war’ was a flexible concept. It was used, on the one hand, to explain extensions to the duties of citizenship and encourage participation, and, on the other, to demand a greater voice, recognition and rewards for citizens. This shaped the lived experience of wartime, and provided a language for ‘ordinary people’, as well as politicians and the press, to articulate their demands in the present and hopes for the future. We argue that the ‘people’s war’ remains an important historical concept. The process of negotiation through the lens of the ‘people’s war’ not only sheds light on wartime experience; it also suggests new ways to think through vernacular understandings of citizenship and the relationship between the people and the state, in the post-war world and beyond.

ON THE ECONOMIC SUPPORT OF THE STATE'S DEFENCE CAPABILITY: PROBLEM STATEMENT

The state's defence capability is achieved through a number of different measures. Among them are economic measures. Economic measures are aimed at building economic potential in the defence sector. This potential does not exist separately from the economy of the state as a whole. It is determined by the state of the national economy. The growth and development of the national economy will make it possible to accumulate the necessary economic potential in the defence sector. The purpose of the article is to outline some ways to ensure the economic security of the state's defence capability. Methodology. In the course of preparing this work, the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Tax Code of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, other legislative acts of Ukraine, draft laws of Ukraine were studied, the publication analysed explanatory notes to the draft laws of Ukraine and conclusions of the Main Scientific and Expert Department of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on the draft laws. Legislative acts and other documents were analysed using the dogmatic method. Changes in legislative approaches to which income should not be subject to military tax were studied using the historical method. The economic support of the state's defence capability was considered as a system of measures taken by the state. And this system is a component of a higher level system, namely, the system of all measures taken by the state to ensure its defence capability. The study of these two systems was carried out using the systematic method. Taxation is one of the measures to ensure economic support for the state's defence capability. Ukraine introduced a military tax back in 2014. Over time, approaches to who and under what conditions should not pay this tax have changed. The logic behind these changes was that persons who participate in the defence of the homeland in a form other than financial should be exempt from paying the military fee for the duration of such participation. The decision to refuse to collect the military fee from some Ukrainian citizens is based on the principle of social justice. In this case, it means that some Ukrainian citizens fulfil their constitutional duty to defend the homeland twice. On the contrary, other Ukrainian citizens may not fulfil their duty to defend the homeland in any form. The defence of the homeland, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine is the duty of all Ukrainian citizens. The fulfilment of this duty may consist not only in the armed defence of the homeland, but also in the economic support of Ukraine's defence capability. The state could provide an opportunity for Ukrainian citizens to participate in ensuring the defence capability of the state in an economic way, but there should be mechanisms to prevent abuse.

Перевірка – як різновид правового забезпечення мобілізації громадян україни в умовах воєнного стану

The protection of state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine is one of the constitutional duties of citizens. Under the legal regime of martial law, administrative and legal means of conducting a balanced State policy on mobilization, and creating an appropriate human resources potential for the protection of the State sovereignty and territorial value of Ukraine are of particular importance. The authors of the article state that verification of a citizen's identity documents is one of the means of clarifying and establishing the identity of a citizen by authorized officials of state authorities, local self-government and military administration, in particular, by the Territorial Centers for Recruitment and Social Support. Regulatory legal acts of Ukraine regulate the relations arising in the course of verification of citizens' identity and provide for supervision/control over compliance with the law by officials authorized to carry out the verification. The authors of the study aimed to identify the causes and conditions that lead to conflicts during the verification of documents under the legal regime of martial law by military officials of the Territorial Recruitment and Social Support Centers. The authors emphasize that the legal means of resolving conflicts arising during the verification should be enshrined in the substantive and procedural rules of administrative law. The author emphasizes that a compromise is a possibility of reaching a full agreement during the verification of an individual's documents. The author proposes a list of cases where a compromise may be reached between the parties to the document verification. It is noted that the use of physical force, special means or weapons is an extreme measure which is allowed in exceptional cases and in accordance with the procedure clearly defined by law.

