Duct Liner Research Articles

The Effect of Milk Constituents and Crowding Agents on Amyloid Fibril Formation by κ-Casein.

When not incorporated into the casein micelle, κ-casein, a major milk protein, rapidly forms amyloid fibrils at physiological pH and temperature. In this study, the effects of milk components (calcium, lactose, lipids, and heparan sulfate) and crowding agents on reduced and carboxymethylated (RCM) κ-casein fibril formation was investigated using far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, thioflavin T binding assays, and transmission electron microscopy. Longer-chain phosphatidylcholine lipids, which form the lining of milk ducts and milk fat globules, enhanced RCM κ-casein fibril formation irrespective of whether the lipids were in a monomeric or micellar state, whereas shorter-chain phospholipids and triglycerides had little effect. Heparan sulfate, a component of the milk fat globule membrane and catalyst of amyloid deposition in extracellular tissue, had little effect on the kinetics of RCM κ-casein fibril formation. Major nutritional components such as calcium and lactose also had no significant effect. Macromolecular crowding enhances protein-protein interactions, but in contrast to other fibril-forming species, the extent of RCM κ-casein fibril formation was reduced by the presence of a variety of crowding agents. These data are consistent with a mechanism of κ-casein fibril formation in which the rate-determining step is dissociation from the oligomer to give the highly amyloidogenic monomer. We conclude that the interaction of κ-casein with membrane-associated phospholipids along its secretory pathway may contribute to the development of amyloid deposits in mammary tissue. However, the formation of spherical oligomers such as casein micelles is favored over amyloid fibrils in the crowded environment of milk, within which the occurrence of amyloid fibrils is low.

Breast Cancer and Herbal Treatment

All around the world about1.7 millions of females are resulted with breast cancer and arround 522,000 deaths. Which is more common in developed countries than the developing ones. Breast cancer mostly occurs in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Symptoms of Breast cancer includes a lump in the breast, dimpling of skin, change in shape of breast, fluids coming from nipple. Risk factor for development of breast cancer includes age, sex, obesity, lack of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, exposure to ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, and family history. Breast cancer is the most serious health problem in developed countries, proper diet, exercise and healthy life style can reduces the risk of breast cancer. Surgery and chemotherapy are the treatment for breast cancer, as chemotherapy has many side effects 50% weakness occurs due to cancer and 50% weakness occurs due to chemotherapy, hence herbal drugs or herbal treatment is the best option for breast cancer. Number of herbal drugs are effective in breast cancer In this study detailed study of the herbal drug used in breast cancer is discussed in detail.

HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE LIVER OF IRAQI LOCAL DUCKS

The aim of stu dy is provide basic data about the histological features of the liver of local Iraqi ducks and to study the glycogen content in the cytoplasm of the hep atocyte. The anatomical examination showed that liver laid cranial part of the abdominal cavity caudally and ventrally to the heart and ass ociated to the gizzard . The liver of Mallard is divided into two undivided lobes right and left lobes (the r ight lobe is larger than left lobe). Histological examination revealed that the liver consist of several lobules separated from each other by thin trabeculae of connective tissue extend from delicate capsule that enclosed the liver. The basic unit of the p arenchyma of liver is hepatocyte which arranged in plates or cords like that radiated around the central vein and between these cords there is sinusoids lined by alayer of fenestrated endothelial cells and Kupffer's cells. In the boundary of each lobule sh owed portal area which consist of hepatic artery; hepatic vein and bile duct lining by cuboidal cells. The histochemical study sho wed formed differ size of glycogen granules in cytoplasm of hepatocytes and in some speciment the glycogen large granules arr anged around the central vein because the bird in starvation period .the liver of Mallard generally is closely similar to the liver of ano th er avian birds and vertebrates

