Type Of Duplication Research Articles

Read-depth based approach on whole genome resequencing data reveals important insights into the copy number variation (CNV) map of major global buffalo breeds

BackgroundElucidating genome-wide structural variants including copy number variations (CNVs) have gained increased significance in recent times owing to their contribution to genetic diversity and association with important pathophysiological states. The present study aimed to elucidate the high-resolution CNV map of six different global buffalo breeds using whole genome resequencing data at two coverages (10X and 30X). Post-quality control, the sequence reads were aligned to the latest draft release of the Bubaline genome. The genome-wide CNVs were elucidated using a read-depth approach in CNVnator with different bin sizes. Adjacent CNVs were concatenated into copy number variation regions (CNVRs) in different breeds and their genomic coverage was elucidated.ResultsOverall, the average size of CNVR was lower at 30X coverage, providing finer details. Most of the CNVRs were either deletion or duplication type while the occurrence of mixed events was lesser in number on a comparative basis in all breeds. The average CNVR size was lower at 30X coverage (0.201 Mb) as compared to 10X (0.013 Mb) with the finest variants in Banni buffaloes. The maximum number of CNVs was observed in Murrah (2627) and Pandharpuri (25,688) at 10X and 30X coverages, respectively. Whereas the minimum number of CNVs were scored in Surti at both coverages (2092 and 17,373). On the other hand, the highest and lowest number of CNVRs were scored in Jaffarabadi (833 and 10,179 events) and Surti (783 and 7553 events) at both coverages. Deletion events overnumbered duplications in all breeds at both coverages. Gene profiling of common overlapped genes and longest CNVRs provided important insights into the evolutionary history of these breeds and indicate the genomic regions under selection in respective breeds.ConclusionThe present study is the first of its kind to elucidate the high-resolution CNV map in major buffalo populations using a read-depth approach on whole genome resequencing data. The results revealed important insights into the divergence of major global buffalo breeds along the evolutionary timescale.

Complex duplication anomalies of the gall bladder

We discuss two patients of complex duplication of gall bladders with variants which have not been described earlier so far. The duplication of gall bladder is an uncommon type of anomaly with incidence of 1 in 4000 patients. Two classification systems by Harlafti and Gross are used to describe the type of anomalies. In this paper we describe two types of duplications of gall bladder one having left double sided gall bladder and the second with asymmetric small size gall bladder with absent cystic duct both of which pose not only diagnostic but surgical implications. The knowledge of both these types is important to both the diagnostician as well as the surgeon in order to prevent complications and obtain accurate results.

Integrated omics and machine learning-assisted profiling of cysteine-rich-receptor-like kinases from three peanut spp. revealed their role in multiple stresses.

Arachis hypogaea (peanut) is a leading oil and protein-providing crop with a major food source in many countries. It is mostly grown in tropical regions and is largely affected by abiotic and biotic stresses. Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) is a family of transmembrane proteins that play important roles in regulating stress-signaling and defense mechanisms, enabling plants to tolerate stress conditions. However, almost no information is available regarding this gene family in Arachis hypogaea and its progenitors. This study conducts a pangenome-wide investigation of A. hypogaea and its two progenitors, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis CRK genes (AhCRKs, AdCRKs, and AiCRKs). The gene structure, conserved motif patterns, phylogenetic history, chromosomal distribution, and duplication were studied in detail, showing the intraspecies structural conservation and evolutionary patterns. Promoter cis-elements, protein-protein interactions, GO enrichment, and miRNA targets were also predicted, showing their potential functional conservation. Their expression in salt and drought stresses was also comprehensively studied. The CRKs identified were divided into three groups, phylogenetically. The expansion of this gene family in peanuts was caused by both types of duplication: tandem and segmental. Furthermore, positive as well as negative selection pressure directed the duplication process. The peanut CRK genes were also enriched in hormones, light, development, and stress-related elements. MicroRNA (miRNA) also targeted the AhCRK genes, which suggests the regulatory association of miRNAs in the expression of these genes. Transcriptome datasets showed that AhCRKs have varying expression levels under different abiotic stress conditions. Furthermore, the multi-stress responsiveness of the AhCRK genes was evaluated using a machine learning-based method, Random Forest (RF) classifier. The 3D structures of AhCRKs were also predicted. Our study can be utilized in developing a detailed understanding of the stress regulatory mechanisms of the CRK gene family in peanuts and its further studies to improve the genetic makeup of peanuts to thrive better under stress conditions.

