Durability Of Coatings Research Articles

Enhancing high-temperature wear resistance of plasma-sprayed NiCrBSi coatings with nanodiamond reinforcement

High-temperature wear causes industrial components to degrade quickly, leading to reduced efficiency, frequent breakdowns, and costly repairs. Thermal spraying is a surface modification technique employed to address these wear issues by shielding the component using protective coatings. In this study, the high-temperature wear behavior of plasma-sprayed NiCrBSi coatings reinforced with Nanodiamond (ND) particles was systematically evaluated. The coatings were reinforced with 1 wt% and 2 wt% ND, and their tribological performance was assessed under varying thermal conditions. Tribological tests were conducted using a ball-on-disk setup at elevated temperatures of 473 K, 673 K, and 873 K for 60 min. The experimental results demonstrated a significant improvement in the wear response and frictional characteristics of the NiCrBSi coatings with the incorporation of ND particles. Specifically, the NiCrBSi coating reinforced with 2 wt% ND exhibited a significantly lower wear volume loss and a reduced coefficient of friction when compared to the pure NiCrBSi coating. At 873 K, the NiCrBSi-2ND coating demonstrated a 64 % reduction in wear volume loss and 85 % decrease in the coefficient of friction, compared to the pure NiCrBSi coating. The incorporation of NDs greatly enhanced the lubrication and hardness of the NiCrBSi-2ND coating as well as improved the adhesion of wear debris to the newly exposed wear track. The high thermal conductivity of NDs enhanced heat transfer to the coatings, facilitating the formation of a protective tribo layer at elevated temperatures, which improved the wear resistance of the NiCrBSi-2ND coating. These findings underscore the potential of ND as a reinforcing agent to significantly enhance the durability and efficiency of NiCrBSi coatings in extreme thermal environments.

Analysis of the functional additives effect on the corrosion resistance of paint coatings

The paper deals with the issue of protecting metals from corrosion, which can damage their structures. Anti-corrosion coatings are widely used to ensure the durability of steel structures. It was described that the durability of the coating depends on the chemical and physical characteristics of the system, such as the type of coating, dry film thickness, water resistance, and adhesion. The importance of artificial aging tests for assessing the durability of coatings is considered, emphasizing that the results of such tests should be interpreted with caution, taking in consideration that artificial aging may not have the same effect as natural exposure. Various anti-corrosion additives for acrylic water-dispersion enamels are also described, which can improve the corrosion resistance of the coating, depending on the service conditions. The object of the research is the properties of enamels with functional additives in salt fog. The study results of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion additives in acrylic enamels using salt fog from the BGD 881/S chamber are discussed. The research showed that the main requirement for increasing the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion additive in acrylic LPM is a comprehensive approach to improvement of the coating barrier properties, which additionally reduces the aggressive influence of the environment. The advantages of new complex anti-corrosion additives compared to traditional anti-corrosion pigments are multifunctionality – complex additives like Askonium 142 DA contain several active components that affect various coating properties, including anti-corrosion protection, adhesion, and water resistance. Traditional pigments, such as zinc phosphate, usually have only one function – to create a protective film on the metal. The main research idea of the article is to study the influence of anti-corrosion additives in paint coatings for metal protection from corrosion and the extension of the service life of structures.

Recent Advances in Biomimetic Related Lubrication

Friction is ubiquitous in industry and daily life, which not only leads to the wear and tear of equipment and machinery, but also causes a lot of energy waste. Friction is one of the significant factors leading to energy loss in mechanical systems. Therefore, it is essential to minimize friction losses. Creatures in nature have evolved various surfaces with different tribological characteristics to adapt to the environment. By studying, understanding, and summarizing the friction and lubrication regulation phenomena of typical surfaces in nature, various bionic friction regulation theories and methods are obtained to guide the development of new lubrication materials and lubrication systems. This article primarily discusses the study of lubrication mechanisms through biomimetic design, which is mainly divided into chemical approaches, structural strategies, and chemical–structural coupling approaches. From the chemical point of view, this paper mainly summarizes joint lubrication and engineering lubrication in biomedicine, with inspiration from lotus leaves, fish skin, and snake skin, each with unique antifriction structures which are famous for their super hydrophobicity in nature. Finally, chemical–structural coupling simulates the lubrication mechanism of natural organisms from the joint action of biological structures and chemical substances, and is applied to coating design, so as to reduce the friction and wear on coating surfaces, improve the durability and anti-pollution ability of coatings, significantly improve the tribological performance of mechanical systems, promote scientific innovation, and promote energy conservation, emission reduction, and sustainable development.