Noise control of dipole source by using micro-perforated panel housing

Mitigating low-frequency noise in a small ducted fan system such as hairdryer is still a technical challenge. Traditional duct lining with porous materials work ineffectively due to the limitation of its thickness and length of small domestic product with ducted fans. This study presents a passive approach to directly suppress the sound radiation from the fan housed by a short microperforated panel covered with a shallow cavity backing. The noise suppression is achieved by the sound cancellation between sound fields from a fan of a dipole nature and sound radiation from a vibrating panel via vibro-acoustic coupling and by sound absorption in micro-perforations to widen the stopband. A two-dimensional theoretical model, capable of dealing with strong coupling among the vibrating micro-perforated panel, sound radiation from the dipole source, sound fields inside the cavity and the duct is developed. Through modal analysis, it is found that the even modes of the panel vibration are very important to cancel the sound radiation from the dipole source. Experimental validation is conducted with a loudspeaker to simulate the dipole source, and good agreement between the predicted and measured insertion loss (IL) is achieved.

Multi-purpose deployer for ITER in-vessel maintenance

The multi-purpose deployer (MPD) is a general purpose in-vessel remote handling (RH) system in the ITER RH system. The MPD provides the means for deployment and handling of in-vessel tools or components inside the vacuum vessel (VV) for dust and tritium inventory control, in-service inspection, leak localization, and in-vessel diagnostics. It also supports the operation of blanket first wall maintenance and neutral beam duct liner module maintenance operations. This paper describes the concept design of the MPD. The MPD is a cask based system, i.e. it stays in the hot cell building during the machine operation, and is deployed to the VV using the cask system for the in-vessel operations. The main part of the MPD is the articulated transporter which provides transportation and positioning of the in-vessel tools or components. The articulated transporter has nine degrees of freedom with a payload capacity up to 2 tons. The articulated transporter can cover the whole internal surface of the VV by switching between the four equatorial RH ports. Additionally it can use two non-RH equatorial ports to transfer large tools or components. A concept for in-cask tool exchange is developed which minimizes the cask transportation by allowing the MPD to stay in the VV during the tool exchange.

OC-108 Improving the diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancy by the detection of minichromosome maintenance protein 5 in biliary brushings

<h3>Introduction</h3> Biliary brush cytology is the standard method of evaluating a biliary stricture but has a low sensitivity for the detection of malignancy. Minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) replication proteins (Mcm 2–7) are raised in a number of cancers, where the active cycling of malignant cells results in the expression of these licensing proteins on the epithelial surface of the tumour. In pancreaticobiliary malignancies Mcm proteins are dysregulated in the epithelial lining of the bile ducts and in bile samples taken from patients with malignant pancreaticobiliary disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate an automated immunoflurometric assay of Mcm5 as a marker of malignancy in patients with indeterminate biliary strictures. <h3>Method</h3> Biliary brush samples were collected prospectively at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography from patients with an indeterminate biliary stricture. Following sampling the brush was placed in a buffer solution, agitated and frozen to –80^oC. On defrosting the sample was placed in a microtitre plate strip of 8 wells coated with a purified mouse monoclonal antibody to Mcm5 and incubated for 2 h. The colour intensity was measured using a plate reader and a cut-off of 1.2 was used to indicate a positive result. Patients also underwent brush cytology and/or biliary biopsy as part of standard practice. <h3>Results</h3> 75 patients were included in the study; median age was 65 years (range 20–94) and 68% (51/75) were male. Mcm5 levels in biliary brush samples were significantly more sensitive than brush cytology (89% <i>vs.</i>18%; <i>P</i>= &lt; 0.05) for the detection of malignancy in patients with an indeterminate stricture. The specificity, PPV and NPV of the Mcm5 assay were 96%, 98% and 84% respectively. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Mcm5 from biliary brush cytology determined by a simple automated test is a more sensitive indicator of pancreaticobiliary malignancy than routine brush cytology. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared.

