Dumping Of Effluents Research Articles

Sustainable developmental measures for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry effluent using nano zero valent iron technology (nZVI) – A review

Among the diverse nanomaterials, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particle is one of the superior materials used for the condition of remediation and environmental restoration. As a result of the nanoscale dimension of nZVI particles and its relatively high surface, it is capable of undergoing various chemical reactions, including reduction, oxidation and adsorption of toxic metals, inorganic substances and organic compounds. In the pharmaceutical industry, mass production of drugs results in the widespread dumping of effluents. As emerging pollutants, antibiotics are non-biodegradable compounds that have potential to adversely affect human genetic and hormonal systems posing a risk to human health and the environment. Global health is endangered by antibiotics present in surface waters and drinking water. Drug contaminants can be removed using a synergistic process involving various advanced methods, including ozonation, fenton process, photocatalytic degradation, reverse osmosis and, adsorption techniques. The enhancement of nZVI composites and earlier studies were reviewed, as well as the evaluation of zero valent iron nanoparticles' effectiveness in eliminating antibiotic effluents from water bodies. This review also revealed the various methods of the determination of toxicity associated with nZVI treated pharmaceutical effluents. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of nZVI technology for the effective removal of hazardous pharmaceutical contaminants through sustainable green measures.

The presence of antibiotics and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus reservoir in a low-order stream spring in central Brazil.

The disposal of industrial effluents strongly influences low-order streams, which makes them fragile ecosystems that can be impacted by contamination. In central Brazil, the Extrema River spring targets the dumping of pharmaceutical products from the surrounding industries. So, this work aimed to investigate the presence of antibiotics in Extrema River spring samples and the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus, a potential multidrug-resistant bacteria, verifying the antimicrobial resistance profile of these isolates. Three campaigns were carried out in different locals (P1-P3) between October and December 2021, in the dry and rainy seasons. The high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS) approach indicated the presence of sulfamethoxazole (≥ 1 ng/L), metronidazole (< 0.5 ng/L), and chloramphenicol (< 5 ng/L) in the water samples in November (rainy season). S. aureus was isolated in P1 (n = 128), P2 (n = 168), and P3 (n = 36), with greater resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (90%), clindamycin (70%), and gentamicin (60%). The presence of antibiotics in the Extrema River spring may cause S. aureus antibiotic resistance development. The presence of antibiotics and the high percentage of isolated multidrug-resistant S. aureus in the Extrema River spring cause concern and indicate the clandestine dumping of effluents from nearby pharmaceutical industries. Since preserving the springs of low-order streams is important for the environment and public health, we encourage monitoring the wastewater from Extrema River's nearby pharmaceutical industries and preserving the spring of this river.

In situ high-resolution two-dimensional profiles of redox sensitive metal mobility in sediment-water interface and porewater from estuarine sediments

Metals in contaminated sediments may present high environmental risks and ecological threats to benthic organisms. Redox sensitive elements with different oxidation states show variations in solubility as a function of redox status of the sediment water environment. The novel high-resolution ZrO-Chelex-AgI diffusive gradients in thin film (HR-ZCA DGT) technique provided sensitive in situ mapping of metals in the estuarine sediments. The present study investigated the sub-millimeter two-dimensional distributions of DGT-labile S(-II), P(V), and six redox sensitive metals (Fe, Mn, V, Cu, Ni, and Zn) across sediment-water interface (SWI) severely influenced by anthropogenic activity. We for the first time used the V-turning value (the V/Fe ratios at ~0.03) to accurately identify the actual SWI. The diffusion boundary layer (DBL) thickness of Ni, Cu and Zn was consistent with those identified by the dissolved oxygen microelectrode method, and was 3–6 mm above the SWI. No significant release of dissolved Fe and P from sediments into the overlying water was found by diffusion process. The estimated fluxes (Fdif) of Ni, Cu, and Zn at DBL were 4.0–176, −1.1–235, and 5.0–108 μg m−2 d−1, respectively, and were significantly higher in sediments near the industrial effluent dumping sites than those in sediments impacted by domestic wastewater releases. Metal diffusion flux was mainly controlled by the particulate matter on the surface sediment and organic degradation. Traditional diffusion flux may have underestimated the flux of metals from the surface sediments. The discharge of hypoxic tributary was an important source of metal pollution in the contaminated estuarine sediments.