Weathering effect on the wear performance of epoxy powder coatings reinforced with calcium ion-exchanged amorphous silica

Epoxy coatings generally have poor performance when used for exterior applications. After having studied the corrosion benefits obtained with calcium ion-exchanged amorphous silica pigments, the possible weathering advantages they may provide to powder coatings are analyzed in this work for the first time. For that purpose, five epoxy-based powder coatings were studied: the as-received coating (AR), and four epoxy subjected to a hot mixing process with different amounts by weight of silica anticorrosive micropigments (0 %, 1, 2 and 3 %). All epoxy coatings were degraded by ultraviolet radiation with a xenon lamp for 250 h to determine their weathering resistance. The damage suffered by each coating was evaluated quantifying their FTIR spectra, considering the carbonyls and hydroxyls formed during this type of degradation. Subsequently, studies of plastic universal hardness and abrasive and erosive wear were carried out. The results obtained show that these functionalized coatings have better mechanical and wear performance than the commercial coating after xenon light exposure. This is coherent with the fact that the non-reinforced coatings have the greatest degradation both by hydrolysis and photodegradation. After the weathering process carried out, the 3 % coating proves to have the best abrasive and erosive wear performances. Thus, the calcium ion-exchanged silica particles allow the service life of UV exposed epoxy powder coating to be extended, not only because of their anti-corrosive character but also because of their weathering stabilization properties. These findings represent a significant advancement in improving the durability of epoxy powder coatings for exterior applications.

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF MICROARC OXIDATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF AVIATION AND AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS

This article discusses the prospects for the application of microarc oxidation (MAO) technology in the aviation and automotive industries. The MAO process allows the creation of durable, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings on the surface of metal parts, which significantly increases their durability and performance characteristics. Technological aspects of MAO are discussed, including surface preparation features, selection of electrolytes and control of process parameters. Examples of successful application of MAO in the production of aviation and automotive components are given. Also, directions for further research and development of the technology are explored, including the creation of new materials, combined coatings and the study of the durability of coatings under real operating conditions. The article emphasizes the importance of MAO as a promising technology for improving the reliability and efficiency of vehicles and equipment.

Unlocking the Potential of Silver Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Versatile Bio-Applications.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are leading the way in nanotechnological innovation, combining the captivating properties of silver with the accuracy of nanoscale engineering, thus revolutionizing material science. Three main techniques arise within the alchemical domains of AgNP genesis: chemical, physical, and biological synthesis. Each possesses its distinct form of magic for controlling size, shape, and scalability-key factors necessary for achieving expertise in the practical application of nanoparticles. The story unravels, describing the careful coordination of chemical reduction, the environmentally sensitive charm of green synthesis utilizing plant extracts, and the precise accuracy of physical techniques. AgNPs are highly praised in the field of healthcare for their powerful antibacterial characteristics. These little warriors display a wide-ranging attack against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Their critical significance in combating hospital-acquired and surgical site infections is highly praised, serving as a beacon of hope in the fight against the challenging problem of antibiotic resistance. In addition to their ability to kill bacteria, AgNPs are also known to promote tissue regeneration and facilitate wound healing. The field of cancer has also observed the adaptability of AgNPs. The review documents their role as innovative carriers of drugs, specifically designed to target cancer cells with accuracy, minimizing harm to healthy tissues. Additionally, it explores their potential as cancer therapy or anticancer agents capable of disrupting the growth of tumors. In the food business, AgNPs are utilized to enhance the durability of packing materials and coatings by infusing them with their bactericidal properties. This results in improved food safety measures and a significant increase in the duration that products can be stored, thereby tackling the crucial issue of food preservation. This academic analysis recognizes the many difficulties that come with the creation and incorporation of AgNPs. This statement pertains to the evaluation of environmental factors and the effort to enhance synthetic processes. The review predicts future academic pursuits, envisioning progress that will enhance the usefulness of AgNPs and increase their importance from being new to becoming essential within the realms of science and industry. Besides, AgNPs are not only a subject of scholarly interest but also a crucial component in the continuous effort to tackle some of the most urgent health and conservation concerns of contemporary society. This review aims to explore the complex process of AgNP synthesis and highlight their numerous uses, with a special focus on their growing importance in the healthcare and food business sectors. This review invites the scientific community to explore the extensive possibilities of AgNPs in order to fully understand and utilize their potential.

