Durkheim's Theory Research Articles

Regional Specificity of the Personality of the Bribe-Giver: the Experience of Sociological Analysis

Introduction. A sociological analysis of the personality of the bribe-giver is given based on the study of data on the Republic of Mordovia. The relevance of the issue is determined by the following factors: the strengthening of the negative impact of corruption on all aspects of society and the state; the social mimicry of corruption, the stability of ideas in society about the ambivalence of corruption. The purpose of the article is to highlight the regional specifics of the identity of the bribe-giver.Methodology and sources. The neoclassical paradigm of the study of corruption links corruption phenomena with the decomposition of the state apparatus and the erosion of the moral foundations of society. In this vein, the authors explore the dual nature of corruption, that is, its conditionality by both the government and society. In the context of Durkheim's anomie theory, the motivational complex of bribe-takers is analyzed.Results and discussion. The objectives of the study required a mass survey (n = 400, ∆ ±5%), which represented the composition of the population of the region by gender, age, type of activity and type of locality. Within the framework of the study, a qualitative and quantitative description of the corrupt behavior of the bribe-giver was carried out, his motivational complex was revealed, and his subjective assessment of the dynamics of corruption and the effectiveness of anti-corruption policy was revealed. The following regional features of the personality of the bribe-giver are revealed: the age of the highest economic and social lability, the average level of corruption activity, the low size of the average amount of a bribe, acting as the initiator of a corrupt bribe, the perception of a bribe as a rational means of solving problems, pronounced negativism in assessing the authorities.Conclusion. Participation in corrupt transactions imposes a more or less pronounced imprint on the personality of the bribe-giver, which consists in the deformation of the practices of relations with representatives of state bodies, the gradual loss of immunity to criminal or semi-criminal activities, the partial degradation of socially significant moral values, the transformation of corrupt practices from a social anomie to a social norm.

A Durkheimian Analysis of Racialised Crime and Punishment Police Practices and the Demand for Change

The analysis of racialised police attitudes has been frequently addressed in academic articles, but the application of a Neo-Durkheimian approach has been largely overlooked. This article will apply Durkheimian theory to illuminate the need for a shift in crime and punishment policy and practices to avoid the present societal moral stagnation. In order to do so it will address both, the recent Black Lives Matter protests in America and the 2011 Riots in London. The use of the two case studies signifies the continuity of problematic police behaviour and political address. It is evident that such an article is embedded in an extremely sensitive topic, therefore it does not presume to provide a solution to the overwhelming circumstances. Rather, in illuminating the relevance of Durkheimian theory it signifies that current global circumstances demand a moral shift in societal understandings of solidarity and “the cult of the individual”, providing pivotal foundations for police practices. However, this requires participation of criminologists alongside practitioners and activists.

Investigation of social harms in Ali Badr's novel Al-Kafereh based on Durkheim's theory: A case study of suicide

Investigation of social harms in Ali Badr's novel Al-Kafereh based on Durkheim's theory: A case study of suicide

Media Trial in India with Relation to Durkheim Theory of Collective Effervescence

Media trial and law have a controversial relationship. It is due to the fact that the media works for the public but doesn't have knowledge of law, so in any trial proceeding law has a different perspective than the media. Media platforms are just given information regarding the case and it impacts the mindset of the general public at large which can cause riots and furthermore issues. This paper addresses the Durkheim theory with relation to media trial.

SCHOOL STRATEGY TO BUILD STUDENTS' SOCIAL SOLIDARITY DURING ONLINE LEARNING

Teaching and learning in the school aim to enable students to gain knowledge and change behavior. Therefore, schools need to instil the values of social solidarity to respond to differences in society. Emile Durkheim's theories form the basis of the analysis of social facts about social solidarity. This study aims to describe the school's strategic steps in building social solidarity among students during online learning due to the impact of COVID-19 at SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Sidoarjo. This research uses a qualitative approach to the type of case study. Data collection was taken through interviews and documentation. The data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model with data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion/verification. The technique of data validity by triangulation. The results showed that strategic steps in building the social solidarity of students during online learning include: (1) The school uses Moodle application to support online learning, which can control the teacher's learning activities; (2) The principal determines by instructing all teachers to a) Each learning hour uses virtual face-to-face using zoom or google meet followed by Moodle application, b) Creating integrated learning tools in forming social solidarity values, c) Using learning methods and models that emphasize group learning; and (3) Schools facilitate infaq online.

