Durian Peel Research Articles

Eco-friendly approach for carboxymethyl cellulose isolation from durian peel waste and aerogel scaffold preparation

This research introduces a sustainable method for extracting carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from durian peel waste via supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc.CO2) processing, leading to the development of advanced aerogel scaffolds. The study evaluates the influence of Sc.CO2 treatment times (60, 90, and 120 min) on the properties of the produced CMC, investigating enhancements in terms of thermal stability, crystallinity, and mechanical attributes through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical strength assessments. It was discovered that a 90-minute treatment duration yielded CMC aerogels with notable improvements in porosity, structural robustness, and mechanical resilience. This innovative approach not only proposes a viable strategy for repurposing agricultural by-products but also significantly augments the functional qualities of CMC aerogels, rendering them highly applicable in diverse fields. The outcomes underscore the efficiency of Sc.CO2 treatment in refining the mechanical and thermal characteristics of CMC derived from durian peel waste, facilitating the creation of aerogel scaffolds poised for use in various sectors including drug delivery, water purification, and eco-friendly packaging, thereby contributing to the global initiatives for sustainability and efficient waste management.

Fibrous oil palm frond as a potential microbial immobilization carrier for enhanced 1,3-propanediol productivity

In line with Sustainable Development Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, the biotransformation of crude glycerol into 1,3-propanediol establishes a circular bioeconomy between regional crude glycerol and value-added green polymer. However, the bioproduction of 1,3-propanediol is restricted by a slow conversion rate, which could potentially be overcome using the immobilization technique. In this work, the locally isolated Clostridium butyricum JKT 37 was immobilized on coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC), granular durian peel (GDP), or fibrous oil palm frond (FOPF) to ferment crude glycerol to produce 1,3-propanediol. Amongst these, the immobilized cell density of FOPF was four times higher than the CSAC. FOPF immobilizer had resulted in an improvement in the immobilization efficiency (45.61 %), 1,3-PDO productivity (22.93 %), and maximum instantaneous productivity (36.12 %) as compared to the CSAC. 18.99 g/L of 1,3-PDO was produced from immobilized-FOPF fermentation at the highest yield of 0.65 mol/mol. This superior cell adsorption on FOPF was supported by its high water absorption index (4.16 g/g) and morphology. GDP immobilizer had a higher immobilized cell density (9.20 g/L) and cell retention (0.18 g/g) than CSAC, with insignificant improvement in the 1,3-propanediol production. The biological activity of the immobilized cells on FOPF was validated in 12 cycles repeated batch fermentations with 1,3-PDO yield and productivity as high as 0.68 mol/mol and 1.43 g/L.h, respectively. This research has proven the high performance of fibrous immobilizers and serves as the benchmark for future investigation into the use of agricultural waste to enhance other bioprocess’s productivity.

Torrefaction of durian peel in air and N2 atmospheres: Impact on chemical properties and optimization of energy yield using multilevel factorial design

This study investigated the torrefaction of durian peel using air and nitrogen as carrier gases. A multilevel factorial design coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA analysis was employed to analyze the impact of torrefaction parameters on chemical properties and energy yield. Durian peel, an agricultural waste product, was torrefied at temperatures ranging from 200 to 320 °C for residence times between 0 and 30 min. Results showed that air torrefaction significantly enhanced thermal decomposition, reducing mass yield from 94.65 % to 30.63 % as the temperature increased from 200 °C to 300 °C with a 30-min holding time. Air torrefaction also increased the higher heating value (HHV) from 19.02 MJ/kg to 35.26 MJ/kg at 300 °C, compared to nitrogen, which achieved a maximum HHV of 32.49 MJ/kg. ANOVA analysis revealed that torrefaction temperature and carrier gas significantly affect energy yield and chemical properties. Air torrefaction positively affected HHV while reducing mass yield compared to nitrogen. Low-temperature air torrefaction showed enhanced energy yield improvement. These findings provided insights for optimizing torrefaction processes enhancing utilization wasted durian peel as a sustainable bioenergy resource.