Low-frequency EIS interpretation with the potential to predict the durability of protective coatings

Obtaining impedance response with predictive value for coating durability is central to meeting today's protective coatings end-user requirements. Here we present a novel approach to interpreting the low-frequency impedance of industrial coatings that takes into account the relevance of the coating properties that determine their barrier and adhesion durability. Modern, high adhesion, low VOC polymer coatings utilize cross-linking chemistry with polar or hydrogen bonding materials, leading to the apparent paradox that coatings exhibit corrosion creep values that are very low and inversely related to the barrier effect derived from the EIS response. In practice, once the corrosion creep rate is negligible, the ability of a coating to act as a long-term effective barrier, especially at edges and welds, becomes a major concern, and the improvement in durability relies on the improvement of the barrier. In the present study, we investigated the barrier effect of conventional partial and full offshore coating systems with epoxy and epoxy mastic layers applied without and with zinc-rich or zinc phosphate primers and polyurethane topcoats. The panels were aged for two years in an atmospheric offshore-like conditions and subsequently exhibited defects due to inadequate coating thickness, number of layers, surface preparation and inadequate application practice. EIS measurements were performed on the panels in the laboratory in dry and wet state. EIS provided a quantitative rating of the barrier effect that can serve as a basis for informed upgrading of coating solutions, application practices or workmanship quality, particularly in structures with limited access where high durability is an imperative.

Facile and fast construction of biomimetic, waterborne, and superhydrophobic coatings via spraying strategy

Typically, the preparation of superhydrophobic coatings may release a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which will be potentially harmful to the environment. In this condition, waterborne coatings have gradually become the main method to replace the traditional organic solvent-based coatings in recent years. Inspired by natural superhydrophobic phenomena, biomimetic, waterborne, and superhydrophobic coatings with multi-functional integration have been prepared via a one-step pneumatic spraying technique in this paper. The coatings were mainly composed of solvent (water), low surface energy substances (polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion (PTFE)), binding agents (waterborne silicone resin (WSR)), rough structure maker (polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and graphene powder (GP)), and filler dispersion agent (dodecyl phenyl polyoxyethylene (OP-10)). Owing to the formation of hierarchical micro/nano-scaled structure covered with low surface energy, the water contact angle (WCA) and water sliding angle (WSA) values of as-prepared coatings can reach 155.5° ± 1.1° and 9.2° ± 0.3°, respectively. This is feasible for endowing the coatings with rich surface functionalities such as self-cleaning properties, anti-icing ability, anti-corrosion properties, and oil-water separation. Furthermore, the adequate durability and stability of as-prepared coatings have been confirmed by a series of mechanical and chemical damage tests. The super-hydrophobicity can be retained even after 12 m sandpaper abrasion, 24 h continuous UV irradiation and acid/alkali immersion tests. Thus, this article has provided an effective and simplified strategy for preparing multifunction-integrated and waterborne superhydrophobic coatings, which will extend its potential application in many daily life and industrial fields.