Eksistensi Aktivitas Kebudayaan dalam Mengawal Peradaban Kehidupan Sosial: Tradisi Sekatenan Keraton Yogyakarta Perspektif Teori Solidaritas Emile Durkheim

This article discusses how the existence of cultural activities especially is the tradition of Sekatenan Kraton Yogyakarta in guarding the civilization development of social life, trough Emile Durkheim's perspective. The method used is analytic-critic-observative. Sekatenan Kraton Yogyakarta when viewed from the perspective of Emile Durkheim's solidarity theory, there are there factors that drive this tradition. First, the existence of religious doctrine. Second, there is the involvement of every social level line. Third, there is an interest in the economic sector, namely peddling people's entertainment and some cheap merchandise to residents which was held on 1-10 Rabi'ul awwal. Based on these three elements, the Sekatenan Kraton Yogyakarta tradition provides several contributions in building a civilization of social life. First, improve spirit of religious quality. Second, as a manifestation in brotherhood strengthening and improve the relationships quality between each other. Third, improve the economics quality of the Yogyakarta citizens.

Constrained Realism: Representing Social Facts in George Gissing's Fiction

Constrained Realism:Representing Social Facts in George Gissing's Fiction Maria Su Wang (bio) over the past fifteen years, studies of the nineteenth-century novel and the rise of the social sciences have proliferated. These studies have revealed the confluence of ideas and shared discourse between Victorian fiction and developments in the emerging fields of anthropology (Buzard 2015), economics (Jaffe 2010), political economy (Gallagher 2006; Steinlight 2018), and sociology (McWeeny 2016). These accounts often describe narrative form and social scientific ideas as mutually shaping or overlapping, productively elucidating one another in their juxtaposition. Writing on the significant intersection of the social mistake and the literary, Kent Puckett has argued that "if worked properly, narratology might emerge as a productive kind of sociology" (10). In this essay, I would like to amend Puckett's claim as follows: expanding our contexts for the Victorian novel beyond immediate materialist or cultural registers, beyond even the periodicity of "Victorian" itself, reveals how early sociology—as founded by Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, and Max Weber—might emerge as a productive kind of narratology. That is to say, reading social theory as a type of narrative thinking, similar to Victorian realism, can reveal broader, unexpected histories and disciplinary convergences. This essay thus takes as its starting point the urgency of reading the Victorian novel form alongside and against early sociological theory in order to show how both reflect an interrelated interest in the fact that emerges over the nineteenth century. Today we use "fact" to mean a singular epistemological unit that transcends belief or opinion and corresponds with reality, but that was not always the case. As Mary Poovey has shown in A History of the Modern Fact, it has been a contested term contingent upon epistemological and disciplinary shifts at various historical junctures. Yet while Poovey focuses on the natural and social sciences generally, she glosses over how early sociologists attempted to work through their disciplinary understanding of facticity; this was especially true of Durkheim, who sought to define the "social fact" as a distinguishing methodological concept for sociology. At a parallel moment at the fin de siècle, Victorian novelist George Gissing addresses similar concerns, trying to enact in his narration the constraining [End Page 97] power of social structures and their affective impact on individual subjects. By looking at Gissing and Durkheim together, this essay reinscribes them into their respective traditions and asks what this comparison reveals about Victorian narrative realism and the development of sociology at the fin de siècle. Both the fiction of Gissing and the social theory of Durkheim converge around the idea of constraint—specifically, how social structures impinge on individuals. While Gissing asks what this means for character and narration, Durkheim explores its meaning for understanding the collective dimensions of social life. This comparison reveals fin de siècle realism and early sociology as congruent attempts at grappling with and accounting for the constricting material and affective realities of social existence, what Durkheim has named the social fact. Social facts, according to Durkheim, transcend the individual yet play a crucial determining role in the individual's life. Focusing on social facts enables Durkheim to document both social norms and values (e.g., rules governing etiquette) and structures (e.g., the institution of kinship and marriage). By reading Gissing's fiction as an attempt to translate the constraining social facts of urban life into realist narrative practice, this essay clarifies his place within the history of the novel: as a later realist writer whose narrative mode adopts a Durkheimian realism.1 More broadly, reading Gissing's narrative form alongside and against Durkheim's concept of the social fact shifts us away from considering his novels as primarily documents of fin de siècle social history, whether indexing the changing publishing landscape of the period, in New Grub Street (1891), or annotating debates over gender, in the case of The Odd Women (1893).2 As valuable and insightful as such accounts are, they overlook the longer histories in which Gissing's work partakes, both as a contribution to realism and as part of the longer process of knowledge reorganization that led to our modern understanding of the fact. By...

