Dust Formulations Research Articles

Estimation of Azadirachtin Content in Neem Extracts and Formulations

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatographic reversed-phase procedure has been developed whereby azadirachtin content can be estimated in crude extracts of neem and in dust formulations of neem. An estimation of the azadirachtin content is achieved through the use of an external azadirachtin standard and valley-to-valley integration. Since azadirachtin seems to be the most potent insect feeding deterrent in these extracts and formulations, its content is a measurement of potency and represents an attempt at standardization.

Efficacy of Several Dust Formulations Against the German Cockroach, 1981

Abstract Comparative laboratory tests were initiated to determine the relative performance of Diatect 2D (0.2% pyrethrins, 1.0% PBO, 88.0% diatomaceous earth), Drione (1.0% pyrethrins, 10% PBO, 40% silica aerogel), and Ficam D (1.0% bendiocarb) as they relate to insecticidal efficacy against the German cockroach. Diatect was applied at the rate of 25 oz/1,000 ft2 (709 gm/92.9 m2). Ficam and Drione were applied at 55.5 oz/1,000 ft2 (1573 gm/92.9 m2). Bottoms of petri dishes (Kimble 23064, 100 by 15 mm) were lined with filter paper (Whatman 42, 9 cm). Filter paper was added to simulate the types of surfaces encountered in field situations. Each petri dish bottom received either 100 mg of Ficam or Drione or 55 mg of Diatect. Uncovered dishes were stored at room temperature until the time of their use. Adult German cockroaches were exposed to deposits aged 1 day, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, and 3 months. Lengths of exposure to treated surfaces were 30 sec, 5 min, 30 min, and 1, 4, 6, and 24 h, or until 100% mortality was expected. Insects were removed from the treated surface and placed in untreated holding jars for 48 h after exposure. Food and water were provided during the 48 h evaluation period. Mortality counts were made at 24 and 48 h. Five replicates were used for each exposure period. Each replicate consisted of 10 cockroaches, 5 males, and 5 females. The average percent mortality for all replications was determined using Abbott’s formula.

Chemical Control of Earhead Pests of Sorghum Field Trial 1982

Abstract To evaluate the efficacy of six spray and three dust formulations of insecticides against the sorghum earhead midge and bug, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (3 replicates) with an untreated check. The variety ‘CSH 5’ was sown with a spacing of 45 by 15 cm with a plot size of 6.75 m2 .

Effect of formulation on the viability of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia

Fourteen oils, including mineral oil, cod liver oil, and 12 vegetable oils, were highly detrimental to Metarhizium anisopliae conidial viability after 2 months storage at 26° and 19°C. Most oilconidial suspensions (8 of 14) also lost conidial viability more rapidly than unformulated conidia at 4°C. The viscosity of oils was not related to the rapid loss of conidial viability in these formations. Other liquid vehicles, including petroleum-based oils, organic acids, and water, with or without a surfactant, were also highly lethal to conidia after 4 months of storage. In contrast to liquid formulations, high conidial viabilities were retained on most dry formulations, including four different granular carriers and 12 different dust diluents, over a 1-year period at 4°C. At 20°C, however, conidial viabilities declined to below 50% with most dry diluents. Dust diluents were generally more compatable with conidia than granular carriers. Unformulated conidia mixed with two desiccants lost germination capacity sooner than conidia exposed to, but separated from, anhydrous CaCl 2. On the other hand, conidia in a dust formulation mixed with kaolinite clay and powdered silica gel survived longer than unformulated conidia either mixed with or separated from the desiccant. This study confirms the need for careful assessment of the compatibility of formulation components with conidia prior to their use in formulations.