Dispersion, dissipation and refraction of shock waves in acoustically treated turbofan inlets

This paper describes a numerical investigation of the effects of the inlet duct liner on the acoustics of a high-bypass ratio turbofan rotor operating at supersonic tip relative flow conditions. The near field of the blade row is then composed of periodic shocks that evolve spatially both because of the varying mean flow and because of the presence of acoustic treatment. The evolution of this shock system is studied using a Computational Fluid Dynamics-based method incorporating a wall impedance boundary condition. The configuration examined is representative of a fan operating near the takeoff condition. The behavior of the acoustic power and the associated waveforms reveal that significant dispersion occurs to the extent that there are no shocks in the perturbation field leaving the entrance plane of the duct. The effect of wave refraction due to the high degree of shear in the mean flow near the entrance plane of the inlet is examined, and numerical experiments are conducted to show that the incorporation of liners in this region can be highly beneficial. The implications of these results for the design of aircraft engine acoustic liners are discussed.

Key enabling design features of the ITER HNB Duct Liner

The Duct Liner (DL) for the ITER Heating Neutral Beam (HNB) is a key component in the beam transport system. Duct Liners installed into equatorial ports 4 and 5 of the Vacuum Vessel (VV) will protect the port extension from power deposition due to re-ionisation and direct interception of the HNB. Furthermore, the DL contributes towards the shielding of the VV and superconducting coils from plasma photons and neutrons.The DL incorporates a 316L(N)-IG, deep-drilled and water cooled Neutron Shield (NS) whose internal walls are lined with actively cooled CuCrZr Duct Liner Modules (DLMs). These Remote Handling Class 2 and 3 panels provide protection from neutral beam power. This paper provides an overview of the preliminary design for the ITER HNB DL and focusses on critical features that ensure compatibility with: high heat flux requirements, remote maintenance procedures, and transient magnetic fields arising from major plasma disruptions.The power deposited on a single DLM can reach 300kW with a peak power density of 2.4MW/m2. Feeding coolant to the DLMs is accomplished via welded connections to the internal coolant network of the NS. These are placed coaxially to allow for thermal expansion of the DLMs without the use of deformable connections. Critically, the remote maintenance of individual DLMs necessitates access to water connections and bolts from the beam facing surface, thus subjecting them to high heat flux loads. This design challenge will become more prevalent as fusion devices become more powerful and remote handling becomes a necessity. The novel solutions implemented to overcome this are detailed and their performance scrutinised.The designs presented include tungsten caps that protect bolted and remotely welded connections by radiating heat away, and explosion bonded CuCrZr/Stainless Steel panels designed to reduce by a factor of 10 the eddy current torques caused by plasma disruptions.

Operational experience of the JET neutral beam actively cooled duct liner and implications for ITER operations

We describe the operational experience of the JET actively cooled duct liner and compare it with the previous inertially cooled duct. The paper discusses the initial conditioning of the duct liner during restart commissioning and subsequent high power performance. The new duct was conditioned in 48 plasma pulses during its first time commissioning in only 35 plasma pulses in the following restart. The inertial duct liner conditioning typically required 100 plasma pulses. In a well conditioned beamline for a 15MW beam pulse the duct liner temperature and pressure were observed to establish an equilibrium 5s into the pulse and remain in a steady state to the end of the pulse. The observed behaviour is compared with the design basis predictions.

Verification of Mathematical Description of Changes in Air Temperature and Humidity in Headings Ventilated with Auxiliary Ventilation System/Weryfikacja Metematycznego Opisu Zmian Temperatury I Wilgotności Powietrza W Wyrobiskach Przewietrzanych Lutniciągiem Tłoczącym Z Dadatkowym Wentylatorem O Zmienianej Prędkości Obrotowej

Abstract The article presents verification of the mathematical model which was developed in earlier works, describing, through distributions of temperature, specific humidity, and flow rate of both fresh and exhaust air in the dead end headings ventilated with forcing duct line ventilation system, the climatic conditions existing in those headings. On the route of the considered duct line, an additional fan with a variable rotational speed was installed in order to avoid recirculation of the air between the inside of the duct line and the heading. The task of this auxiliary fan is an increase in the volumetric flow rate of fresh air at the mine face. The above-mentioned verification was based on a comparison of the calculation results obtained from the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of the first order and algebraic equations with the results of measurements carried out in the selected mine heading. Wide comparative material was obtained by changing the location of the auxiliary fan in the duct line for a given heading length, and the heading length itself. 14 research variants were obtained in this way, in which, in addition to the already mentioned temperatures and humidity of the air, also the rotor speeds of the auxiliary fan were compared. The results of calculations and measurements have been presented in a graphical form. Their comparison was carried out using statistical methods.