Systematic evolution of bZIP transcription factors in Malvales and functional exploration of AsbZIP14 and AsbZIP41 in Aquilaria sinensis.

Agarwood, the dark-brown resin produced by Aquilaria trees, has been widely used as incense, spice, perfume or traditional medicine and 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones (PECs) are the key markers responsible for agarwood formation. But the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of PECs were still not illuminated. The transcription factor of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) presented the pivotal regulatory roles in various secondary metabolites biosynthesis in plants, which might also contribute to regulate PECs biosynthesis. However, molecular evolution and function of bZIP are rarely reported in Malvales plants, especially in Aquilaria trees. Here, 1,150 bZIPs were comprehensively identified from twelve Malvales and model species genomes and the evolutionary process were subsequently analyzed. Duplication types and collinearity indicated that bZIP is an ancient or conserved TF family and recent whole genome duplication drove its evolution. Interesting is that fewer bZIPs in A. sinensis than that species also experienced two genome duplication events in Malvales. 62 AsbZIPs were divided into 13 subfamilies and gene structures, conservative domains, motifs, cis-elements, and nearby genes of AsbZIPs were further characterized. Seven AsbZIPs in subfamily D were significantly regulated by ethylene and agarwood inducer. As the typical representation of subfamily D, AsbZIP14 and AsbZIP41 were localized in nuclear and potentially regulated PECs biosynthesis by activating or suppressing type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) genes expression via interaction with the AsPKS promoters. Our results provide a basis for molecular evolution of bZIP gene family in Malvales and facilitate the understanding the potential functions of AsbZIP in regulating 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone biosynthesis and agarwood formation.

Dynamics of Student Research at the Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business

The purpose of this study is to examine the topics and methodologies used in the 2016–2019 student theses from UIN Raden Fatah Palembang's Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business. The descriptive qualitative research methodology is applied. According to this study, thesis research themes frequently combine research from different topics with an emphasis on Islamic economics and business; the most common theme is the Islamic banking system. The remaining portion relates to studies on waqf, alms, zakat, and infaq. Students typically employ influence analysis through statistical and comparative analysis as their research methodology. The number of research titles containing the terms "analysis" and "influence" indicates how likely it is that thesis research results at UIN Raden Fatah will be duplicated; however, the type of duplication in question is related to the analysis model using different objects.

GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PLANT-SPECIFIC DOF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENE FAMILY IN CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE)

DNA binding with one-finger (Dof) protein belongs to the plant-specific transcription factors (PSTFs) gene family. These transcription factors have a variety of roles in many biological processes in plants. However, there is limited research on their role in Cashew. A total of 67 Dof genes were found in the cashew genome and were classified into 11 subgroups (A, B1, B2, C1, C2, D, E1, E2, F1, F2, and F3) by comparing them with Dof genes from Arabidopsis and lettuce. Cashew Dof genes were present in 9 of these subgroups, except for A and F1. This article provides a detailed discussion of the gene structures, chromosome positions, phylogeny, subcellular localization, cis-regulatory analysis, protein motifs, and evolutionary patterns of Dof genes in cashew. The only type of duplication found in cashew was segmental duplication, which mainly contributes to the large Dof gene family. The analysis of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) revealed the presence of light, ethylene, seed, circadian, meristem, and auxin-sensitive elements, which are particularly sensitive to these factors. The article also includes a comparative analysis of the evolutionary or phylogenetic relationships between Dof genes from lettuce, cashew, and Arabidopsis. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the Dof gene family in cashew and can serve as a guide for functional analysis and cloning of its gene family members.