PERSPEKTIF TEORI SOSIAL EMILE DURKHEIM DALAM SOSIOLOGI PENDIDIKAN

This study is oriented towards Durkheim's theoretical analysis of social theories in the context of the sociology of education. This study aims to reveal the perspective and construction of Durkheim's sociological views of education and its relevance in the current social phenomena of education. With a descriptive analysis approach through literature studies, it is concluded that the dimensions of Durkheim's social theory, with the paradigm of social facts, appear in the elements forming social cohesion or social solidarity, division of labor in society, new social implications that give rise to anomie symptoms, community development and suicide (scuidi ), religion and morality, and collective values. Durkheim recommends that social studies, including the study of education, be carried out according to empirical standards with a major focus on social facts. Durkheim has contributed to the construction of the education system with a sociological approach based on a functional structural approach and a theory of social facts, social solidarity, and morals. Durkheim emphasized educational buildings based on strengthening the values ​​of collective awareness, plus providing knowledge and skills of students to survive in life.

A Contextual Analysis of Three Major Tribes’ Traditional Conflict Resolution Mechanisms in Pre-Literate Nigerian Society

This paper contextually analyzed three major tribes’ traditional conflict resolution mechanism in pre-literate Nigerian society. Conflict is very much part of human society and it is expected. Conflict resolution encompasses a range of processes gallantly aimed at alleviating or eliminating sources of conflict. Secondary sources of data with relevant literature were engaged and the Emile Durkheim theory of societal development was adopted as a theoretical framework. Findings show that in Yorubaland, conflict is seen as unavoidable, a positive development through which people understand each other better. While the main causes of conflict among the Igbos are basically land, chieftaincy tussle and matrimonial fallouts. Prior to kingship institution, the Igbo used non-centralized forms of government which have in attendance Elders and Council of Elders which serves as the highest and most important peacemaking and conflict resolution mechanism. Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration is highly centralized and hierarchical in nature. The Emir, in terms of adjudication, is both the political and religious head because he ensures that the provisions of Sharia are adequately followed to the core in treating cases of individual or group conflicts. The Emir court was the highest and the final. Having perused all the conflict resolution mechanisms of the three major tribes in Nigeria, the following recommendations were made; there is a need to encourage traditional conflict mechanisms as it is accessible and economic for disputants. There should be peace education for all and sundry. Alternative dispute resolution and unofficial strategies should be subscribed to in an attempt to ameliorate and manage human’s conflicts (vigilante, militias, charms, prayers, communal solidarity, etc). Keywords: Tribes, Traditional, Pre-illiterate, Conflict Resolution

A Contextual Analysis of Three Major Tribes’ Traditional Conflict Resolution Mechanisms in Pre-Literate Nigerian Society