Candidate Aerosol and Dust Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Yehicles, 1982

Abstract Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca 32m or 71m) in Baltimore, MD and Miami, FL. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10-cm diameter open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca 30 cm from a side wall. The aerosols were propelled by freon 11/12 and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol from the pressurized can for the required amount of time. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 as a carrier and introduced into the trailer by C0? propellant through an open rear door. The exposure period was 5 h; 10 min in the closed trailer after each aerosol or dust appnication, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 h in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects (treated and untreated) were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 h for knockdown (KD) (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position) and at 14 days post-exposure for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund (D+M) insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush). Each test was replicated 3 times. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 25 ± 5 C.

Evaluation of Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis for Control of the Indianmeal Moth and Almond Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Stored Inshell Peanuts1

In laboratory tests, a dust formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was superior to a WP fonnulation in protecting farmers’ stock (inshell) peanuts from Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunetella (Hubner), and almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker), infestation. The WP did not completely eliminate moth emergence at rates as high as 625 mg/kg when applied as either a bulk or surface layer treatment. Efficacy of the WP was not improved by more uniform application. The dust nearly eliminated moth emergence when used as a surface layer or bulk treatment at 500 mg/kg. At equivalent dosages, the dust limited moth emergence and peanut damage to <5%, but the WP permitted ca. 23% moth emergence and peanut damage.

Effectiveness of Several Insecticides to Tobacco Cutworm, &lt;i&gt;Spodoptera litura&lt;/i&gt;, on Soybean

Effectiveness of several insecticides for the control of tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.), was evaluated in field and laboratory tests. Liquid and dust formulations of these insecticides were applied to soybean cultured in fields alternating with rice paddys at the time of the scattering of the insect's newly hatched and full-grown larvae. In early stage application, most of the test insecticides were effective in the indexes of corrected density of survivals, while in later stage application, methomyl, acephate, EPN, and chlorpyrifos methyl were effective in the indexes and the observation of injurious leaves of the plant. LD50 of these insecticides against 3rd, 4th, and last instar larvae reared on an artificial diet were determined by a topical application method. The values for 3rd instar larvae were in the range of 0.16-4.6μg/insect, while those for last instar larvae were in the range of 2.8-66.8μg/ insect. Less than 5μg/insect of LD50 for last instar larvae, which seemed to be the level of direct deposition on larval body, were demonstrated by methomyl, chlorpyrifos methyl and profenofos. LC50 of test insecticides determined by the leaf dipping method were in the range of 12.7-121ppm for 3rd instar larvae and 44.3-711ppm for last instar larvae.

Development and Diffusion on the Efficient Applications of Pesticide

The efficient applications of pesticide have been developed and diffused since 1953.1. The spray by long size boom nozzle was tested against rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, with parathion E. C. in 1954. The spray was obtained effective results better than spray by conventional spray nozzle.2. The physical properties of dust was studied for aerial dusting with helicopter from 1966 to 1972. The flower bility from duster of helicopter was obtained proportionally results to angle of slope and inproportionally to bulk density. The physical properties for check of large coagulative dust were dispersibility by Ueda method, 20-40.3. We examined the relation between the efficiency of dusters with boom type below head and the physical properties of dust. When the dispersibility became larger, the remaining quantity of dusts inside the boom decreased. The dusts were inclassified usually to high and low content of active ingredient. Against pestes of rice plant, the effects of dusting with 20, 55 and 110 meters long boom were the same as conventional dusting.4. The aerial ULV spray was studied by the small apparatus we developed from 1965 to 1970. For the ULV spray many pesticides was used for the control of major diseases and insect pests of rice plant. The pesticides obtained good effectiveness against major pests was malathion, fenitrothion, Kasugamycin of antibiotic etc. The registration of these pesticides was accepted in 1969, and aerial ULV spray developed covering more than about 0.6 million hectares of farm land and forest area in 1979.5. The new granules was studied against major pests of rice plant from 1968 to 1973. The fine micro-granul (62-210μ) was selected best granul pesticide against major pests of rice plant in 1973.6. A new method, low volume application by fine dust formulations in green houses has been developed. The formulations whose mean diameters were under 5μ were applied at the rate of 300-500g/10 a from the entrance of green house by knapsack-type power applicator. The registration of several pesticides using this new method was accepted in 1979.7. The pest control by foam spray was studied for safty spray method from 1973 to 1975. The foam spray is used by few pesticides in 1978.