DNA methylation signatures of duplicate gene evolution in angiosperms.

Gene duplication is a source of evolutionary novelty. DNA methylation may play a role in the evolution of duplicate genes (paralogs) through its association with gene expression. While this relationship has been examined to varying extents in a few individual species, the generalizability of these results at either a broad phylogenetic scale with species of differing duplication histories or across a population remains unknown. We applied a comparative epigenomics approach to 43 angiosperm species across the phylogeny and a population of 928 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions, examining the association of DNA methylation with paralog evolution. Genic DNA methylation was differentially associated with duplication type, the age of duplication, sequence evolution, and gene expression. Whole genome duplicates were typically enriched for CG-only gene-body methylated or unmethylated genes, while single-gene duplications were typically enriched for non-CG methylated or unmethylated genes. Non-CG methylation, in particular, was characteristic of more recent single-gene duplicates. Core angiosperm gene families differentiated into those which preferentially retain paralogs and 'duplication-resistant' families, which convergently reverted to singletons following duplication. Duplication-resistant families that still have paralogous copies were, uncharacteristically for core angiosperm genes, enriched for non-CG methylation. Non-CG methylated paralogs had higher rates of sequence evolution, higher frequency of presence-absence variation, and more limited expression. This suggests that silencing by non-CG methylation may be important to maintaining dosage following duplication and be a precursor to fractionation. Our results indicate that genic methylation marks differing evolutionary trajectories and fates between paralogous genes and have a role in maintaining dosage following duplication.

STUDY ON INHERITANCE OF BLAST RESISTANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

The study on generation mean analysis was conducted with six selected crosses of rice which were subjected to blast disease in uniform blast disease nursery. The material consisting of all the six generations (P1, P1, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 ) revealed the role of digenic interactions in the inheritance of blast disease which was taken up at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore during 2017-18 rabi seson. In F1 generation, all the hybrid combinations showed resistant reaction for blast. In case of F2 generation, duplicate type of epistasis was observed in the cross combinations viz., RNR 2465 x NLR 145, BPT 5204 x IR 64, BPT 5204 x NLR 34449 and RNR2465 x IR 64 indicating that the involvement of digenic gene action and selection for this trait will be taken up in the later generations when desirable transgressive segregants are available. The crosses BPT 5204 x IR 36 and WGL 48684 x IR 36 exhibited 3:1 type of phenotypic ratio (R:S) indicating that single dominant gene governs the resistant reaction in these crosses.

Comparative Omics-Based Identification and Expression Analysis of a Two-Component System in Vigna radiata in Drought Stress

Two-component system (TCS) genes regulate a wide range of biological activities in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including plants. TCS plays an important role in cellular responses to external stimuli, such as biotic and abiotic factors. In plants, this system supports cell division, leaf senescence, stress response, chloroplast division, and nutrient signaling. There are three kinds of proteins responsible for the appropriate functioning of the TCS system: histidine kinases (HKs), histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HPs), and response regulators (RRs). The results of the current study revealed that Vigna radiata has 54 genes encoding potential TCS proteins, which were divided into three subgroups: 18 HKs, 9 HPs (seven true and two pseudos), and 27 RRs (8 type-A, 8 type-B, 3 type-C, and 8 PRRS). The anticipated TCS genes were widely dispersed across all eleven chromosomes and had family-specific intron/exon structures. After investigating TCS genes in a variety of plant species, we determined that Vigna HK (L)s, HPs, and RRs have closer evolutionary relationships with other legume genes. Gene duplication, including segmental and tandem types, is the most frequent source of gene family expansion. Multiple stress-related cis-elements were predicted in the promoter sequences of the VrTCS genes. RNA-seq data analysis demonstrated that VrTCS genes were expressed in clusters of upregulated and downregulated groups in response to drought stress. Moreover, these clusters were differentially expressed as early or late responses to drought stress. Real-time qPCR showed that VrHK2, VrHK3, VrPHYE, VrHP4.1, VrRR5.2, and VrRR10 genes were upregulated, while VrRR3 and VrHP6.1 genes were downregulated in response to drought stress. The current study highlights the architecture of V. radiata TCS and provides a robust framework for subsequent functional evaluation.