Metabolomic characterization of nipple aspirate fluid by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS.

Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is a noninvasively obtained biofluid from the duct openings of the breast. NAF components are constantly secreted, metabolized, and reabsorbed by the epithelial lining of the lactiferous ducts of the breast. NAF has been studied as a potential breast tissue surrogate for the discovery of novel breast cancer risk, early detection, and treatment response biomarkers. We report the first unsupervised metabolite characterization of nipple aspirate fluid using NMR and GC-MS using convenience samples previously collected from four premenopausal and four postmenopausal women. A total of 38 metabolites were identified using the two analytical techniques, including amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Analytical reproducibility of metabolites in NAF by GC-MS was high across different extraction and analysis days. Overall, 31 metabolites had a coefficient of variation below 20%. By GC-MS, there were eight metabolites unique to NAF, 19 unique to plasma, and 24 shared metabolites. Correlative analysis of shared metabolites between matched NAF and plasma samples from pre- and postmenopausal women shows almost no correlations, with the exception being lactic acid, which was significantly negatively correlated (R(2) = 0.57; P = 0.03). These results suggest that NAF is metabolically distinct from plasma and that the application of metabolomic strategies may be useful for future studies investigating breast cancer risk and intervention response biomarkers.

Current state of nonsurgical therapies for cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCCs) are rare tumors that are derived from the epithelial cell lining of the bile ducts. They can be classified as intrahepatic, extrahepatic-perihilar and extrahepatic-distal tumors. The prognosis of CCCs is poor as, in many cases, they are diagnosed at advanced stages, at which point curative surgical resection is not possible. Furthermore, most patients will experience a tumor recurrence despite initial complete CCC resection. Therefore, alternative/additional therapeutic strategies are needed to improve tumor- and recurrence-free survival after surgery as well as tumor control in patients with advanced disease. In clinical practice, apart from systemic chemotherapies for the therapeutic management of CCCs, locoregional as well as multimodal strategies are available, including external and internal radiation therapies. This review focuses on the currently available nonsurgical therapies for patients with CCCs, alone or in combination with other modalities, and on evolving therapeutic concepts that are being explored in clinical studies.

Sustainable noise control system design for building ventilation systems

This article presents an integral approach to sustainable noise control system design for building ventilation systems in Hong Kong. This approach combines the analytic hierarchy process and life cycle analysis (LCA) to obtain a holistic view of the system performance in terms of human, economic, and environmental impacts. The approach was applied to the evaluation of various noise control systems including duct liners, silencers, semi-active noise control, and active noise control for ventilation systems. Although passive systems such as duct liners and silencers seem to consume more material resources than semi-active and active systems, the latter require sensors, controllers, resonators or loudspeakers, and electricity. In fact, the LCA showed little difference between the semi-active and active systems and the passive systems in term of resource depletion and carbon emission. As human impact and economic impact dominated the experts’ views on sustainability, the analysed results indicated that the most sustainable design was duct liners, followed by silencers, active noise control, and semi-active noise control.

Commissioning of the Korean High Heat Flux Test Facility by Using Electron Beam System for Plasma Facing Components

Korean high heat flux test facility for the plasma facing components of nuclear fusion machines will be constructed to evaluate the performance of each component. This facility for plasma facing materials will be equipped with an electron beam gun with a 60 kV acceleration voltage. The system also includes a 300 kW power supply system, a vacuum test chamber, and a beryllium filtration system for the ITER first wall mockups. First, a commissioning test has been scheduled to establish the installation and preliminary performance experiments of the copper hypervapotron mockups and evaluate the thermo-hydraulic specifications. Second, a qualification test will be performed to evaluate the CuCrZr duct liner in the ITER neutral beam injection facility and the ITER first wall small-scale mockups of the semi-prototype, at up to 1.5 and 5 MW/m2 high heat flux, respectively. This electron beam system will be used to qualify the specifications of the plasma facing components in the KSTAR tokamak and other fusion devices.