I. Chemical and biological field life of various synthetic pyrethroid formulations

Abstract The field life for contact activity of three synthetic pyrethroids against grass grub beetles has been measured in laboratory bioassays, and compared with the chemical residue levels remaining on the sprayed foliage. In one trial, two emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of cypermethrin and a microencapsulated permethrin formulation, each applied to pasture at 0.1 kg/ha, were highly active for up to 6 days, while an EC formulation of permethrin, at the same rate, lost activity significantly faster (P <0.05). Fenvalerate EC, at the same rate, was significantly (P >0.01) less active than the other two chemicals, even on the day of application. In a second trial, cypermethrin EC applied at 0.1 kg/ha again retained a good activity after 4 days, but microencapsulated permethrin at 0.05 and 0.1 kg/ha both lost activity faster (P <0.05). Cypermethrin EC at 0.05 kg/ha also seemed to lose activity faster than when applied at the higher rate. An ultra-low volume application of cypermethrin was inactive. Chemical residue analysis showed this to be caused by a very low insecticide deposit on the foliage. A third trial showed that applications of dust formulations of cypermethrin lost activity after 1 day of weathering. Again the residue levels of insecticide on the foliage were low.

Insecticidal Dusts: Grain Protectants During High Temperature-Low Humidity Storage2

Diatomaceous earth dusts impregnated with 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 ppm AI pirimiphos-methyl and with 5.0, 7.5, and 10 ppm AI malathion were tested as protectants against insect attack on hard winter wheat (11.2% moisture) stored at ca. 33.4°C and 40% RH. The dusts were applied at a rate of 0.5 kg dust/metric ton of wheat. Sprays prepared from emulsifiable concentrates and the dust base alone were used for treatment checks. Dust formulations were more effective than sprays that contained equivalent doses and were much more effective were than diatomaceous earth alone. Pirimiphos-methyl was more effective than malathion.

Studies on the Control of Redgram (Cajanus cajan L.) Pod Borers

Three field experiments were conducted during 1976-77 to study the relative fficacy of certain insecticides (granule, spray and dust formulations) Bacillus thurin- giensis (B. t) and Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) in the control of redgram pod borers. Among the spray formulations, chlorphenamidine 0.1 per cent, endosulfan 0.07 per cent and carbaryl 0.25per cent were effective. In the dust formulations tried, endosul- fan was oustanding, followed by phosalone, carbaryl and quinalphos. Endosulfan and carbary! dusts were effective in the order, in significantly reducing the grain damage. In the combination experiment with dust, granule. B. t and NPV, endosulfan dust at 0.5 and 1.5 kg a. i./ha were superior followed by disulfoton granule (1.0 kg a. i/ha). The grain damage was substantially reduced by endosulfan dust 0.5 and 1.0 kg a.i/ha and disulfoton granule followed by 8. t treatment. Though B. t and NPV were able to reduce the infestation by the pod borers, they were not as effective as endosulfan dust.