Gene Effects of Quantitative Traits through Six Parameter Model of Generation Mean Analysis in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Background: Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) caused by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) is one of the most destructive biotic constraints for production in urdbean. Development and introduction of resistant cultivars with high seed yield is considered as the most economical and eco-friendly option to manage YMD, for which understanding the gene action controlling the inheritance of different traits along with YMD resistance is an important requirement. Methods: Material comprised of four diverse genotypes (TU 94-2, PU 31, IPU 94-1 and LBG 623), six F1s, six BC1s and six BC2s and six F2s. These six generations of all the six crosses were evaluated for various yield related traits in rabi, 2020-21 and phenotyped for YMD in summer, 2021 at Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh which is hotspot for YMD. Result: Inadequacy of additive-dominant model for all most all traits including YMD except for test weight was observed. It was found that, [l] type of non-allelic interaction was observed to be predominant for majority of the traits. Further, the existence of duplicate type of epistasis in the inheritance was evident at least in few crosses for all the traits (except days to maturity). The duplicate epistasis will reduce the variation in F2 and subsequent generations, thereby hinder the pace of the progress through selection.

Evolutionary history of two evergreen Rhododendron species as revealed by chromosome-level genome assembly.

The genus Rhododendron (Ericaceae), a species-rich and widely distributed genus of woody plants, is distinguished for the beautiful and diverse flowers. Rhododendron delavayi Franch. and Rhododendron irroratum Franch., are highly attractive species widely distributed in south-west China and abundant new varieties have been selected from their genetic resources. We constructed chromosome-scale genome assemblies for Rhododendron delavayi and Rhododendron irroratum. Phylogenetic and whole-genome duplication analyses were performed to elucidate the evolutionary history of Rhododendron. Further, different types of gene duplications were identified and their contributions to gene family expansion were investigated. Finally, comprehensive characterization and evolutionary analysis of R2R3-MYB and NBS-encoding genes were conducted to explore their evolutionary patterns. The phylogenetic analysis classified Rhododendron species into two sister clades, 'rhododendrons' and 'azaleas'. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) analysis unveiled only one WGD event that occurred in Rhododendron after the ancestral γ triplication. Gene duplication and gene family expansion analyses suggested that the younger tandem and proximal duplications contributed greatly to the expansion of gene families involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis and stress response. The candidate R2R3-MYB genes likely regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and stress tolerance in Rhododendron will facilitate the breeding for ornamental use. NBS-encoding genes had undergone significant expansion and experienced species-specific gain and loss events in Rhododendron plants. The reference genomes presented here will provide important genetic resources for molecular breeding and genetic improvement of plants in this economically important Rhododendron genus.

Neofunctionalization of tandem duplicate genes encoding putative β-L-arabinofuranosidases in Arabidopsis.

Tandem duplication, one of the major types of duplication, provides the raw material for the evolution of divergent functions. In this study, we identified 1 pair of tandem duplicate genes (AT5G12950 and AT5G12960) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that originated within the last 16 million years after the split of Arabidopsis from the Capsella-Boechera ancestor. We systematically used bioinformatic tools to redefine their putative biochemical function as β-L-arabinofuranosidases that release L-Arabinose from the β-L-Araf-containing molecules in Arabidopsis. Comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analyses using various datasets showed divergent expression patterns among tissues between the 2 duplicate genes. We further collected phenotypic data from 2 types of measurements to indicate that AT5G12950 and AT5G12960 have different roles resulting in divergent phenotypic effects. Overall, AT5G12950 and AT5G12960 represent putative β-L-arabinofuranosidase encoding genes in Arabidopsis. After duplication, 1 duplicate copy developed diverged biological functions and contributed to a different phenotypic evolution in Arabidopsis.