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment at the newly established tannery industrial Estate in Bangladesh: A case study

This research work was focused to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals ( i.e. , Cr, Pb, Mn, Cu and Fe) in sediment samples collected from the Dhaleshwari River near the area of a newly established tannery industrial estate, Savar, Bangladesh. The heavy metals in sediment samples were ascertained by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). This study revealed that the metal concentration for chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) were found to be 14.8–748 (186 ± 241) mg/kg, 2.38–21.1 (8.78 ± 6.15) mg/kg, 1.59–6.29 (3.12 ± 1.38) mg/kg, 0.36–4.75 (1.76 ± 1.47) mg/kg and 3.87–154 (42.7 ± 49.1) mg/kg (dry wt) respectively. The concentration of heavy metals in sediment samples descends with the following order: Cr > Fe > Pb > Mn > Cu. Sediment contamination was assessed on the basis of geo-accumulation index ( I geo ), contamination factor ( CF ) and pollution load index ( PLI ). The average I geo values for Cr, Pb, Mn, Cu and Fe were found to be (−0.44 ± 1.87), (−2.18 ± 1.20), (−8.80 ± 0.63), (−5.80 ± 1.36) and (1.59 ± 1.87) respectively. The I geo values values of Cr and Fe for some sampling stations were found to be higher. The PLI value for all the sample stations (S1-S8) were 0.58, 0.66, 0.71, 0.69, 0.88, 0.86, 0.83 and 0.83 correspondingly. The CF values for Cr and Fe in some stations was observed at moderate, considerate and high contamination level. The spatial distribution of heavy metals in the study area was presented by interpolation technique. The results of spatial distribution pattern showed that the high concentrated zones of Cr was found at the dumping zone (~S5) of the leather industrial city. On the other hand, the spatial distribution pattern for the studied metals (Pb, Mn, Cu and Fe) showed that the maximum metals concentrations were found in the southeastern part, which was nearby effluent dumping zone. The ecological risk assessment in sediment samples revealed that there is no significant risk observed by the metal( oid )s at this moment. Considering Cr concentration, the modified hazard quotient ( mHQ ) showed that about 75% of the samples were low to severely polluted by Cr, while 25% of the samples were extremely polluted by Cr as well as mHQ ≤ 3.5. Based on PMF analysis, two potential sources of heavy metals were identified in the study region: first, biochemical and leather tanning industries (Cr); second, the mixed effect of geogenic sources and atmospheric deposition and traffic emission (Fe and Pb). • The conc. for Cr, Pb, Mn, Cu and Fe in sediment samples were determined by AAS. • The concentration of heavy metals in sediment descends Cr > Fe > Pb > Mn > Cu • Spatial distribution pattern showed that the high Cr conc was found at the dumping zone • There is no significant ecological risk was observed by the metal( oid )s in the study area. • PMF analysis revealed two potential sources of heavy metals in the study region

Phytogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles and applications for removal of methylene blue dye: A review

Abstract Clean and ample supplies of water for better health, society, economy, and environment are crucial. Industrial revolutions have substantially polluted the environment and we are facing intimidating challenges in meeting rising demands of potable and safe water for society and the environment. One of the stern causes for pollution of water bodies is the dumping of industrial effluents without proper treatment in water reservoirs and has become a concern for the whole world and international bodies. Amid, the dumping of effluent containing different dyes by textile, dyeing, printing, and paper industries are threatening. Nanotechnology plays a crucial role in using its remarkable applications to keep the environment safe and clean by eradicating venomous and unsafe materials from nature. Nanotechnology is an excellent tool to degrade the unwanted and harmful materials extant in essential water sources used by humans and animals. There are various kinds of nanomaterials explored for the successful removal of pollutant from water very effectively due to their unique properties like greater surface area, shapes, and ability to work at low concentrations, etc. The nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents and nanophotocatalyst based approaches to remove pollutants from wastewater are eco-friendly and efficient. In this review article, attempt was made to congregate the various reports on green synthesis of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) using extract of various parts of plant, their characterizations using different spectroscopic, microscopic techniques and applications for removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from the solution.

Spatio-temporal variation level of heavy metals in surface water and sediment in Tagwai Lake, Minna, Nigeria

The high contamination of aquatic systems with toxic heavy metals is of major concern since the elements are not biodegradable. Heavy metals often get into the water through runoff from farmlands and dumping of effluents from industries into the water bodies. The toxicity of these heavy metals can cause harmful and even lethal effects on the human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of Pb, Cu, Mn, and Fe in both surface water and sediment of Tagwai Lake. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry investigation was carried out on the collected and digested water and sediment samples to determine the extent of these heavy metals contamination in the water. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals ranked in the following order: Pb&gt;Mn&gt;Cu&gt;Fe with higher concentration in sediment compared to the water. The correspondence of the mean concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment of the Tagwai Lake with the WHO standard suggests that the mean concentration of Pb, Cu, and Fe lies within the standard range while Mn exceeds the standard range in both the water and sediments. We therefore advocate regular surveillance as a tool for monitoring impacts of anthropogenic activities in the lake to ensure safety of the general populace who depend on it for their livelihood.&#x0D; Keywords: spatio-temporal, heavy metals, sediments, Tagwai Lake