Evaluation of Several Insecticides For Quarantine Use, 1976

Abstract All test insects except Japanese beetle were laboratoryreared and hand-carried or airmailed to the test site in Miami, Fla. Insects were caged in either 1 -gal paper tubs (cockroaches, tobacco budworms), plastic cups (boll weevils, Colorado potato beetles, Mexican bean beetles, and mosquitoes), plastic vials, 5 cm deep × 2 Cm diameter (brown dog ticks), or wire screen cylinders (Japanese beetles). All containers were covered wity nylon screen, 6 × 7 mesh/cm2 for mosquitoes, ticks, and Japanese beetles and 4 × 4 mesh/cm2 for all others. Both adult and nymphal cockroaches were treated; all other test species were adults. Cages were arrayed in the center of 71 -m3 trailers. Aerosols were dispensed while walking the length of the trailer. The actual dosage was determined by weighing the container after a release lasting for a predetermined period (predicated by the nominal dosage level). Dusts were preweighed and introduced through the door of the trailer from a CO2_propelled gun. Test animals were exposed for 10 min with trailer doors closed and 20 min with the doors open. After exposure, cages were removed to the laboratory where the tobacco budworms, flies, and mosquitoes were given access to 10% sucrose in distilled water and the Japanese beetles and boll weevils were given halved apples. All test species were held for 24 hrs before mortality was determined. The criterion for mortality was ataxia. During exposure and holding prior to and after testing, the average temperature was 25° C. Each replication consisted of a minimum of 20 specimens. Applications were made over a period of 7 days. There was a control for each day. Abbott's formula was used to correct each day's mortality. The corrected data were pooled. Dust formulations were prepared by dissolving technical material in a sufficient amount of methylene chloride to form a slurry with the carrier. Hi Sil 233, and evaporating off the solvent. Dusts were not micronized. Aerosol formulations were prepared with 50% propellant 11 and 50% propel Iant 12 except the 5% d-phenothrin formulation which contained 97.7% propellant 12. Also, 2 formulations of 0.3% RU-22,974 were prepared, one with a cosolvent and one without. All other formulations contained no cosolvents.

Physiology of Oil Seeds. VI. A Means to Break Dormancy of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds in the Field1,2

Abstract Peanut seedling emergence is not uniform in some years. Lack of uniformity is most prevalent among the large-seeded peanut types (Virginia and Runner). Variations in the degree of dormancy of the large-seeded peanuts are a contributing factor. A procedure is described that will aid in increasing uniformity of large-seeded peanut seedling emergence by overcoming the dormancy factor. A dust formulation of Ethrel (15%/W) was diluted with fungicide (Orthocide/Botran, 60-20 S.P. dust PN 5213) and applied to dry, Virginia-type ‘NC-13’ peanut seeds by shaking in a plastic bag. Concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% Ethrel were tested for their effects on rate and total emergence of dormant seeds from vermiculite/sand potting mixtures and from 3 different soils. Also, seeds were stored after treatment and then planted at monthly intervals in soil to test the stability of the Ethrel-fungicide mixture, as indicated by the emergence of the initially dormant seeds. All concentrations of Ethrel released the seeds from dormancy and achieved at least 90% emergence, except at the 0.5% concentration. Compared to the other concentrations, 1% Ethrel provided the most rapid rate of emergence. Growth of the hypocotyl-radicle of afterripened, NC-13 seed samples treated with the 1% concentration was initially slower than that of the controls, but recovery had occurred by the 5th day from planting. However, emeregnce of nondormant ‘Starr’, Spanish-type seedlings was retarded by 1%, but not by 0.5% Ethrel. The Ethrel-fungicide mixture remained stable in storage for 6 months. Field plantings at two locations of dormant, 1% Ethrel-treated seeds resulted in greater than 95% emergence, but the rate of emergence was slower at one location. The data suggest that the Ethrel dust could be combined with the usual fungicide treatment of peanut seeds to stimulate germination of dormant seeds in the field.

Collaborative Study of the Determination of Color in White Wines Dust and Powder Formulations

Abstract Some 10% and lower guarantee carbaryl dusts cannot be quantitatively extracted by shaking with chloroform as specified in the official first action infrared method for carbaryl formulations, 6.293–6.295. The official method has been compared in a collaborative study with an alternative method in which a simple rotator has replaced the wrist-action shaking machine and a solution of 10% (v/v) methanol in chloroform has replaced chloroform. The results indicate the alternative method is superior to the official method when applied to difficult-to-extract formulations and equal to it for all other formulations. The mixed solvent-rotator alternative method has been adopted as official first action to replace the present method for the carbaryl analysis of carbaryl formulations.