Prediction of Surgical Outcomes of Radial Polydactyly From the Wassel-Flatt Type and Symmetry of Duplication.

The Wassel classification is commonly used for cases of radial polydactyly but has not been used to predict surgical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors of surgical outcomes using the Wassel type and symmetry of duplication. Forty-five patients with 47 radial polydactylies were reviewed using the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand (JSSH) scores 4.6 years after minor thumb excision and reconstructive surgery. The symmetry index was defined as the metaphyseal width ratio of the minor thumb to the dominant thumb. The relationships between the JSSH scores and operation age, sex, side, follow-up duration, Wassel type, symmetric index, divergent angle, and joint angulation were analyzed by linear regression. The mean JSSH score of the 47 thumbs was 18.3 points (range, 15-20). Five thumbs had fair or poor outcomes (scores <17), all of which were Wassel type IV. The hypoplastic type had a better JSSH score (19.4) than other Wassel types. The symmetric index had a negative relationship with JSSH scores, especially for Wassel type IV (r=-0.68, P =0.001). Linear regression revealed that the symmetric index was the only independent factor significantly associated with JSSH scores among Wassel type IV polydactylies ( P <0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve suggested a symmetric index <0.74 could predict good or excellent outcomes. The symmetry of the 2 duplicated thumbs is an important factor for surgical outcomes. The Wassel type IV polydactylies with a symmetric index >0.74 are at greater risk of fair or poor outcomes after excision and reconstruction, and further studies are warranted to confirm whether the Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure is a good choice. Level IV-Case-control study.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of the NLR gene family in Medicago ruthenica.

Medicago ruthenica, important forage in the legume family, possesses high nutritional value and carries abundant tolerance genes. This study used whole-genome data of M. ruthenica to perform a genome-wide analysis of the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) gene family, which is the largest family of plant disease resistance genes (R genes). A total of 338 NLR genes were identified in the M. ruthenica genome, including 160 typical genes that contained 80 coiled-coil (CC)-NBS-LRR (CNL) genes, 76 toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR (TNL) genes, four resistance to powdery mildew 8 (RPW8)-NBS-LRR (RNL) subclass genes, and 178 atypical NLR genes encoding proteins without at least one important domain. Among its eight chromosomes, M. ruthenica chromosomes 3 and 8 contained most of the NLR genes. More than 40% of all NLR genes were located on these two chromosomes, mainly in multigene clusters. The NLR proteins of M. ruthenica had six highly conserved motifs: P-loop, GLPL, RNBS-D, kinase-2, RNBS-C, and MHDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NLR genes of M. ruthenica formed three deeply separated clades according to the N-terminal domain of the proteins encoded by these genes. Gene duplication and syntenic analysis suggested four gene duplication types in the NLR genes of M. ruthenica, namely, tandem, proximal, dispersed, and segmental duplicates, which involved 189, 49, 59, and 41 genes, respectively. A total of 41 segmental duplication genes formed 23 NLR gene pairs located on syntenic chromosomal blocks mainly between chromosomes 6 and 7. In addition, syntenic analysis between M. truncatula and M. ruthenica revealed 193 gene pairs located on syntenic chromosomal blocks of the two species. The expression analysis of M. ruthenica NLR genes showed that 303 (89.6%) of the NLR genes were expressed in different varieties. Overall, this study described the full NLR profile of the M. ruthenica genome to provide an important resource for mining disease-resistant genes and disease-resistant breeding.