A self-adaption robust superhydrophobic cement mortar for resistance of cold environment

Superhydrophobic coatings have wide range of engineering applications due to its excellent wettability. However, the durability of superhydrophobic coatings is still challenging under complex environments, especially in cold regions. In this study, we prepared a new self-adaption superhydrophobic cement mortar (SSCM) by wettability modified aggregates with polydimethylsiloxane adhesive and silica nanoparticles decorated by 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane. Subsequently, a series of multi-scale characteristics of the SSCM sample were systematically investigated, including the micro morphology, the chemical compositions, the self-adaption robustness, the anti−/de-icing properties, and the freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance. The results indicate that surface and inside of the SSCM samples exhibit a self-adaption superhydrophobicity with the 150.0° contact angle due to the low surface energy micro/nano structure of wettability modified aggregates. Meanwhile, the SSCM sample shows excellent anti−/de-icing abilities due to the stable rough micro/nano structure under negative-temperature ambient, which can delay the droplet freezing time by 4.3 times than that of the contrast sample. Additionally, the newly exposed section of SSCM sample can still have the self-adaption superhydrophobicity and endow significant F-T resistance even if the surface of SSCM was damaged. Meanwhile, the SSCM sample can improve the F-T resistance by 45 % compared to the contrast sample. This work provides a new strategy to solve the durability limitation of superhydrophobic coating in engineering practice.

Correction: Durability of photocatalytic ZnO-based surface coatings and preservation of their antibacterial effect after simulated wear

Correction: Durability of photocatalytic ZnO-based surface coatings and preservation of their antibacterial effect after simulated wear

NEW METHODOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING CAVITATION LOAD AND RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS IN NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY. PART I. MONOFRACTIONAL APPROACH

The paper presents a new method for assessing the cavitation load and durability of structural materials and protective coatings. To determine the cavitation load on a rotating disk or other test rig, a new method for extracting erosion loads based on tests of reference materials on a reference cavitation rig is proposed. Direct measurements of the cavitation load in a cavitation tunnel with a slot cavitator, performed using piezoelectric sensors, made it possible to obtain information on the spatial distribution of the impact load. As an analytical function for modeling cumulative erosion curves in the monofractional approach, the logarithmic formula of L. Sitnik is used, assuming that cavitation erosion is a stochastic process described using fatigue theory. Armco iron is chosen as a reference material, in view of the weak dependence of its erosion rate on cavitation qualitative features. Therefore the local load value could have been extracted from the eroded surface profile of the Armco iron sample. Using the example of TiN coating analysis on stainless steel and VT3-1 titanium alloy, the time dependencies and threshold characteristics of their resistance were determined depending on the parameter of the density of the supplied energy.

CMAS resistance characteristics of Gd2(Hf0.7Ce0.3)2O7 thermal barrier material at 1300 °C and 1400 °C

The corrosion resistance to calcium‑magnesium‑aluminum-silicate (CMAS) is a key property affecting the long-term durability of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Meanwhile, rare-earth hafnates are considered promising TBC candidates due to their low thermal conductivity and suitable thermal expansion coefficients. Thus, this study explores the CMAS corrosion resistance of Gd2(Hf0.7Ce0.3)2O7 (GH7C3) ceramic material under different conditions and compares it with the binary system Gd2Hf2O7 (GH) ceramic material. The findings indicate that GH7C3 can react chemically with CMAS and rapidly form a dense apatite crystalline layer at the interface between GH7C3 ceramic and CMAS, providing excellent CMAS resistance. Furthermore, the composition of the remaining CMAS melt Furthermore, the composition of the remaining CMAS melt undergoes compositional changes upon interaction, ultimately forming spinel in Mg and Al-enriched regions. In the meantime, CeO2 can promote the rapid formation of apatite crystals, significantly enhancing the CMAS resistance of GH7C3 to CMAS at high temperatures compared to GH.

Electrochemical performance monitoring and degradation modeling method for organic coating systems: Integrating three-phase Wiener process and kinetic models

The deterioration of organic anticorrosive coating systems not only diminishes the lifetime of underlying metals but also incurs substantial economic losses and the risk of unforeseen catastrophes. Thus, rigorously monitoring and accurately predicting the lifetime of organic anticorrosive coatings are crucial. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for monitoring the electrochemical performance and predicting the durability of organic coatings. Initially, we propose a model grounded in degradation mechanisms that merges an aging kinetic model of the coating with the three-phase Wiener process, accurately representing the degradation trajectory and its inherent uncertainties. We then apply change point detection techniques, utilizing the t distribution test and the Schwarz Information Criterion, to delineate the three distinct phases of coating degradation. By defining new failure criteria based on degradation thresholds and stages, we develop a reliability model for coating systems and apply the Fiducial Inference-Monte Carlo method for numerical solutions and interval estimations. To corroborate the efficacy of our methodology, we designed electrochemical sensors for coatings and executed accelerated degradation experiments in the laboratory. The model parameters derived from the initial three sets of test data successfully predict the behavior of the fourth data set, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Achieving Superior Durability of Environmental Barrier Coatings through the Use of a Modified Silicon Bond Coat