System-Level Analysis and Optimization of Air Cooling with Radial Fans

A computational model and a method is presented for the optimization of air cooling for power electronics in terms of thermal performance, cooling-system size and acoustic noise, which are key parameters for power-electronic applications. A number of case studies is performed, showing the relationship and the trade-offs between these quantities. In general increasing thermal performance leads to bigger size and/or higher noise, while lowering noise for constant thermal performance increases size. Within the basic physical limits, optimization is possible, which must be carried out at system level, as the results cannot be found by separately optimizing individual cooling-system components. Examples are the enlargement of the heat sink or the addition of volume for porous duct lining, which both can lead to a smaller overall system for fixed thermal performance and noise.The trade-off between thermal performance, size and noise worked out for air-cooling systems with radial fans is expected to be of general nature, applying to any kind of cooling system. In future work, the present method could be used to compare air cooling with other types of cooling systems, in particular water cooling and two-phase cooling.

Assembly process of the ITER neutral beam injectors

The ITER neutral beam (NB) injectors are used for heating and diagnostics operations. There are 4 injectors in total, 3 heating neutral beam injectors (HNBs) and one diagnostic neutral beam injector (DNB). Two HNBs and the DNB will start injection into ITER during the hydrogen/helium phase of ITER operations. A third HNB is considered as an upgrade to the ITER heating systems, and the impact of the later installation and use of that injector have to be taken into account when considering the installation and assembly of the whole NB system. It is assumed that if a third HNB is to be installed, it will be installed before the nuclear phase of the ITER project.The total weight of one injector is around 1200t and it is composed of 18 main components and 36 sets of shielding plates. The overall dimensions are length 20m, height 10m and width 5m.Assembly of the first two HNBs and the DNB will start before the first plasma is produced in ITER, but as the time required to assemble one injector is estimated at around 1.5 year, the assembly will be divided into 2 steps, one prior to first plasma, and the second during the machine second assembly phase. To comply with this challenging schedule the assembly sequence has been defined to allow assembly of three first injectors in parallel. Due to the similar design between the DNB and HNBs it has been decided to use the same tools, which will be designed to accommodate the differences between the two sets of components. This reduces the global cost of the assembly and the overall assembly time for the injector system.The alignment and positioning of the injectors is a major consideration for the injector assembly as the alignment of the beamline components and the beam source are critical if good injector performance is to be achieved. The theoretical axes of the beams are defined relative to the duct liners which are installed in the NB ports. The concept adopted to achieve the required alignment accuracy is to use the main rail of the overhead crane associated with offset tooling when necessary. The overhead crane is used for the assembly of the components, and the final positioning of the beamline components and the beam source will be adjusted with respect to laser targets referring to the optimum beam axis and source position.This paper describes the installation tasks and the alignment and positioning solutions and the complexity of operations within the NB cell. Particular constraints on the HNB installation sequence due to the planned testing of the 1MV high voltage supply are also described.

The ITER neutral beam front end components integration

The neutral beam (NB) system for ITER is composed of two heating neutral beam injectors (HNBs) and a diagnostic neutral beam injector (DNB). A third HNB can be installed as a future up-grade. This paper will present the design development of the components between the injectors and the tokamak; the so-called ‘front end components’: the drift duct consists of the NB bellows and the drift duct liner, the vacuum vessel pressure suppression system box (VVPSS box), the absolute valve, and the fast shutter. These components represent the key links between the ITER tokamak and the vessels of the NB injectors. The design of these components is demanding due to the different loads that these components will have to stand.The paper will describe the different design solutions which have to be implemented regarding the primary vacuum confinement, the power handling capability and the remote maintenance operations. The sizes of the components are determined by the large cross section of the neutral beam. The power handling capability is driven by the anticipated re-ionization of the neutral beam and the electromagnetic fields in this region. The drift duct bellows (with an inner diameter of 2.5m) shall guarantee a leak tight vacuum enclosure during the vertical and radial displacements of the ITER vacuum vessel. The conductance of the VVPSS box must be maximized in the available space. The absolute valve remains a challenging development. The total leak rate through the valve must be ≤1×10−8Pam3/s when the valve is closed. Due to the radiation environment, the seals of the gate valve will be metallic. An R&D program has been launched to develop a suitable metallic seal solution with the required dimensions. The maximum allowed closing time for the fast shutter shall be less than 1s. For all these components the leak tightness will be guaranteed by a welded lip seal and the mechanical stability by bolted structures.