Evaluation of fungicides for control of potato black scurf disease

Abstract Ten systemic and non-systemic fungicides were evaluated in vitro and under glasshouse and field conditions for control of potato black scurf disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. The systemic fungicides benomyl, thiabendazole (TBZ), and carboxin were superior to all others in inhibiting mycelial growth of the test fungus in vitro. Also, when applied as seed-tuber dust treatments, the three systemics provided the best control of rhizoctonia stem canker under both glasshouse and field conditions. Dust formulations with 2.5% a.i. of benomyl, TBZ, and carboxin, applied at the rate of 1 kg/100 kg seed-tubers, gave control comparable to that of the 2-methoxyethyl mercuric chloride dip treatment.

Control of Bengalgram Pod Borer, Heliothis armigera Hubner

Three field experiments with dusts, three with spray formulations and two demon- stration trials were conducted during 1971-74 for the control of the bengalgram pod borar, Dust formulations were superior to the sprays in reducing the pod borer, damage and increasing the yield. Among the dusts, endosulfan 4 per cent was superior followed by carbaryl 10 per cent, methyl parathion + DDT 10 per cent. lindane 0,65 per cent and malathion 4 per cent in efficacy. Endosulfan 4 per cent dust consistently recorded higher yields and tower pod borer damage.

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS FOR CONTROLLING THREE SPECIES OF MOTHS IN STORED GRAIN

AbstractIn laboratory studies, an aqueous suspension of a commercial wettable powder formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (strain HD-1) containing at least 25 billion viable spores/g and 16000 International Units of Potency (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner))/mg prevented infestations of Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), in corn and wheat at a dose of ca. 120 mg of formulation/kg of grain. Treatment of a 100-mm-deep surface layer was more effective than treatments 33 or 67 mm deep and as effective as treatment of the entire grain mass Lack of uniformity in applying B. thuringiensis to the grain kernels caused a small decrease in effectiveness. Dust and bait formulations at about the same doses were as effective as the suspension, but the bait was undesirable because it supported the development of beetle larvae. The formulation was less effective in controlling the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier): doses that gave complete control of the Indian meal moth and the almond moth reduced emergence of adult Angoumois grain moths by only about one-third.

Low Volume Application by Fine Dust Formulations (FD Formulations) as a New Method for Pest Control in Green House

施設園芸栽培における新しい病害虫防除法として微粉剤少量散布法を種々検討した結果, つぎの成績をえた.1) 平均粒径5μ以下の微粉剤を背負型動力散粉機を用いて10a当たり500g施設外から噴口のみを施設に入れて散布することにより, 十分均一に散布することができた. 10a当たりの散布時間は平均5分前後であった.2) 本散布法で散布した微粉剤粒子は粉剤粒子に比して長く空気中に浮遊し, 葉裏にも付着する.3) ハウスのビニールへの付着は, 実用的に問題とならない.4) 殺虫剤, 殺菌剤について効力試験を行なったが, 対照の水和剤と同等の効力が認められた.

Carbaryl Insecticide: Extraction from Dust and Powder Formulations

Some 10% and lower guarantee carbaryl dusts cannot be quantitatively extracted by shaking with chloroform as specified in the official first action infrared method for carbaryl formulations, 6.206-6.208. A repeatability extraction study has been made, using a different extraction technique with both chloroform and 10% methanol in chloroform. The results indicate that the new extraction technique and the mixed solvent are suitable for all solid carbaryl formulations. It is recommended that a collaborative study be conducted on the new solvent system and extraction technique.

Colorimetric Method for Estimation of Carbaryl and Its Residues on Grains

Abstract A new colorimetric method for the estimation of carbaryl, 1-naphthyl JV-methylcarbamate, based on its reaction with diazotized o-toluidine, has been described. The absorption maximum of the red color formed is measured at 520 nm. The method is sensitive to 0.1 fig carbaryl/20 g sample, with an estimation limit of 1 /ig, and can be applied to 10% dust formulations of carbaryl.