Sustainable carbonaceous material from durian peel to modify the photocatalytic activity of Ag/activated carbon/BiVO4 for RhB degradation under visible light irradiation

High performance and sustainable Ag/activated carbon (AC)/BiVO4 photocatalyst was synthesized via hydrothermal method, followed by photodeposition of Ag. The AC was derived from organic waste of Monthong durian peels which was recycled to achieve carbon neutrality and encourage sustainable friendly environment. The AC modified band energy and promoted reducing power of the obtained photocatalyst with increasing of oxygen vacancies for electron trapping on the photocatalyst surface, thus enhancing photoexcited charge separation and producing more active species as evidenced by PL, EIS, and scavenger experiment. With the modification of Ag, the photoexcited electrons are efficiently trapped that the available h+ are mobilized through the oxygen vacancies occurring by modified high electron density of AC and Ag thus enhanced photocatalytic performance as exhibited by XPS. The band energy alignment of the developed Ag/AC/BiVO4 is proposed with the improved photocatalytic RhB degradation.

Enhanced adsorption of Cr(VI) pollutants using CaFe2O4@rGO modified-biochar derived from mixture of black soldier flier exuviae and durian peel

To solve the problem of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-polluted water sources, mixed black soldier flier exuviae (BSFE) and durian peel (DP)-derived biochar modified with CaFe2O4@rGO (BC-CFr) was synthesized to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater. Our findings indicated that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on BC-CFr reached a maximum at a pH of 2.0, biochar dosage of 0.3 g/100 mL, and initial Cr(VI) concentration of 50 mg/L, with a Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of 30.8 mg/g, which was approximately two times greater than that on pristine biochar (PBC). The characterization results showed that the as-prepared modified biochar was rich in surface functional groups, including amine groups (−NH2) and active sites. Cr(VI) adsorption followed the Elovich kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models, illustrating the adsorption process involved multilayer on the heterogeneous surface. The thermodynamic study confirmed the adsorption process was endothermic. The proposed adsorption mechanisms included adsorption-coupled reduction, electrostatic attraction, and pore filling. This study provided a simple method to prepare compositing biochar using abundantly available agricultural by-products that dealt with the dual problems of Cr(VI)-contaminated water and agricultural solid waste. Besides, the BC-CFr exhibited high desorption performance and recyclability over five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles, suggesting the BC-CFr is a feasible nanocomposite biochar for effectively removing Cr(VI) from wastewater in practice.

Pemanfaatan Limban Kulit Durian Menjadi Briket Di Desa Sambirejo Kecamatan Wonosalam Kabupaten Jombang

The PKK Women's Group in Sambirejo Village, Wonosalam District, Jombang Regency has the potential to produce briquettes from durian peel waste. This is supported by the large amount of waste waste that is wasted. The use of durian peel waste in Sambirejo Village has never been done before. The empowerment activity of the PKK Women's Group in Sambirejo Village aims to provide information, training and assistance regarding how to use durian peel waste into products that have a selling value and can reduce environmental waste. This activity received a positive response from the PKK Women's Movement and Village Apparatus in Sambirejo. From the results of this empowerment activity, the Sambirejo Village PKK Women's Group was able to process and utilize durian peel waste into a product that has a selling value.

The Development of Edible Straw from Apple and Durian Peel

Over the past few decades, there has been a surge in the demand for plastic utensils, especially plastic straw which contribute to consumption of toxic chemicals. The use of plastic straws has led to plastic pollution crisis due to their non-biodegradability and lengthy decomposition periods. Currently, various kinds of edible straw have been developed to replace traditional plastic straw to reduce the environmental pollution, however the edible straw usually has weak structural integrity and becomes soggy when immersed in beverages. The purpose of this study is to develop the production of edible straw from fruit peel, such as apple and durian peel skin and investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the edible straw at different temperatures. The manufacturing process of edible straw using fruit peel can be categorized into 3 main steps, including preparation of fruit peel paste using fruit peel and distilled water at weight ratio 1:0.3, preparation of edible film as well as drying and demoulding of edible straw. Then, a series of tests including water absorption test, heat resistance test and swelling ratio test have been conducted to investigate the functionality of the edible straw in different kinds of beverages, including hot and cold liquids at temperature ranges from 5 °C to 65 °C. The observation suggests that durian peel edible straw has higher water absorption capability, heat resistance and swelling ratio when soaked in liquids compared to apple peel edible straw. Both the apple and durian peel edible straw are best for use at beverage temperature within 25 °C. Durian peel edible straw has better performance as it can be used for beverage temperature up until 65 °C while only 45 °C for apple peel edible straw.