Achieving Superior Durability of Environmental Barrier Coatings through the Use of a Modified Silicon Bond Coat

Weathering tests to investigate the durability of anti-corrosion coatings and on-site repair materials

Steel structures are exposed to multiple environmental impacts that lead to reduced durability. Organic paint systems are a resilient mechanism to protect hydraulic steel structures from corrosion. Coatings lead to a decreased corrosion progress at damaged areas. In this work, we investigated the time dependency of undercoating corrosion in the neutral salt spray test in detail by conducting a long-term experiment. Thereby, the fundamental model of corrosion progress was investigated, leading to an increased reliability in approval procedures of coatings and in the choice of test parameters.Additionally, repair materials for on-site repair of damaged coatings were investigated in weathering tests to compare their performance with conventional coatings. These materials are used for short-term repairs of small damaged areas in order to postpone replacement of ailing structures, thus enhancing the durability of steel structures.

Phosphonic Acids as Corrosion Inhibitors and Adhesion Promoters for Organic Coatings and Bronze.

Currently used organic coatings for the protection of bronze sculptures have a relatively short lifespan as a consequence of strict requirements of conservation ethics, which limit the selection of coatings. For that reason, enhancement of the corrosion protection level and durability of appropriate coatings is needed. The aim of this work was to examine if corrosion protection of bronze by selected acrylic and polyurethane coatings could be improved by using two phosphonic acids, 16-phosphonohexadecanoic acid (COOH-PA) and 12-aminododecylphosphonic acid (NH2-PA). Electrochemical measurements (linear polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) were performed to gain an insight into the influence of these phosphonic acids on the performance of the coatings during a two-week exposure to artificial acid rain and a three-month outdoor exposure. Besides the influence on the corrosion protection level, the influence on the coating adhesion was examined as well. A pull-off test clearly confirmed that the studied phosphonic acids act as adhesion promoters of both polyurethane and acrylic coatings, while electrochemical studies revealed improvements in corrosion protection levels, especially in the case of the acrylic coating Paraloid B72.

Preparation of polyurethane shell microcapsules containing isocyanate core by Pickering emulsion method using modified silica nanoparticles and investigation of their self-healing performance

Encapsulating repair agents are increasingly popular for repairing coating damage, with capsules being a common method to address surface scratches by releasing healing liquid into the fissure. However, creating microcapsules that are durable against environmental factors remains a key concern. Current research focuses on advancements in encapsulating healing agents and their production methods, particularly emphasizing the integration of capsules into coatings for external self-healing purposes. Polyurethane capsules containing isophorone diisocyanate were synthesized using the Pickering emulsion method with modified silica as a Pickering emulsion stabilizer in three different percentages and then dispersed in urea formaldehyde at varying weight percentages. The self-healing properties of this coating were then studied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Soxhlet extraction, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed on the samples to ensure the success of the encapsulation process. The morphology of the capsules was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), revealing that the synthesized capsules possess a spherical shape and are adequately spaced apart. These capsules were spherical at micron scales, with differences observed based on the quantity of stabilizing nanoparticles employed. Furthermore, the capsules demonstrated robust thermal stability, as evidenced by the increase in IPDI evaporation temperature from approximately 140 °C to 240 °C.Immersion test results in saltwater solutions showed that coatings containing pickering capsules exhibited better corrosion resistance, further validating the success of the research. The shell strength of the capsules prepared using the Pickering method was increased, enhancing the stability of the microcapsules during the mixing process with the resin and demonstrating self-healing properties. These findings have significant practical implications, as they demonstrate the potential to improve the durability and lifespan of coatings in various applications.