This paper contextually analyzed three major tribes’ traditional conflict resolution mechanism in pre-literate Nigerian society. Conflict is very much part of human society and it is expected. Conflict resolution encompasses a range of processes gallantly aimed at alleviating or eliminating sources of conflict. Secondary sources of data with relevant literature were engaged and the Emile Durkheim theory of societal development was adopted as a theoretical framework. Findings show that in Yorubaland, conflict is seen as unavoidable, a positive development through which people understand each other better. While the main causes of conflict among the Igbos are basically land, chieftaincy tussle and matrimonial fallouts. Prior to kingship institution, the Igbo used non-centralized forms of government which have in attendance Elders and Council of Elders which serves as the highest and most important peacemaking and conflict resolution mechanism. Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration is highly centralized and hierarchical in nature. The Emir, in terms of adjudication, is both the political and religious head because he ensures that the provisions of Sharia are adequately followed to the core in treating cases of individual or group conflicts. The Emir court was the highest and the final. Having perused all the conflict resolution mechanisms of the three major tribes in Nigeria, the following recommendations were made; there is a need to encourage traditional conflict mechanisms as it is accessible and economic for disputants. There should be peace education for all and sundry. Alternative dispute resolution and unofficial strategies should be subscribed to in an attempt to ameliorate and manage human’s conflicts (vigilante, militias, charms, prayers, communal solidarity, etc). Keywords: Tribes, Traditional, Pre-illiterate, Conflict Resolution

Where Can We Find an Ethics for Scale? How to Define an Ethical Infrastructure for the Development of Future Technologies at Global Scale

Despite companies facing real consequences for getting ethics wrong, basic ethical questions in emerging technologies remain unresolved. Companies have begun trying to answer these tough questions, but their techniques are often hindered by the classical approach of moral philosophy and ethics – namely normative philosophy – which prescribe an approach to resolving ethical dilemmas from the outset, based on assumed moral truths. In contrast, we propose that a key foundation for ‘getting ethics right’ is to do the opposite: to discover them, by going out into the world to study how relevant people resolve similar ethical dilemmas in their daily lives – a project we term ‘grounded ethics'. Building from Durkheim's theory of moral facts and more recent developments in the anthropology of morals and ethics, this paper explores the methods and theory useful to such a mission – synthesizing these into a framework to guide future ‘grounded ethics’ practice.

Mechanical Aid and Organic Aid

In the traditional sense, most of the aid has the characteristics of one-way free. With Europe's coming out of the haze of World War II and moving towards revival, most of the aid belongs to the two-way and mutually beneficial development, which is beneficial to both donors and recipients. Based on Durkheim's theory of organic unity and mechanical solidarity, the author tries to use organic aid and mechanical assistance to discuss China's assistance to Xinjiang.

The Application of Durkheimian Theories in the 21st Century

Classical sociological theorists have been criticised for being too vague, incomplete, and ever too conservative and notwithstanding all the efforts and consideration that has been dedicated to linking different parts of Durkheimian thought to the law itself, contemporary sociology and criminology frequently disregard its potential within the current study of law and criminology. This paper, however, will strive to explore and prove, through a Durkheimian lens, how classical sociological frameworks can provide us with a series of diverse aspects to analyse modern values and circumstances.

WAGE KERAMAT SEBAGAI TRADISI KOMUNAL SPIRITUAL JAWA

<p>Tradisi komunal berbasis spiritual bukanlah hal yang baru dikenal. Teori ini telah lama dicetuskan oleh seorang Sosiolog bernama Emile Durkheim. Adapun bagaimana ritual ini dilakukan, setiap wilayah dengan tiap komunitasnya memiliki cara yang berbeda-beda. Salah satunya ritual komunal berbasis spiritual yang rutin dilaksanakan di wilayah lereng Gunung Kelud. Tradisi ini diberi nama Wage Keramat. Secara teknis, Wage Keramat hampir sama pelaksanaannya dengan Sedekah Bumi pada umumnya, namun selalu terdapat perbedaan ruh yang menjiwai para pelaksananya. Wage Keramat diselenggarakan sebagai wujud rasa syukur atas segala Rahmat dan Rezeki yang telah bumi berikan, juga sebagai satu tradisi antisipasif terhadap satu sumpah yang pernah diucapkan dalam legenda masyarakat setempat. Perlu kiranya membahas Wage Keramat melalui kacamata budaya, sosiologi serta antropologi. Perlu dikaji bagaimana korelasi wujud dari apa yang diucapkan oleh Emile Durkheim puluhan tahun yang lalu dengan realitas tradisi yang masih ada sampai saat ini</p><p><strong>Kata kunci ; <em>wage keramat, tradisi, totemisme</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p> </p>