Assessment of gene action for morpho-physiological and biochemical trait in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the nature and magnitude of gene action for various morpho-physiological and biochemical traits in two crosses namely cross BHU 31 × HD 2733 and cross, HPYT 485 × HD 2967 in wheat. The six basic generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 obtained from these crosses (made in Rabi 2018 and 2019) were evaluated for 13 quantitative traits including yield and micronutrient traits during Rabi 2020 in compact family block design with 3 replications at Research farm, RPCAU, Pusa and data were recorded on randomly selected plants per replication of each cross for all the traits. The estimation of micronutrient in wheat grains was done by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry at Harvest-plus Division, ICRISAT, Hyderabad. The result regarding gene effect indicated that in both the crosses dominance and dominance × dominance effect for grain Zinc content (-29.00 &amp; 19.18 and -9.79 &amp; 7.04 respectively in cross I and II) and grain Iron content (-18.16 &amp; 12.37 and -20.29 &amp; 12.31 respectively in cross I and II) has significant role in expression of these traits. Duplicate type of gene interaction was found predominant for grain Zinc and Iron content and almost for all the traits due to opposite sign of dominance (h) and dominance × dominance (l) gene effect which tends to cancel the effect of each other in hybrid combination therefore selection should be advanced in later generation.

A chromosome-scale genome assembly of Artemisia argyi reveals unbiased subgenome evolution and key contributions of gene duplication to volatile terpenoid diversity

Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant., a perennial Artemisia herb with an intense fragrance, is widely used in traditional medicine in China and many other Asian countries. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of A. argyi comprising 3.89 Gb assembled into 17 pseudochromosomes. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that A. argyi underwent a recent lineage-specific whole-genome duplication (WGD) event after divergence from Artemisia annua, resulting in two subgenomes. We deciphered the diploid ancestral genome of A. argyi, and unbiased subgenome evolution was observed. The recent WGD led to a large number of duplicated genes in the A. argyi genome. Expansion of the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family through various types of gene duplication may have greatly contributed to the diversity of volatile terpenoids in A. argyi. In particular, we identified a typical germacrene D synthase gene cluster within the expanded TPS gene family. The entire biosynthetic pathways of germacrenes, (+)-borneol, and (+)-camphor were elucidated in A. argyi. In addition, partial deletion of the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) gene and loss of function of ADS homologs may have resulted in the lack of artemisinin production in A. argyi. Our study provides new insights into the genome evolution of Artemisia and lays a foundation for further improvement of the quality of this important medicinal plant.

Prevalence and distribution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein gene duplications in Sudan.

Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) is essential for interacting with Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) on the surface of red blood cells to allow invasion. Earlier whole genome sequence analyses provided evidence for the duplications of PvDBP. It is unclear whether PvDBP duplications play a role in recent increase of P. vivax in Sudan and in Duffy-negative individuals. In this study, the prevalence and type of PvDBP duplications, and its relationship to demographic and clinical features were investigated. A total of 200 malaria-suspected blood samples were collected from health facilities in Khartoum, River Nile, and Al-Obied. Among them, 145 were confirmed to be P. vivax, and 43 (29.7%) had more than one PvDBP copies with up to four copies being detected. Both the Malagasy and Cambodian types of PvDBP duplication were detected. No significant difference was observed between the two types of duplications between Duffy groups. Parasitemia was significantly higher in samples with the Malagasy-type than those without duplications. No significant difference was observed in PvDBP duplication prevalence and copy number among study sites. The functional significance of PvDBP duplications, especially those Malagasy-type that associated with higher parasitemia, merit further investigations.