Pengolahan Limbah Batok Kelapa Dan Limbah Kulit Durian Menjadi Briket Arang Segitiga Dengan Pengemasan Ergonomis

Waste accumulation occurs in several areas, including in Pancalaksana Village, Curug District, Serang City. In general, coconut shell waste has often been used as charcoal, but this does not happen to the use of durian shells. Currently, there is a way to make coconut shell charcoal into bioenergy products in the form of briquettes. The training on processing coconut shell waste and durian peels into triangular charcoal briquettes lasted for 7 days. Starting from waste drying, incineration, manufacturing and printing, drying, testing, and ending with product packaging. Several problems that arise in each process have managed to find solutions. With the final result that the charcoal briquettes made have successfully ignited after the briquettes are dried in the sun until they are dry and sturdy. Charcoal briquettes with a triangular shape are an innovation offered by the service team. In addition to this shape being different from the charcoal briquettes that have been circulating so far, the triangular shape also has advantages based on tests that had been carried out by the service team before this training activity was carried out. That is in terms of the duration of the flame resistance on the coals. Product packaging is carried out using materials that are easy to find and environmentally friendly. However, it still has aesthetic value and ergonomic value in the packaging

Boosting Zn storage performance by regulating N/O functionalities of the durian peels derived sandwich-like porous carbon

Porous carbon materials derived from biomass are widely used as cathodes in Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHSs) due to their inherent properties. However, understanding the link between biomass structure, composition, and electrochemical performance remains challenging. This study synthesized sandwich-like porous carbon materials (DrHPC) from durian peels. DrHPC features a unique sandwich-like structure characterized by abundant micropores, high specific surface area, elevated oxygen content, and minimal nitrogen content. These characteristics facilitate Zn2+ transport, provide active sites, enhance adsorption capacity, and improve kinetics. The aqueous Zn//DrHPC ZIHSs show significant specific capacity (232 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A/g), excellent rate capability (106 mA h g−1 at 10 A/g), high energy density (164 Wh kg−1 at 33 W kg−1), and long cycle life (96 % capacitance retention after 12,000 cycles at 10 A/g). Mechanistic studies reveal Zn2+ adsorption primarily on CO/NOx functional groups, enhancing pseudocapacitance. This research provides insights for designing advanced biomass-derived carbon materials for improved ZIHSs.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Statistical Optimization of the Pectin Recovery from Durian Peel

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Statistical Optimization of the Pectin Recovery from Durian Peel

Enhancing catalytic activity of CuCoFe-layered double oxide towards peroxymonosulfate activation by coupling with biochar derived from durian peel for antibiotic degradation: The role of C=O in biochar and underlying mechanism of built-in electric field

CuCoFe-LDO/BCD was successfully synthesized from CuCoFe-LDH and biochar derived from durian shell (BCD). Ciprofloxacin (CFX) degraded more than 95% mainly by O2•− and 1O2 in CuCoFe-LDO/BCD(2/1)/PMS system within 10 min with a rate constant of 0.255 min−1, which was 14.35 and 2.66 times higher than those in BCD/PMS and CuCoFe-LDO/PMS systems, respectively. The catalytic system exhibited good performance over a wide pH range (3–9) and high degradation efficiency of other antibiotics. Built-in electric field (BIEF) driven by large difference in the work function/Fermi level ratio between CuCoFe-LDO and BCD accelerated continuous electron transfer from CuCoFe-LDO to BCD to result in two different microenvironments with opposite charges at the interface, which enhanced PMS adsorption and activation via different directions. As a non-radical, 1O2 was mainly generated via PMS activation by C=O in BCD. The presence of C=O in BCD resulted in an increase in atomic charge of C in C=O and redistributed the charge density of other C atoms. As a result, strong adsorption of PMS at C atom in C=O and other C with a high positive charge was favorable for 1O2 generation, whereas an enhanced adsorption of PMS at negatively charged C accounted for the generation of •OH and SO4•−. After adsorption, electrons in C of BCD became deficient and were fulfilled with those transferred from CuCoFe-LDO driven by BIEF, which ensured the high catalytic activity of CuCoFe-LDO/BCD. O2•−, on the other hand, was generated via several pathways that involved in the transformation of •OH and SO4•− originated from PMS activation by the transition of metal species in CuCoFe-LDO and negatively charged C in BCD. This study proposed a new idea of fabricating a low-cost metal-LDH and biomass-derived catalyst with a strong synergistic effect induced by BIEF for enhancing PMS activation and antibiotic degradation.