Concept design studies on the ITER HNB Duct Liner

The Duct Liner for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactors (ITER) Heating Neutral Beam (HNB) system is a key component in the beam transport system. Power loading on the top and bottom beam scraping panels of the Duct Liner occurs primarily due to direct interception of the HNB and it is highest at the extreme steering angles of the beam. Furthermore, power loading due to direct interception is dependent on the size and orientation of the scraper panels with respect to the neutral beam axis. This paper outlines the design features of the proposed Duct Liner and describes the analysis performed to optimize the compatibility of the top and bottom scraper panels (also known as Duct Liner Modules) with a normal beam operation scenario. Thermo-mechanical analyses have been performed to validate the design of Duct Liner Modules incorporating deep-drilled cooling technology with a peak power density of 1.2MW/m2 and incident power of 0.27MW, and also to verify its conformity with ITER structural design criteria. Furthermore, numerical simulations of the transient draining procedure were performed by using a one-dimensional thermo-hydraulic code to demonstrate complete emptying of the proposed parallel-layout cooling circuit without any reliance on conventional gravity draining.

Surface modes in sheared boundary layers over impedance linings

Surface modes, being duct modes localized close to the duct wall, are analysed within a lined cylindrical duct with uniform flow apart from a thin boundary layer. As well as full numerical solutions of the Pridmore-Brown equation, simplified mathematical models are given where the duct lining and boundary layer are lumped together and modelled using a single boundary condition (a modification of the Myers boundary condition previously proposed by the author), from which a surface mode dispersion relation is derived. For a given frequency, up to six surface modes are shown to exist, rather than the maximum of four for uniform slipping flow. Not only is the different number and behaviour of surface modes important for frequency-domain mode-matching techniques, which depend on having found all relevant modes during matching, but the thin boundary layer is also shown to lead to different convective and absolute stability than for uniform slipping flow. Numerical examples are given comparing the predictions of the surface mode dispersion relation to full solutions of the Pridmore-Brown equation, and the accuracy with which surface modes are predicted is shown to be significantly increased compared with the uniform slipping flow assumption. The importance of not only the boundary layer thickness but also its profile (tanh or linear) is demonstrated. A Briggs–Bers stability analysis is also performed under the assumption of a mass–spring–damper or Helmholtz resonator impedance model.

A Hybrid Model of Tumor–Stromal Interactions in Breast Cancer

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early stage noninvasive breast cancer that originates in the epithelial lining of the milk ducts, but it can evolve into comedo DCIS and ultimately, into the most common type of breast cancer, invasive ductal carcinoma. Understanding the progression and how to effectively intervene in it presents a major scientific challenge. The extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding a duct contains several types of cells and several types of growth factors that are known to individually affect tumor growth, but at present the complex biochemical and mechanical interactions of these stromal cells and growth factors with tumor cells is poorly understood. Here we develop a mathematical model that incorporates the cross-talk between stromal and tumor cells, which can predict how perturbations of the local biochemical and mechanical state influence tumor evolution. We focus on the EGF and TGF-β signaling pathways and show how up- or down-regulation of components in these pathways affects cell growth and proliferation. We then study a hybrid model for the interaction of cells with the tumor microenvironment (TME), in which epithelial cells (ECs) are modeled individually while the ECM is treated as a continuum, and show how these interactions affect the early development of tumors. Finally, we incorporate breakdown of the epithelium into the model and predict the early stages of tumor invasion into the stroma. Our results shed light on the interactions between growth factors, mechanical properties of the ECM, and feedback signaling loops between stromal and tumor cells, and suggest how epigenetic changes in transformed cells affect tumor progression.