Upper gastrointestinal duplication complicated by perforation in a child

Gastrointestinal duplications are rare congenital malformations occurring in embryonic period of development of digestive system. These abnormalities are usually found in infancy or early childhood. Clinical presentation is extremely diverse depending on dimensions, localization and type of duplication. The authors present duplication of antral and pyloric parts of the stomach, the 1st segment of the duodenum and pancreatic tail. Mother with a 6-month-old child turned to the hospital. According to the mother, the child was sick for about 3 days when episodes of periodic anxiety first appeared. Upon admission, abdominal neoplasm was suspected after ultrasound. On the second day after admission, anxiety increased. There was impairment of appetite, and the child rejected food. Abdominal asymmetry in umbilical area was observed. Considering clinical data on intestinal obstruction, emergency transverse right-sided laparotomy was performed. A tubular structure was found resembling intestinal tube was found between the stomach and transverse colon. Surgeon found duplication of antral and pyloric parts of the stomach, the 1st segment of the duodenum and its perforation. During further revision, additional pancreatic tail was diagnosed. En-bloc resection of gastrointestinal duplications was carried out. Postoperative period was uneventful. Enteral feeding was initiated after 5 days, and the patient was transferred to surgical unit. The child was discharged after 12 postoperative days.

Gastrointestinal Duplications: A Decade's Experience.

Gastrointestinal (GI) duplications are rare congenital malformations with diverse presentations. They usually present in the pediatric age, especially in the first 2 years of life. To present our experience with GI duplication (cysts) at a pediatric surgery tertiary care teaching institute. It is a retrospective observational study undertaken in the department of pediatric surgery at our center between 2012 and 2022 for GI duplications. All children were analyzed for their age, sex, presentation, radiological evaluation, operative management, and outcomes. Thirty-two patients were diagnosed with GI duplication. Slight male predominance was present in the series (M: F ≈ 4:3). Fifteen (46.88%) patients presented in the neonatal age group; 26 (81.25%) patients were under 2 years. In the majority of cases (n = 23, 71.88%), the presentation was acute onset. Double duplication cysts on opposite sides of the diaphragm were present in one case. The most common location was ileum (n = 17), followed by gallbladder (n = 6), appendix (n = 3), gastric (n = 1), jejunum (n = 1), esophagus (n = 1), ileocecal junction (n = 1), duodenum (n = 1), sigmoid (n = 1), and anal canal (n = 1). Multiple associations (malformations/surgical pathologies) were present. Intussusception (n = 6) was the most common, followed by intestinal atresia (n = 5), anorectal malformation (n = 3), abdominal wall defect (n = 3), hemorrhagic cyst (n = 1), Meckel's diverticulum (n = 1), and sacrococcygeal teratoma (n = 1). Four cases were associated with intestinal volvulus, three cases with intestinal adhesions, and two with intestinal perforation. Favorable outcomes were present in 75% of cases. GI duplications have varied presentations depending on site, size, type, local mass effect, mucosal pattern, and associated complications. The importance of clinical suspicion and radiology cannot be underrated. Early diagnosis is required to prevent postoperative complications. Management is individualized as per the type of duplication anomaly and its relation with the involved GI tract.

Inheritance studies on different quantitative and qualitative fruit traits in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Generation mean analysis of brinjal lines, GL 401 × BR 104 (CROSS I), GL 401 × W 230 (CROSS II) and W 230 × RMO 1142 (CROSS III) six generation of three crosses viz. highlighted the involvement of epistatic interactions (duplicate) for most of the qualitative traits. However, the number of fruits per plant in CROSS I &amp; III and fruit girth, calyx length, and yield per plant in CROSS II confirmed the occurrence of complementary epistasis. Mainly, additive effect for fruit girth, non-additive effect for calyx length, calyx width, peduncle girth, fruit weight, and fruit length, and both types for peduncle length, number of fruits /cluster, number of fruits/ plant, and yield/ plant were experienced. Additive × dominance or dominance × dominance type of interactions were more prevalent than additive × additive type of interactions for different traits. Cluster bearing was monogenic dominant and green color of calyx as well as peduncle was dominant over purple with the duplicate type of epistasis. Fruit shape was dgenic with incomplete dominance. Fruit color displayed digenic control in CROSS I &amp; II and tri-genic ratio in CROSS III with incomplete dominance of purple and green pigmentations producing variable color intensity in homozygous or heterozygous conditions.