Pectin from Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) Peel: Microwave-Assisted Extraction Followed by Solvent Extraction

The world market demand for pectin has been growing fast due to the expanding consumer base for low-calorie and low-fat food products. Thus, there was a need to explore other sources of pectin. This study extracted pectin from durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) peel cv. Long lab-lae. Before solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction was utilized to improve the pectin yield. The parameters during the pectin extraction process were investigated using acetic acid concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 % at pH 2, extraction temperatures ranging from 40 to 100 °C, and extraction times ranging from 2 to 6 h. The pectin extraction was carried out at pH 2.0 because a higher pH significantly reduced the yield. The results showed the parameters had a significant influence on the yield. It decreased at a higher acid concentration, extraction temperature and extraction time. It was noticed that the pectin turned into liquid at a higher temperature, 100 °C. Therefore, the optimum conditions for extracting the highest yield of pectin were 20 % acetic acid, an extraction temperature of 80 °C, and an extraction time of 2 h. The pectin yield under these optimum conditions was 1.91 %. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the fingerprint region of identification for polysaccharides in the extracted pectin. The FT-IR spectrum of the pectin in durian peel was extremely close to that of commercial pectin. There was limited published data on extracting and characterizing pectin from durian peel. Thus, this study could pave the way for using durian peel pectin, for instance, in food processing (i.e., gelling agent for weak-acid, low-calorie food) and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, using durian peel, which is agricultural waste, reduces the disposal and burning of waste to the environment, causing several pollutions and improving the economic value of durian peel. HIGHLIGHTS Acetic acid concentration, extraction temperature and time impacted durian peel pectin yield Durian peel pectin yield was decreased at a higher acetic concentration, extraction temperature and time The optimum extraction conditions were 20 % acetic acid, 80 °C and 2 h FT-IR spectrum of the durian peel pectin was extremely close to that of commercial pectin GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Utilization of durian peels (Durio zibethinus) and lubricant treatment sludge as raw materials of Refuse-Derived Fuel

Fossil energy is among the most widely utilized energy sources in Indonesian industry, but its continuous use is leading to its depleted. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) offers an alternative made from organic and inorganic waste. Durian peel is identified as a promising raw material for RDF due to its high calorific value of 6,274 Kcal/kg. Additionally, Lubricant Treatment Sludge (LTS), which is collected from the oil treatment industry, is used to enhance RDF’s calorific value, as it contains residual oil rich in hydrocarbons. To bind the RDF components, tapioca starch, durian seeds, and rejected papaya were selected as adhesives. The mixture ratios of durian skin, LTS, and adhesive were tested at compositions (90:0:10), (85:5:10), (80:10:10), (75:15:10), and (70:20:10). Subsequent RDF characteristics analyses included tests for moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and calorific value. Based on these evaluations, the most optimal composition was determined to be 90% durian peel, 0% LTS, and 10% tapioca starch adhesive. This composition exhibited a moisture content of 1.6%, volatile matter of 74.6%, ash content of 8.4%, fixed carbon of 15.2%, and a calorific value of 3,516 Kcal/kg. Tapioca starch emerged as preferred adhesive due to its favorable properties and characteristics.

Durian peel (Durio zibethinus) utilization as an adsorbent in the purification of acidified crude glycerol

Durian (Durio zibethinus) is highly consumed seasonal fruit that generates abundant waste in the form of peel. Durian peel can serve as an effective adsorbent because it is rich in cellulose–lignin. This waste has potential applications in the chemical industry, such as using durian peel to purify crude glycerol. This research studied durian peel as an adsorbent in the form of activated carbon in the purification of acidified crude glycerol. The purification process begins with the acidification process of crude glycerol using concentrated acid with a mole ratio of phosphoric acid:glycerol (n/n) of 0.5:1, 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, and 2.5:1. The adsorption process by carbonization and activated of durian peel using 0.1 N KOH as adsorbent with a mass percentage ratio of adsorbent:crude glycerol (%wt) of 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 %, and stirred using a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 250 rpm for 2 h. The adsorbent utilized has a carbon-rich content of as much as 80.6 % based on Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. The highest glycerol purity obtained at 96.26 % is achieved at phosphoric acid:glycerol mole ratio of 1:1 and adsorbent:glycerol mass ratio of 25 %. This result also matches the analysis by gas chromatography. Thus, the others test of the purified glycerol, such as density of 1.267 g/cm3, water content of 1.6 %, ash content of 0.2 %, and matter organic non-glycerol of 1.94 %, are in accordance with the glycerol standard BS 2621:1979.

Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation

Abstract The present study investigated biodiesel production from the transesterification of palm oil with methanol using calcined biomass durian peel (BDP) as a heterogeneous catalyst assisted by microwave irradiation. Characterization of the calcined BDP showed that K2O is the main compound with a concentration of 86.15 wt%. The effect of three independent variables of catalyst weight (3–12 wt%), reaction time (1–10 min), and power of microwave (180–900 W) was used to determine the optimum condition on biodiesel production using the response surface method-based on the Box–Behnken design experiment. The optimum biodiesel conversion of 97.3% was achieved under experimental parameters of catalyst concentration of 12 wt%, reaction time of 9 min, and microwave power of 180 W. The catalyst concentration and reaction time have significant effects on biodiesel conversion.

Utilization of durian peel waste and young coconut waste into biobriquettes as a renewable energy source

The increase in durian fruit production in Indonesia in 2021 by 19.40% and coconut fruit production by 1.47% which will be directly proportional to the increase in durian skin waste and young coconut waste produced. These wastes have not been optimally utilized so that their availability is quite a lot in the environment. Both wastes contain large amounts of cellulose, namely 50%-60%. The cellulose element will affect the carbon value so that with this content, waste and young coconut waste can be utilized as raw materials in making briquettes. This utilization is one of the efforts in utilizing waste into renewable energy sources. This study aims to obtain the best briquette characteristics from a mixture of durian peel charcoal with young coconut charcoal in accordance with the briquette characteristics in SNI 01-6235-2000, and to determine the economic value of briquettes. This research method was conducted experimentally, by mixing durian peel charcoal with young coconut charcoal as raw material for briquettes as many as six variations, namely (90% : 10%), (75% : 25%), (60% : 40%), (45% : 55%), (100% durian peel charcoal) and (100% young coconut charcoal). The results showed that sample 3 (60% : 40%) was the best briquette with the highest fix carbon value (72.81%), calorific value (22,124 J/gr or 5,284.23 cal/gr), moisture content (13.83%), volatile content (1.69%), ash content (11.67%) and compressive strength (0.752 kgf/cm2). The SEM test results showed a clean morphological structure of the briquettes with tight voids. The characteristics of biobriquettes produced through six briquette samples meet the standards of volatile content and calorific value of briquettes, and the moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, and compressive strength do not meet the characteristics of briquettes according to SNI 01-6235-2000.

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICLEBOARD FROMDURIAN PEEL USING A COMPRESSION MOLDING PROCESS

This research is the process study of producing particleboard from durian peel using the compression molding process. These studies are the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard from durian peel. The results found that the flexural test and the tensile test of furniture material sheets from durian peels at a ratio of durian pulp to glue water were 1:0.2, 1:0.4, 1:0.6, 1:0.8, 1:1, and 1:1.5, respectively. A specimen with dimensions of width 50 x length 200 x thickness 10 millimeters was tested with a machine. The universal testing machine of six samples in each ratio. It shows that the mechanical strength values increased when the ratio of water mixed with glue increased. The durian pulp has a better adhesion. This results are in a higher density as the ratio increases and at the ratio of 1:1.5, it has the highest strength and an average flexural strength of 5.74 MPa but it has not yet passed the criteria set by TISI 876-2004 with a flexural strength of not less than 14 MPa for plywood sheets with a thickness exceeding 6.0-13.0 millimeters. It has an average tensile strength value perpendicular to the surface of 0.49 MPa, which passes the criteria set by TISI standard, with the tensile strength value perpendicular to the surface not less MPa. than 0.40 for plywood with a thickness of more than 6.0-13.0 millimeters. For the testing of the burning rate of particleboard made from durian peels, it was found that the burning rate decreased when the ratio of water mixed with glue increased due to the increasing density of the workpiece at a ratio of 1:1.5 and it can stop the combustion by itself.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Crude Methanol Extracts from the Flowers and Peels of Khlong Seng Local Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.)