Positive changes in the mechanical and optical properties of the floor epoxy reinforced with green graphene

AbstractSilica‐rich Green Graphene® (GG) derived from agricultural residue is incorporated into a floor epoxy (FEP) matrix. The inclusion of GG particles within the FEP matrix has demonstrated a significant positive impact, resulting in improved optical and mechanical properties and increased durability of the floor coatings. The addition of GG into the original FEP reduces surface pores, with the glazier appearance of the composite coating attributed to a smooth surface enhancing light reflection. It is noteworthy that the FEP exhibits a high coefficient of friction (CoF), thereby constraining its potential in tribo‐logical applications. Nano‐indentation and tribo‐logical tests confirm that, incorporation of the 0.5 wt% GG in the FEP matrix results in a 130.15% improvement in hardness, a 10.45% decrease of nano‐scratch depth, a 34.55% decrease in wear rate, and a 33.33% decrease in CoF w.r.t pristine FEP sample. Tensile testing reveals a significant 37% enhancement in fracture strain, along with improvements of 12.3% in specific flexural strength and 43% in energy absorption. The utilization of GG derived from green processes, such as pyrolysis of residual agro‐biomass, presents an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional polluting as well as nonrenewable materials employed in epoxy‐based floor coatings.Highlights Green graphene/floor epoxy (GG/FEP) composites present a glazier appearance attributed to a smooth surface enhancing light reflection. GG particles enhance the hardness and tribo‐logical performance of the composite. GG/FEP composites show a synergistic enhancement in flexural strength. GG presents a sustainable and economically viable material for the epoxy‐based flooring industry.

A Rapidly Self-Healing Superhydrophobic Coating Made of Polydimethylsiloxane and N-nonadecane: Stability and Self-Healing Capabilities

Superhydrophobic surfaces have garnered significant attention in various industrial applications, such as photovoltaic power generation, anti-icing, and corrosion resistance, due to their exceptional water-repellent properties. However, the poor durability of conventional superhydrophobic coatings has severely impeded their practical implementation. To achieve the dual self-recovery of microscale and nanoscale surface structures and maintain low surface energy after damage to superhydrophobic coatings, thereby enhancing their durability, a rapidly self-healing superhydrophobic coating was developed using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and n-nonadecane in this study. The coating surface demonstrated exceptional hydrophobic characteristics, as evidenced by a water contact angle (WCA) of 157.5° and a sliding angle (SA) of 4.2° achieved at optimized proportions. Through scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that the coating surface exhibited a rough structure at both the microscale and nanoscale. The stability test results showed that the WCA only decreases by 5.7° and the SA only increases by 3.6° after 100 instances of external friction. The stability test results demonstrated that the superhydrophobic coating maintains excellent hydrophobicity under mechanical external forces and in acidic and alkaline environments. The results of the self-healing capability test showed that the WCA rebounded to 151.5° and 149.5° after we subjected the samples to 20 MPa of vertical pressure damage and chloroform exposure for 4 h, respectively. The coating regained a robust hydrophobic state even after experiencing repeated mechanical and chemical damage. The above results indicate that the resulting coating demonstrates outstanding durability, including high resistance to friction, stability against acids and alkalis, and the ability to self-recover hydrophobicity after repeated damage.

Effects of molten silicate reactivity on high temperature erosion behavior of plasma sprayed Yb2Si2O7-based EBCs

Particulate/debris damage caused by ingestion of calcium magnesium aluminosilicates (CMAS) hinders the durability of environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) used to protect SiC-based ceramic matrix composite components in next generation gas turbine engines. Similarly, ingestion of any debris in the engine can lead to mechanical damage and recession of coatings due to particulate erosion. Investigating particulate interactions at relevant engine conditions is crucial for determining limiting mechanisms in the operating lifetime of EBCs. This study assessed the effects of extrinsic phase formation and microstructural changes due to CMAS interactions on the erosion durability of Yb2Si2O7-based EBCs in a laboratory-scale combustion facility. CMAS exposures and erosion testing were carried out at 1316°C. Using 60 μm Al2O3 particles as the erodent material, the effects of CMAS loading on erosion durability at various impingement angles were evaluated.