Constitutional Principles of Local Self-Government

Objective: This article aims to review and analyze the constitutional foundations of local self-government within the context of modern society's legal framework. The primary objective is to determine the role and significance of constitutional norms in shaping the functioning of local self-government, and their broader impact on democracy and sustainable development.
 
 Methods: To achieve the research objectives, this study employed various research methods. Legal analysis was used to examine constitutional norms related to local self-government. Comparative analysis was conducted to study variations in constitutional provisions across different countries. Additionally, statistical data and scientific sources were analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Systematic and logical analysis methods were applied to elucidate the interplay between constitutional norms and the practical implementation of local self-government.
 
 Results: The research results shed light on the importance of constitutional principles in shaping the landscape of local self-government. It highlights the impact of these norms on the functioning of local authorities and the rights and duties of citizens. The study also examines the commonalities and differences in constitutional provisions among countries governing local self-government and analyzes the practical implications of these provisions.
 
 Conclusions: Constitutional principles of local self-government play a crucial role in ensuring citizen participation, protecting the rights and responsibilities of local authorities, and strengthening democracy at the local level. The findings of this study underscore the significance of constitutional norms in shaping the landscape of local self-government and their wider ramifications for democracy and sustainable development. These insights can serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, public organizations, and researchers interested in local self-government and sustainable development issues, potentially guiding future legal reforms and political decisions. Future research opportunities may involve a more in-depth analysis of specific constitutional norms in different countries and an exploration of their impact on local politics and civil society.

Study on Blood Donation Willingness and Influencing Factors of College Students in a Medical College

Objective The study is to explore the willingness of medical college students to donate blood and its influencing factors, to provide scientific basis for improving the rate of unpaid blood donation. Methods The electronic questionnaire was distributed by random sampling, and its influence on blood donation willingness was investigated from four aspects: external promoting factors, internal promoting factors, external hindering factors and internal hindering factors. The differences and influencing factors among college students with different willingness to donate blood were analyzed. Results A total of 1047 valid questionnaires were collected. There were more male volunteers with blood donation willingness than girls (67.6% vs 61.5% P < 0.05), and there were differences among lower, middle and higher grades (68.1%, 66.2% and 58.8%). Willing college students whose family members had more blood donation experience than those with no blood donation desire (55.0% vs 72.7% P < 0.01). Positive factors of willingness to donate blood include family members who have the experience of blood donation, thinking that blood donation is pleasant, thinking that blood donation is the duty and responsibility of citizens, the support of family and friends. Negative factors of willingness to donate blood are grade and fear of pain during blood donation (P < 0.05). Conclusion According to the characteristics and needs of college students, we should carry out voluntary blood donation education, promote college students to actively participate in unpaid blood donation, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of unpaid blood donation career.

Population health as a component of public security: the experience of the European Union and Ukraine

The scientific article, taking into account the original concept of public safety, examines the European experience and domestic approaches to public health protection in a comprehensive, risk-oriented and preventive mode. The urgency of the investigated issues is shown not only in national, but also in international dimensions. The EU initiative on health security (2020-2025), which aims to create a regional workforce responsible for the prevention and control of infectious disease challenges and strengthen regional cooperation to overcome cross-border health security threats, has been positively evaluated. It is established that the outbreak of COVID-19 in the world has created new "opportunities" for organized criminal groups, given that law enforcement agencies are actively involved in resolving crisis situations in order to reduce the further spread of viral infection.
 From the standpoint of legal comparative analyses, the Ukrainian approach to public health protection within the national public safety program is highlighted. In particular, in Ukraine, the sphere of public security includes relations related to compliance with quarantine rules and the fight against particularly dangerous infectious diseases and epidemics. It was noted that the task of the Ukrainian authorities in the context of countering the spread and consequences of the corona crisis was not only the introduction of administrative and strengthening of criminal liability, but also the introduction at the local level of clear and specific rules of conduct during quarantine and timely and full communication of their content to the population.
 It is emphasized that the duty of citizens during large-scale threats to health is to strictly comply with regulations and requirements of competent authorities. It was determined that this directly depends, first of all, on the clear interaction of such state institutions as the bodies of the National Police, the State Emergency Service, the National Guard, local self-government bodies, communal enterprises, health care institutions, transport, human rights organizations, public associations for the protection of law and order among themselves and with the public.