The agricultural byproduct, represented by durian peels during the season, needs to be converted into economic value within the local area. This study aimed to assess the pharmaceutical properties, specifically antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, of methanol extracts from both flowers and peels of the local durian in the district. Additionally, in vitro testing was conducted to evaluate the impact on cells and the inhibition of nitric oxide induced by LPS. Results indicated that the flowers’ extract exhibited a higher concentration of antioxidants compared to the peels. The FRAP assay, using Trolox and Fe(II) as standards, showed statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.05) with values of 427.40 ± 7.64 µmole TE/g extract and 3,568.47 ± 77.55 µmole Fe(II) equivalent/g extract, along with a DPPH scavenging of 85.19 % and an IC50 of 114.50 ± 7.27 µg/mL. Concerning the inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide content, the peels’ extract, excluding KS7, demonstrated a response. KS10 exhibited the highest statistically significant difference (p-value < 0.05) in inhibition at concentrations of 0.6, 0.8 and 10 µg/mL, while others showed inhibition at 1.0 µg/mL. The outcomes of this research suggest the potential to enhance the value of agricultural waste, contributing to both the development of durian agriculture and public health at the local level. HIGHLIGHTS Exploring the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes of Khlong Seng Local durian peel and flower The flowers primarily exhibit antioxidant properties, while the peel demonstrates anti-inflammatory characteristics across all samples of durians aged between 50 - 60 years The discovery highlighted the potential of agricultural waste, showcasing its capacity to be transformed into alternative products, thereby enhancing income opportunities for local farmers GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Effect Of Durian Skin Extract (Durio zibethinus Murr.) On Histological Features Of The Lungs Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Induce 7,12-Dimetylbenz (Α) Anthracene (Dmba)

Durian peel extract is one of the raw materials for herbal medicine that contains large amounts of flavonoids, such as flavones and flavanols, which function as antiproliferative and antioxidant. The research was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 which aimed to analyzed the effect of durian peel extract on the morphological and histological of rat lung induced by 7.12-Dimethylbenz (α) Anthracene (DMBA). The samples used were 24 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a weight ranging from 150 to 200 grams. This method of the study used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of six treatments and four replications. Each treatment group was divided into a negative control (normal); positive control (DMBA 10 mg/kgBW); P1 (DMBA 10 mg/kgBW + methotrexate 9 mg/kgBW), P2 (DMBA 10 mg/kgBW + durian peel extract 150 mg/kgBW); P3 (DMBA 10 mg/kgBW + durian peel extract 300 mg/kgBW), and P4 (DMBA 10 mg/kgBW + durian peel extract 450 mg/kgBW). The results of this research showed that durian peel extract had significant (p<0.05) to improved the morphological damage (color, texture, weight, and volume) as well as its histology from the degeneration, inflammation, congestion, and necrosis, it was also had significant affect on the alveolar membrane, alveolar lumen and alveolar connections of the rat lung that induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz (α) Anthracene (DMBA).

Making Briquettes Variation Ingredient Durian Peel, Husk Rice, and Shell Coconut -- Impact on Strength, Burnability, Temperature, and Calorific Value

The study aims to develop and test the characteristics of briquettes made from durian skin with a mixture of various compositions conducted that obtained briquettes from ingredients such as 100% durian peel, 100% husk rice, 100% shell coconut, 50% durian peel and 50 % shell coconut, 70% durian peel and 30% shell coconut, 50% durian peel and 50% husk, 70% durian peel and 30% husk, and 30% durian peel and 70% husk. Have been tested for variable endurance after dropping from a height of 180 cm as influenced by variation mixture that results in the test obtained the missing mass by consecutive 0.1 gr, 10 gr, 15.8 gr, 3.6 gr, 0.3 gr, 0.4 gr, 0.4 gr, 0.4 gr, 0.3 gr, and 0.4 gr. Test time burning by consecutive are 174 minutes, 120 minutes, 502 minutes, 410 minutes, 376 minutes, 406 minutes, 380 minutes, 367 minutes, and 280 minutes. The resulting calorific value consecutive are 105.8 kcal /kg, 124.9 kcal /kg, 135.3 kcal /kg, 38.2 kcal /kg, 121.5 kcal /kg, 59 kcal /kg, 95 kcal /kg, 128.4 kcal /kg, and 128.4 kcal /kg.
 Keywords: briquettes, durian peel, husk rice, shell coconut