Seaport‐associated pollutions in Ogu waterway near Port Harcourt

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to investigate the physicochemical attributes of the Ogu Creek serving the Onne Ports in Port Harcourt, which is impacted by ports transport activities, for establishment of its pollution status.Design/methodology/approachIn situ measurements were made at six sampling points for water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, and conductivity with HORIBA U‐10 Water Quality Checker and for total dissolved solids (TDS) with HACH conductivity/TDS meter. Other parameters were determined using standard methods. The principal components analysis (PCA), test of homogeneity in mean variance and Pearson correlation were used to analyze data.FindingsThe lower range of pH (5.28), the upper ranges of Al (1.20 mg/L) and Fe (3.25 mg/L), as well as the concentrations of Cd (0.022±0.011 mg/L) and Cu (0.08±0.01 mg/L) were outside the Federal Ministry of Environment's permissible limits for aquatic life. Four PCs, which were most correlated with essential pollution indicator physicochemical parameters and ions formed the extraction solution that contributed a cumulative 95.258 per cent variability in the original 22 parameters. Of the associated shipping activities, garbage generation on board accounted for the highest waste volume (97.13 per cent) and bilging impacted hardness (r=0.992) at p&lt;0.01, bunkering impacted Pb ion concentrations (r=0.948), accidental dumping of effluents impacted water temperature (r=0.881), and fish trawling and deliberate dumping of effluents each impacted DO (r=0.896 and 0.957, respectively) of water column at p&lt;0.05.Practical implicationsBilging, bunkering, dumping of effluents and fish trawling activities constituted pollution in the waterway.Originality/valueAll data relating the physicochemical parameters of the waterway were generated from laboratory analyses by the authors.

The Environmental History of the Early British Gas Industry, 1812–1830

The manufactured gas industry was established in the United Kingdom in 1812, spreading to most cities by 1820. The process of generating gas also produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers, and so the rise of the gas industry generated immediate opposition. Environmental histories of industrial pollution during the Industrial Revolution have generally claimed that there was hardly any legal action, in the courts or by Parliament, taken against industrial polluters, and almost none of these was successful. This paper shows that gas companies were repeatedly named in nuisance lawsuits that they lost, forcing them to modify the worst aspects of their pollution. In addition, municipal authorities were active in moving against gas pollution. The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish. Finally, the gas industry became the subject of regulation on a national level. By 1820 there were repeated calls for Parliament to intervene, and so it began inserting clauses into gas company acts of incorporation restricting the dumping of effluent. All these measures, however, were largely ineffective because enforcement mechanisms were weak and local authorities did not use the full powers granted them.

Trace elements in biodeposits and sediments from mussel culture in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain)

The trace elements present at highest concentrations were Cr and Zn, which probably originated from the dumping of effluent from a tanning factory. High proportions of these two elements were associated with the residual fraction. Biodeposits and sediments showed high concentrations of Cd and Pb in the reactive fraction, with a high proportion of the concentration in the reactive fraction being associated with carbonates. Nickel showed a higher degree of pyritization than the previous elements, although most of the Ni was associated with the residual and reactive fractions. Arsenic, Hg and Cu showed high degrees of pyritization, particularly below a depth of 5 cm. The results demonstrate that those elements with a high degree of pyritization may be released into the water through oxidation of the metal sulphides that they form when in suspension in oxic sea water, with the subsequent risk of increased bioavailability to benthic fauna.

Soil data analysis from central Portugal by Principal Component Analysis and geostatistical techniques

The area under study is located near Estarreja, in central Portugal where chemical industries are the main source of pollution. Until 1975, liquid effluents produced by these industrial units were discharged directly into several nearby streams. These effluents contained many different types of contaminants, such as aniline, benzene, monochlorobenzene, mononitrobenzene, As, Hg, Zn and Pb, amongst others. The industrial units also dumped a large amount of solid waste, which was stockpiled, directly on the surrounding land. This solid waste contains pyrite-rich ashes, dusts and sludge containing Hg and calcium hydroxide. A geochemical soil survey was conducted in a 49-km 2 area where a total of 985 soil samples were collected during 1998 and 1999, on a regular grid of 200 × 200 m. The soil samples were analysed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr and As, following an HCl–HNO 3 –HF digestion. To identify the main soil contaminants and to map the most important contaminated areas, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and geostatistical techniques (Variography and Kriging map) were used. The results of PCA data analysis, compared to the available information in pollution indices (Contamination Index – Cidx), outline one important area contaminated by Cu, Pb, Zn and As as a result of effluent dumping by the chemical industry.

Sedimentary and Geochemical Systems in Transitional Marine Sediments in Northern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

The coastal zone of the northern Gulf of Mexico is marked by a series of bays and estuaries that serve as the principal depositional basins for rivers draining an area of greater than 160,000 km2. These rivers annually contribute a sediment load to the basins in excess of 12 million tons. Because each river drains a watershed of different lithologic character and each river is further characterized by a different flow regime and hydraulic properties, the sediments deposited in the marginal basins have unique characteristics. Extensive municipal and industrial dumping of effluent over the years has also acted to imprint geochemical differences on each of the depositional basins. Depending on the degree of industrialization within the watershed, the bays and estuaries may be described as heavily impacted (Mobile Bay), moderately impacted (Apalachicola Bay, Mississippi Sound), or slightly impacted (Pensacola Bay). A strong correlation was observed between the degree of heavy metal contamination and the textural and organic content of the sediments. Analyses further indicated that most metals were partitioned in the bottom sediments in forms that would permit their subsequent release back into the water column or would allow transference of the metal to fauna by ingestion. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1424------------