Subjects of challenging normative legal acts in the court of first instance

The article examines the subjects of contestation of regulatory legal acts in the court of first instance in administrative proceedings. The problem of the subject of law is one of the central problems of the entire theory of law. The subject of law is a necessary element of legal relations, without them it is impossible to build an adequate idea of the functioning of administrative proceedings, since it is impossible to analyze any type of social relations without taking into account the people who carry out these relations. Administrative justice as a form of ensuring the functioning of the legal state considered from two sides: as an institution of judicial control over public administration, regulatory creativity and law enforcement activities; as a complex of legal measures and procedures aimed at protecting the rights of citizens during the resolution of administrative and legal disputes. Legislation determined by the competence of courts of first instance in administrative proceedings. The administrative-legal status of subjects of administrative proceedings realized in the corresponding administrative-legal relations. In the course of these relations, the bodies of the executive power are engaged in regulatory creativity; participate in the implementation of the rights, freedoms and duties of citizens, their protection and protection. The content of legal relations in the field of management is of a public nature. Administrative relations are the object of legal regulation, and administrative legal relations are their legal form. Administrative legal rights of individuals and legal entities in administrative proceedings are recognized and guaranteed by the state, enshrined in the sources of administrative law, the ability to perform actions or refrain from actions within the established limits, to demand from obliged subjects of state, local and other public bodies the implementation certain actions (abstention from implementation) regarding the creation of conditions for the realization of legal opportunities. The effectiveness of public administration activities directly depends on the degree of satisfaction of the legitimate needs of individuals and legal entities, which is determined during the consideration of administrative disputes in courts of first instance.

Ways to Improve Legal Mechanisms' Efficiency in Protecting Human Rights and Freedom

Objective: The purpose of this article is to investigate the results of the operation of the main legal mechanisms for the provision and protection of human rights and freedoms, and, based on the results obtained, to formulate possible ways to increase the efficiency of these mechanisms.
 
 Theoretical framework: As the main branches of the legal system, human rights and freedom have been troubling the minds of our scientists since ancient times. Famous scholars devoted their works to studying and explaining these issues, for example, S. Montesquieu, T. Jefferson, I. Kant, J. J. Rousseau, Spinoza, G. Grotius, D. Locke, and others. They made a great contribution to researching the issues of human rights in general.
 In their research, the authors used articles, textbooks and monographs of scientists who previously conducted extensive research on this topic. In particular, the work of such scholars in the field of human rights as S.S. Alekseev, D.D. Nevrik, E.M. Solovyova, G.P. Luparev, E.K. Nurpeisov, E.A. Anufriev, A.G. Berezhnov, L.D. Voevodin, N.V. Vitruk, V.A. Kartashkin, S.A. Komarov, V.A. Kuchinsky, V.M. Kuritsyn, E.A. Lukasheva, A.Ya. Azarov, N.I. Matuzov, G.V. Maltsev, V.S. Nersesyants, V.A. Patyulin, V.M. Chikhvadze and B.S. Ebzeev were studied. Kazakh scientists who have covered the aspects of human rights in their research include: Zh. D. Busurmanov, G. K. Iskakova, E. K. Nurpeisov, S. Zhursimbaev, A. S. Ibraeva and V. V. Mamonov.
 
 Method: In this study, special attention is paid, first of all, to the study and analysis of the effectiveness of the main legal mechanisms operating in the world to ensure the protection of human rights and freedoms. Through understanding the performance evaluation of these mechanisms, I tried to achieve the goal of the study. Due to the limited volume, this article focuses only on the main and widely used mechanisms in the field of ensuring and protecting human rights.
 To achieve this goal and to substantiate the research results, the norms of the general theory of law and special practical methods of cognition used in legal science were applied.
 In the course of the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: dialectical, comparative legal, formal logical, dialectical and the method of systemic structural analysis.
 