A DURKHEIMIAN APPROACH TO THE THEME OF SUICIDE IN AYLA KUTLU'S NOVELS

Ayla Kutlu, 1980 sonrası Türk edebiyatında, roman ve öykü türündeki eserleriyle yerini alır. Romanlarının yanı sıra çocuk kitapları, öykü kitapları ve öz yaşam öyküsü bulunan yazarın birçok yapıtı sahneye ve televizyona uyarlanmıştır. Ayla Kutlu, derin gözlemlere ve dönem tahlillerine dayanan romanlarında toplumsal ve bireysel izlekleri harmanlayarak eserlerini çok katmanlı bir yapıda kurgular. Bu yönüyle Kutlu’nun romancılığı toplumsal olaylar içerisinde etkilenen kahramanların serüvenlerine odaklanır. Romanlarında Türkiye tarihine etki eden toplumsal olaylar, roman kahramanlarının dünyasında ve onların yaşamı algılayış tarzlarıyla takip edilir. Sosyal meselelere, toplumsal olaylara kayıtsız kalmayan ve eserleri üzerinden tarihe dair özgün yorumunu gerçekleştiren yazar, eserlerini sosyolojik bir kaynak haline getirir. Kutlu’nun romanlarında, özellikle içerisine doğduğu iklime uyum sağlayamamış, dışlanmış ve ötekileştirilmiş kahramanların intihar eylemleri göze çarpar. Bireyin yaşamsal atılımının yitiminin sonucunda bir kurtuluş/kaçış olarak başvurulan ya da tam tersi; birey tarafından kutsanarak bir adanış olarak gerçekleştirilen intiharı Emile Durkheim, toplumun yönlendirdiği sosyolojik bir olgu olarak kabul eder. Durkheim’ın ve takipçilerinin geliştirdiği görüşe göre intihar, bireyin toplum karşısındaki rolü ve tavrına göre şekillenmektedir. Bu kuram, intiharı toplumsal dayanaklarına göre üç ana başlıkta tasnif eder: “Bencil İntihar”, “Elcil İntihar” ve “Kuralsızlık İntiharı”. Çalışmamızda Ayla Kutlu’nun “Cadı Ağacı”, “Ateş Üstünde Yürümek” “Kadın Destanı” ve “Asi… Asi” romanlarında yer alan intihar izlekleri, Emile Durkheim tarafından tanımlanan başlıklar çerçevesinde değerlendirilecektir.

Emotional Amplification During Live-Streaming: Evidence from Comments During and After News Events

Live streaming services allow people to concurrently consume and comment on media events with other people in real time. Durkheim's theory of "collective effervescence" suggests that face-to-face encounters in ritual events conjure emotional arousal, so people often feel happier and more excited while watching events like the Super Bowl with family and friends through the television than if they were alone. Does a stronger emotional intensity also occur in live streaming? Using a large-scale dataset of comments posted to news and media events on YouTube, we address this question by examining emotional intensity in live comments versus those produced retrospectively. Results reveal that live comments are overall more emotionally intense than retrospective comments across all temporal periods and all event types examined. Findings support the emotional amplification hypothesis and provide preliminary evidence for shared attention theory in explaining the amplification effect. These findings have important implications for live streaming platforms to optimize resources for content moderation and to improve psychological well-being for content moderators, and more broadly as society grapples with using technology to stay connected during social distancing required by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The “Political Functions” of “Pilgrimage” in Shiite Political Culture

In this paper, the political functions of pilgrimage in Shiite political culture at both national and international levels are studied. It is attempting to answer the question of what are the political functions of pilgrimage in Shiite political culture and how do they affect the political arena at national and international levels? The article is inspired by Durkheim's theory of the impact of social rituals on solidarity, theoretical literature on political socialization, as well as on the political effects of the religious and spiritual. However, the paper does not emphasize these theories as the theoretical framework of the article, because they are shaped in contexts that have little to do with Iranian society. Therefore, relying on them can lead to misleading results in scientific research in relation to Iranian society. At the national level, the functions of political socialization, the development of personal and social identity, political stability and the strengthening of national solidarity have been examined as political functions of pilgrimage. Strengthening solidarity among nations, expanding intergovernmental relations, strengthening regional political discourses, Political and Media Streaming, and enhancing cultural deterrence capabilities have also been described as political functions of pilgrimage to the international arena. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method of documentary analysis and the results show that the role of pilgrimage in Shiite political culture is not only in the field of rituals and has a great influence in the political field.

Inklusivitas Masjid Sebagai Perekat Sosial

In the history of Islamic civilization, the mosque is a center of worship and a place for social interaction. Based on this phenomenon, this paper tries to explore the role and function of the Ash-Shiddiiqi Mosque in social life. The social unity bound by the Ash-Shiddiiqi Mosque aims to strengthen the social relations of the community members in the Demangan Kidul neighborhood of Yogyakarta in order to realize an inclusive mosque. The method used in this study is a qualitative-descriptive method using the sociology approach of Emile Durkheim's theory of solidarity. This theory of solidarity becomes an analytical tool to reveal the role and function of the Ash-Shiddiiqi Mosque in an effort to strengthen individual relationships with other individuals in the Demangan Kidul Yogyakarta environment. The findings resulting from this research that; First, the Ash-Shiddiiqi Mosque is a place of worship that has a role and social social function such as the existence of a TPA (Taman Pendidikan Alquran) educational institution as a supporting facility in providing access to non-formal education to the community. Routine programs for pilgrims and the surrounding community are in the form of daily, weekly, monthly and yearly activities. Secondly, the inclusiveness of the Ash-Shiddiiqi Mosque in involving citizens in each of its programs which aims to strengthen social relations.

The Macro and Micro Point of View of Farmer Suicides in India

Agricultural researches, development of innovations, their dissemination and Government funding behind the whole process all come to a grinding halt when the ultimate beneficiaries of the process are left to their fate, are left to die. Yes, the most sensitive yet controversial phenomenon of farmer suicide in India is being indicated. In 2015, 12,602 farmers committed suicide in India (NCRB in Accidental deaths and suicides in India, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi, 2015). Agriculture and farmers ensure the food and nutritional security of the nation; hence, any danger to the well being of farmers is a cause of national concern. Therefore, it necessitates an understanding of the possible reasons which compel farmers to end their lives. Hence, this article attempts to study farmer suicides over the years and state-wise variations in suicide rates. The normalised farmer suicide rate across the states has been calculated as per the latest available suicide data of 2015. An attempt has been made to identify the correlates of farmer suicides with state-level variables related to agriculture and socio-economic development. The results establish the Durkheimian theory; farmer suicide is an individual phenomenon. A compilation of micro-level studies is presented to support the argument.

Poverty, Inequality, and Suicide Rates: A Cross-National Assessment of the Durkheim Theory and the Stream Analogy of Lethal Violence

ABSTRACT This study draws on the theories of Emile Durkheim and the Stream Analogy of Lethal Violence to examine the effect of poverty on suicide rates across 15 Western European nations and the United States between 1993 and 2000. To achieve our goal, we take advantage of absolute and relative poverty measures, along with infant mortality rates, utilized in recent cross-national research on homicide rates. The results from fixed-effects regression models reveal that relative poverty rather than absolute poverty and infant mortality rates are positively related to suicide rates, net of economic development. In addition, we find relative poverty and infant mortality rates to yield significant effects on the suicide-homicide ratio and total violence rates. This study concludes with a discussion of the role of relative poverty in predicting different manifestations of lethal violence.