 Results and conclusion: It can be expected that when determining further prospects for increasing the effectiveness of international institutional and legal mechanisms in the field of human rights protection, directly from the state, the following should be done:
 
 raising public awareness and transparency in the activities of public authorities;
 reporting of the state under the UPR on the work done, in accordance with the actual quantitative and qualitative indicators;
 creation of systems for monitoring and evaluating the actions of states at the national, regional and international levels;
 close cooperation between the government and human rights organizations;
 ensuring the independence of judges from the authorities;
 observance of budget financing of programs for the realization of human rights, taking into account the obligations assumed before international bodies;
 in the context of the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus, the government should adopt such sanitary standards as will be necessary for the most vulnerable members of society.
 
 
 Originality and value: The article examines the existing legal mechanisms of international, regional and national organizations that protect human rights and freedom, and offers recommendations to improve the effectiveness of these mechanisms. This study shows that the main responsibility for the observance and protection of human rights lies with the state itself. A condition for the observance of an individual's human rights and freedoms is the existence of the duties of other citizens and the state, which are established through legislation. The article reveals that it is to strengthen the coordination of activities and interaction between the authorized state bodies, as well as to combine, if necessary, the "special" powers of these bodies in order to increase the responsibility of the state for ensuring the rights and freedom of citizens. At the same time, many legal mechanisms for the implementation of human rights in the modern world are not entirely effective and require special attention from the state and academic research. Examples of these important rights include gender equality between women and men; the human right to personal data in the digital world; the rights of national and non-traditional minority groups; the right to religion in African countries.

Responsible citizens of responsible states

ABSTRACT Avia Pasternak’s book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of citizen responsibility for historical wrongs. This review nevertheless offers some scepticism about resting citizen liability exclusively on the idea of intentional participation. It argues that the necessity of the state possessing continuing legal responsibility over time is so intrinsic to the function of statehood that the question of citizen liability should be seen as part of the general theory of political obligation. So seen, fair play duties provide a more plausible general ground for citizen liability, even when adapted to unjust regimes. The model of intentional participation may by contrast harbour a muted connection between the ideas of blameworthiness and responsibility that the book in the main wishes to deny. And the practical problems of resting responsibility on intentional participation alone are substantial. Pasternak’s major contribution, untouched by this critique, is to explain how the special obligations undertaken by intentional citizenship strengthen and extend beyond that more foundational duty of responsible citizens.

Цифрлық қоғамдағы тұлға болмысының ерекшеліктері және жауапкершілік мәселесі

Мақалада цифрлық қоғамдағы тұлға болмысы, оның ерекшеліктері және жауапкершілік мәселесі қарастырылған. Цифрлық қоғамдағы тұлға трансформациясы, ақпараттық этика құрылымы, жауапкершілік ұғымы Э. Тоффлер, М. Маклюэн, Д. Белл, Л. Флориди, Р. Капурро, Р. Брейдің еңбектерін негізге ала отырып тұжырымдалды. Ақпараттық технологиялардың, желілік байланыстың дамуы нәтижесінде қалыптасқан тұлға ерекшеліктері мақалада айқындалған. Күннен күнге қарыштап дамып жатқан цифрлық әлемде ақпарат таратуға қатысты күрделі, этикалық мәселелер пайда болды. Олар азаматтардың ақпаратты қабылдау мен таратудағы жауапкершілігімен және міндетімен байланысты. Моральдық жауапкершілік қана емес, ақпараттық қауіпсіздік те өзекті мәселеге айналып отыр. Авторлар қазіргі цифрлық әлемде ақпараттық қауіпсіздік тек заңнамалық мәселе ғана емес, тұтас қоғамның тыныс-тіршілігіне әсер ететін әлеуметтік-философиялық мәселе екеніне назар аударған. Сонымен қатар, цифрлық қоғамға тән негізгі рухани-адамгершілік құндылықтар тұжырымдалып, ақпараттық қоғамдағы этикалық мәселеге қатысты зерттеулердің негізіндеақпараттық жауапкершіліктің мәні мен маңыздылығы және оны зерттеудегі қалыптасқан көзқарастарға талдау жасалды.